MATRICES

S.No. Content Page

01. Theory 05-28

02. Exercise (S-1 to S-4) 29-44

KCET Syllabus :
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew
symmetric matrices.
Operations on matrices : Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of
addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication.
Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict
to square matrices of order 2).
Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists ; (Here all matrices will have real entries).
 ® Matrices
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Matrices is a way of representing data. It is used to organize data as well as to solve for variables.
Definition of Matrix
It is a rectangular arrangement of info. (numbers or functions) in the form of horizontal lines (called row) and
vertical lines (called columns). Such an arrangement enclosed by small ( ) or by [ ]
(i) The numbers or functions are called elements or entries of the matrix.
(ii) Generally a matrix is denoted by a capital letter A, B, C,... etc. and its elements are represented by
small letters a, b, c, x, y etc
The following are some examples of matrices :

a b  cos x x 3  3 
A  ;B    ;C    ;D   2
 sin x 1  x
2
c d y  5
Matrix 'A' has 2 Rows and 2 Columns ; Matrix 'B' has 2 Rows and 3 Columns ; Matrix 'C' has 2 Rows and
1 Column ; Matrix 'D' has 1 Row and 1 Column.
Note :
Matrix can be square or rectangular.
Order of Matrix
If a matrix 'A' has m rows and n columns then it's their order is m  n and it is denoted by

A mn (where m is no. of rows and n is no. of columns) or A   a ij  mn

 1 2 3
Example : A   .
a b c 
The above matrix has 2 Rows and 3 Columns
Representation of a matrix
A matrix of order m  n is usually written as :

 a11 a12 .... a ij .... a1n 

a a 22 .... a 2 j.... a 2n 
 21
 .... .... .... .... .... .... 
A 
 a i1 a i2 .... a ij .... a in 
 .... .... .... .... .... .... 
 
 a m1 a m2 .... a mj .... a mn  m  n
 
Rows Columns

In compact form, the above matrix is represented by :

A  aij  , 1  i  m,1  j  n,i, j  N.

mn

where aij = element of ith row and jth column.

For example :
a11 means element of 1st row and 1st column.
a32 means element of 3rd row and 2nd column.

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1 2 3
Example : A   
 x sin x 5 23

Matrix 'A' is having 2 Rows and 3 Columns so order of matrix is 2  3 and no. of elements in it
 2  3  6.
Also, elements of matrix A are : a11 = 1 a12 = 2 a13 = 3
a21 = x a22 = sin x and a23 = 5
Example 01:
| i  3j |
Construct a 3  2 matrix whose elements are given as a ij 
2
Solution:
In general 3  2 matrix is represented by :

 a11 a12 
A   a 21 a 22 
 a 31 a 32  32

Now, Find each element of matrix A :

| i  3j |
Given : a ij  ; i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2
2

1 1 5
 a11  |1  3  1|  1 a12  |1  3  2 | 
2 2 2

1 1 1
a 21  | 2  3  1|  a 22  | 2  3 2 | 2
2 2 2

1 1 3
a 31  | 3  3  1|  0 a 32  | 3  3 2 |
2 2 2

 5
1 2
 
1
Hence the required matrix A is : A   2
2 
 
0 3 
 2 
Example 02:
If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible orders it can have ?
Solution:
As we know that, if a matrix is having order m  n then it has mn elements, so to find a possible orders of
matrix, we will find all ordered pairs of natural number whose product is 24.
So, all possible ordered pairs are : (1, 24) (2, 12) (3, 8) (4, 6) (6, 4) (8, 3) (12, 2) (24, 1)

Hence possible orders are : 1  24, 2  12,3  8,4  6,6  4,8  3,12  2,24  1

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1. Row matrix: If a matrix has only one row then it is called row matrix.

In general, order of row matrix is 1  n and it is denoted by : A  a ij 1n .

Example: A = [ 1 2 3 4] is a row matrix of order 1  4 .

2. Column matrix : If a matrix has only one column then it is called column matrix.

In general, order of column matrix is m  1 and it is denoted by A  a ij  m1 .

a 
b 
Example: A    is a column matrix of order 4  1 .
c 
 
d  41
3. Square matrix : A matrix is said to be square matrix if no. of rows is equal to no. of columns, i.e., m = n

In general, a square matrix of order 'n' is denoted by A  a ij  nn .

a b 
Example: A    is a square matrix of order 2.
 c d  22
 a11 a12 a13 
A 33  a 21 a 22 a 23 
 a 31 a 32 a 33 
Note :
If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, then elements a ij i  j are called diagonal elements.
i.e., diagonal elements are : a11, a22, a33, ....ann.

a b c
Example: A d e f diagonal elements are : a, e and i.
g h i
4. Diagonal matrix : A square matrix B   b ij  nn is said to be diagonal matrix if all non-diagonal elements

are zero, i.e., b ij  0  i  j.

 1 0 0 
2 0   
Example: A    , B   0 2 0
 0 3   0 0 0 
5. Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix is said to be scalar matrix if its diagonal element are equal.

a ij  0;  i  j
Mathematically : A n n  
a ij  k ;  i  j

2 0 0
 
Example: A  0 2 0  is a scalar matrix of order 3.
 0 0 2 
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6. Identity matrix / Unit matrix

A scalar matrix is said to be identity matrix if all the diagonal elements are 1.

a ij  0;  i  j
Mathematically : A  a ij  nn is said to be identity matrix if A n n  
a ij  1;  i  j

1 0 
Example: A    is identity matrix of order '2' and it is denoted by I2.
0 1  22
Note:
(i) An identity matrix of order 'n' is denoted by In
(ii) Every identity matrix is a scalar matrix but converse is not true.
7. Zero/Null matrix : A matrix is said to be null matrix if all the elements are zero and it is denoted by O.

0 0 0 
Example: A    is null matrix of order 2  3
0 0 0 

0 0
B  is null matrix of order 2  2
0 0

Equality of matrices :
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if
(i) They are of same order

(ii) Each elements of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij  i and j.

2 3 2 3
Example: a b a b
2 2 2 2

Example 03:

x y z  1 2 3 
If   ; then
a b c   4 5 6 
Solution:
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, a = 4, b = 5 and c = 6
Example 04:

 2a  b a  2b   4 3
If    , then find a and b ?
 5c  d 4c  3d  11 2 
Solution:
 Both matrices are equal, equating the corresponding elements
2a + b = 4 ...(1) : 5c - d = 11
a - 2b = -3 ...(2) : 4c + 3d = 2
Solving (1) and (2) we get a = 1 and b = 2

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1. If a matrix has 28 elements, what are the possible orders it can have ? What if it has 13 elements ?

 
a 1 x 
 
2. In the matrix A   2 3 x 2  y  , write
 2 
0 5 
 5 
(i) The order of the matrix A
(ii) The number of elements
(iii) Elements a23, a31 and a12

3. Construct a 2 2 matrix, where

 i  2 j
2

(i) a ij  (ii) aij = |–2i + 3j|

2

 a  4 3b   2a  2 b 2  2 
4. Find the values of a and b, if A = B, where A   and B   
 8 6   8 b 2  5b 
5. Construct a 3  4 matrix, whose elements are given by :

1
(i) a ij  | 3i  j | (ii) aij = 2i – j
2
6. Find the vlaues of x, y and z from the following equations :

 4 3  y z 
(i)   
 x 5  1 5 

 x  y 2  6 2
(ii)   
 5  z xy  5 8 

 x  y  z  9 
   
(iii)  x  z   5 
 y  z   7 
7. A   a ij  is a square matrix, if
mn

(A) m < n (B) m > n (C) m = n (D) None of these

8. The number of all possible matrices of order 3  3 with each entry 0 or 1 is :
(A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 81 (D) 512
9. Define a diagonal matrix.

 x  2 y  3
10. If  is a scalar matrix, find x and y..
 0 4 

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3.1 Addition of Matrices

Addition of matrices is possible only if they are of same order
The resultant matrix is obtained by addition of corresponding elements

If A   a ij  mn , B   bij  mn then A  B   a ij  bij  mn

a b1 c1  x y1 z1 
i.e., A   1  and B=  1
a 2 b2 c2  x 2 y2 z 2 

 a  x1 b1  y1 c1  z1 
then A  B   1
a 2  x 2 b2  y2 c 2  z 2 

3.2 Properties of Matrix Addition

(A) Matrix Addition is commutative i.e., A + B = B + A
(B) Matrix Addition is Associative
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(C) Cancellation laws hold good in case of addition of matrices
if A, B, C are matrices of same order, then

A  B  A  C  B  C (left cancellation law)

and B + A = C + A  B = C (Right cancellation law)
Example 05:

1 3  1 2 
   
If A   3 2 and B=  0 5  , find A + B.
 2 5   3 1 
Solution:
Since A, B are matrices of same order 3  2 . Therefore addition of A and B is defined and is given by :

 1  1 3  2  0 1 
A  B   3  0 2  5 = 3 7 
 2  3 5  1  5 6 

(D) Existence of additive identity

The null matrix (O) is the additive identity for matrix addition.
i.e., A + O = A = O + A
(E) Existence of additive inverse

For every matrix 'A' = a ij  mn there exists a matrix B such that B + A = O  B = –A then B is called
Additive Inverse of A.
i.e., additive inverse of A is given by '–A'.

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1 2 3   1 2 3 
Example : A    , then additive inverse of A is –A and is given by :  A   
 a 4 b   a 4  b 
3.3 Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar

a b c   ka kb kc 
Let A    and 'k' is a scalar, then kA  
d e f  23  kd ke kf  23

i.e., scalar gets multiplied with each and every element of the matrix.
if A   a ij  then kA   k.a ij 
  mn   mn

2 3 1  2  2 2  3 2 1   4 6 2
Example : If A    then 2A     
0 2 2  23 2  0 2  2 2  2  23  0 2 2 4  23

3.4 Properties of Scalar Multiplication

If A and B are two matrices of the same order and m & n be scalar then ;
(i) m(A + B) = mA + mB
(ii) (m + n)A = mA + nA
(iii) m(nA) = (mn) A = n(mA)
3.5 Negative of a Matrix
The negative of a matrix 'A' is denoted by '-A', and it is defined as –A = (–1) A.

a 1 
Example : If A    , then –A is given by
 x 2 

 a 1   a 1
 A   1 .A   1   
 x 2    x 2 
3.6 Subtraction / Difference of Matrices
Subtraction of two matrices is possible any if there are of same order.
The resultant matrix is obtained by subtraction of corresponding elements of two given matrices

Let A   a ij  mn and B   bij  mn then A  B  a ij  bij  mn

Example 06:

x y 1 2 
A  and B    then find A – B.
a b 3 4 

Solution:

x y   1 2   x  1 y  2 
AB  
a b  3 4  a  3 b  4 

Example 07:
 1 2 3  3 1 3 
If A    and B    , then find 2A  B.
 2 3 1  1 0 2 

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Solution:

 1 2 3  3  1 3 
2A  B  2   
 2 3 1   1 0 2 

 2 4 6   3 1 3 
  
 4 6 2   1 0 2 

 2  3 4  1 6  3   1 5 3 
  
 4  1 6  0 2  2  5 6 0

Example 08:

 2 3   3 6 
Find a matrix A, if A    
 1 4   3 8 

Solution:

 2 3  3 6 
Let B    and C    then the given matrix equation is
 1 4   3 8 

A + B = C (Adding -B on both sides)

 A+B – B = C – B A  O  A 
 
 A+O=C–B  'O 'null matrix is 
additive identity 
 A=C-B  

 3 6   2 3 
A  
 3 8   1 4 

 3  2 6  3   1 9 
  
 3  1 8  4   2 4 

Example 09:

5 2 3 6 
Find X and Y, if X  Y    and X  Y   
0 9   0 1
Solution:
We have :

5 2 
XY  ...(1)
0 9 
3 6 
XY   ...(2)
 0 1
Additing (1) and (2)

5 2   3 6 
XYXY    
0 9   0 1
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8 8 1 8 8
 2X    X 
0 8 2  0 8

 4 4
X 
0 4
Also, (1) - (2)

5 2  3 6 
X  Y  X  Y     
 0 9   0 1

5  3 2  6
XYXY   
0  0 9  1 

 2 4 
 2Y   
 0 10 

1  2 4 
Y
2  0 10 

1 2
Y  
0 5 
3.7 Multiplication of Two Matrices

Let A   a ij  mn and B   b ij  p q are two matrices.

Matrix multiplication is done Row by column
A.B is defined if and only if n = p i.e., number of column in 1st matrix = number of rows in 2nd matrix.
Bp q . Am n
For defining , q = m.
same / equal
The resultant matrix(AB) will be of the order m  q

i.e., Amn .Bpq   ABmq  n  p

Bpq .A mn   BA pn ;q  m

Example 10:
 1 2
4
Let A   3 0  and B   
 4 5  32 5  21

Comment on defining of AB and BA, and if it is defining. Find order of Resultant matrix.
Solution:

A3 2 .B2 1
For AB :  AB is defined and orderof AB is 3  1
equal
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B2 1 .A3 2
For BA :  BA is not defined, so order of BA doesn't exist.
Not equal
Remark
If AB is defined, then BA need not be defined (from above example)

If  A mn and  Bpq are two matrices then AB and BA both are defined if and only if n = p and q = m.

Example 11:
1 2 
 1 2 3
Find AB if A  3 4  and B   
5 6  32  0 1 2  23

Solution:

A3 2 .B2 3
 AB is defined and order of AB will be 3  3
equal
1 2 
 1 2 3
AB  3 4  
0 1 2  {Multiplication : Row by column}
5 6  

1   1  2   0  1   2   2  1 1   3  2   2  

 
AB  3   1  4   0  3   2   4  1 3   3  4   2  
5   1  6   0  5   2   6 1 5   3   6   2  

 1  0 2  2 3  4 

  3  0 6  4 9  8 
 5  0 10  6 15  12

 1 0 1 
  3 2 1
 5 4 3
Example 12:

2 3
1 2 3   
Let A    and B   1 2  . Find AB and BA and show that AB  BA.
 3 2 1  4 5
Solution:

A2 3 .B3 2
Here  AB is defined and is of order 2  2.
equal

2 3
1 2 3   
AB     1 2 
 3 2  1
 4 5

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 2  2  12 3  4  15  16 16 
  
 6  2  4 9  4  5   0 18 

B3 2 .A2 3
Again,  BA exists, and it is of order 3  3
equal
2 3
1 2 3 
BA   1 2  
3 2 1
 4 5 

 2  9 4  6 6  3   11 2 3
 
  1  6 2  4 3  2    5 6 5
 4  15 8  10 12  5   11 18 17 
Cleraly, AB  BA.
3.8 Properties of Matrix Multiplication

(A) In general, AB  BA i.e., commutative law doesn't hold. They may be equal for special set of matrices A
and B.

1 0  3 0  3 0
Example : If A    and B    then AB  BA   .
0 2 0 4 0 8 
Remark:
(A) Multiplication of diagonal matrices of same order will be commutative.
(B) Matrix multiplication is associative if conformability is assured.
A(BC) = (AB)C
(C) Multiplication of matrices is distributive
A . (B + C) = AB + AC  BA + CA
(A + B) . C = AC + BC, whenever both sides of equality are defined.
(D) If AB = O, it is not necessary that either A = O or B = O or both A = B = O., where O = null matrix.

1 1 1 1
For example: A    and B   
 1 1  1 1

0 0
Here, AB O
0 0

But A Oand B O
(E) For every square matrix A, there exist an identity matrix of same order such that IA = AI = A.
Example:

2 3  2 3  1 0   2 3 
A  then AI     
5 7   5 7  0 1   5 7 

(F) If AB  AC  B  C (cancellation law is not applicable).

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Example 13:

 1 1 1  1 3
1 2 3 4  find A(BC), (AB)C and show that
A   2 0 3  ,B   0 2  and C  
  ,
 2 0 2 1 
 3 1 2   1 4 

(AB)C = A(BC).
Solution:
 1 1 1  1 3   1  0  1 3  2  4   2 1 
We have AB   2 0 3   0 2    2  0  3 6  0  12    1 18
 3 1 2   1 4  3  0  2 9  2  8   1 15

2 1  22 40 62 8  1 

   1 2 3 4   
 AB  C    1 18     1  36 2  0 3  36 4  18 
2 0 2 1
 1 15   
 1  30 2  0 3  30 4  15

4 4 4 7 
 35 2 39 22 

 31 2 27 11 

 1 3  1 6 2  0 3  6 4  3
   1 2 3 4   
Now BC   0 2     0 4 0 0 04 0 2 
2 0 2 1
 1 4   
 1  8 2  0 3  8 4  4 
 7 2 3 1
  4 0 4 2 
 7 2 11 8 

 1 1 1  7 2 3 1
Therefore A  BC    2 0 3   4 0 4 2 
 3 1 2   7 2 11 8 

 7  4  7 2  0  2 3  4  11 1  2  8 
 14  0  21 4  0  6 6  0  33 2  0  24 
 21  4  14 6  0  4 9  4  22 3  2  16 

4 4 4 7 
 35 2 39 22 

, Clearly, (AB) C = A (BC)
 31 2 27 11 
Example 14:
 0 6 7 0 1 1  2
If A   6 0 8  , B  1 0 2  ,C   2 
   
 7 8 0  1 2 0   3 
Calculate AC, BC and (A + B)C. Also, verify that (A + B)C = AC + BC

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Solution:
0 7 8
Now, A  B   5 0 10 
 8 6 0 

 0 7 8   2   0  14  24  10 
So  A  B  C   5 0 10   2    10  0  30    20 
 8 6 0   3   16  12  0   28 

 0 6 7   2   0  12  21   9 
Further AC   6 0 8   2    12  0  24   12 
 7 8 0   3   14  16  0  30 

0 1 1   2   0  2  3   1 
and BC  1 0 2   2    2  0  6    8 
1 2 0   3   2  4  0   2 
 9   1  10 
So AC  BC  12    8    20 
. Clearly, (A + B) C = AC + BC
30   2   28 
Example 15:

 1 2 3
 
If A   3 2 1 , then show that A3 – 23A – 40I = 0
 4 2 1
Solution:

1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
    
We have A  A.A   3 2 1  3 2 1   1 12 8 
2

 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15

 1 2 3 19 4 8   63 46 69 
    
So A  A A   3 2 1  1 12 8    69 6 23
3 2

 4 2 1 14 6 15 92 46 63

 63 46 69   1 2 3 1 0 0 
     
Now, A  23A  40I   69 6 23  23  3 2 1  40  0 1 0 
3

92 46 63  4 2 1  0 0 1 

 63 46 69   23 46 69   40 0 0 
 69 6 23   69 46 23   0 40 0 
    

92 46 63  92 46 23  0 0 40 

63  23  40 46  46  0 69  69  0  0 0 0 
  69  69  0 6  46  40 23  23  0   0 0 0   O
 92  92  0 46  46  0 63  23  40  0 0 0 

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0 0 4
 
1. The matrix P   0 4 0  is a
 4 0 0 

(A) Square matrix (B) Diagonal matrix (C) Unit matrix (D) Scalar matrix
2. Total number of possible matrices of order 2  2 with each entry 2, 0 or 1 is
(A) 9 (B) 27 (C) 81 (D) 512
 2x  y 4x   7 7y  13
3.  5x  7 4x    y x  6  , then the value of x and y is
   
(A) x = 3, y = 1 (B) x = 2, y = 3 (C) x = 2, y = 4 (D) x = 3, y = 3

 1 1  x    1  x  
sin  x  tan       cos  x  tan    
1

1      
4. If A   and B   , then A - B is equal to
  1  x    1  x  
 sin   cot  x    sin    tan  x  
1 1

      1
(A) I (B) O (C) 2I (D) I
2
5. If A and B are two matrices of the order 3  m and 3  n, respectively and m = n, then order of matrix
(5A – 2B) is
(A) m  3 (B) 3  3 (C) m  n (D) 3  n

0 1  2
6. If A    , then A is equal to
1 0

0 1  1 0 
(A)   (B)  
1 0  1 0 

0 1 1 0 
(C)   (D)  
0 1 0 1 

7. If matrix A  a ij  22 , where aij = 1, if i  j  0 and if i = j, then A2 is equal to

(A) I (B) A (C) 0 (D) 2A
8. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then (A - I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A is equal to
(A) A (B) I – A (C) I + A (D) 3A
9. For any two matrices A and B, we have
(A) AB = BA (B) AB  BA (C) AB = O (D) A + B = B + A

a b   
10. If A    and A 2    , then
b a   
(A)   a 2  b2 ,   ab (B)   a 2  b2 ,   2ab
(C)   a 2  b2 ,   a 2  b 2 (D)   2ab,   a 2  b 2

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 3 1 x y z
1. If possible, find the sum of the matrices A and B, where A    and B   .
 2 3 a b c

3 1 1  2 1 1
2. If X    and Y    , then find
 5 2 3  7 2 4 
(i) X + Y
(ii) 2X – 3Y
(iii) A matrix Z such that X + Y + Z is a zero matrix.

 0 1  0 1
If A   and B    , then show that  A  B  A  B   A  B .
2 2
3. 
 1 1  1 0 

 1 3 2  1 
  
4. Find the value of x, if 1 x 1  2 5 1   2   0.
15 3 2   x 

5 3 2
5. Show that A    satisfies the equation A – 3A – 7I = 0
  1  2 

4  4 8 4 
1  A   1 2 1  .
6. Find A, if    
 3   3 6 3 

 3 4 
  2 1 2
, then verify  BA   B2 A 2 .
2
7. If A  1 1  and B   
1 2 4
 2 0 
5 2 3 6 
8. Find x and y if x  y    and x  y   
0 9   0 1

cos x  sin x 0 
9. f  x    sin x cos x 0 . Show that f(x). f(y) = f(x + y)
 0 0 1 

 3 2  1 0  2
10. If A    and I    , find k so that A = kA – 2I
 4 2  0 1 

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For the matrix A, the matrix obtained by interchanging rows with columns or vice-verse is called transpose
of matrix A and is denoted by A' or AT.

i.e., if A  a ij  mn then A  a ji  n m

T

Example

1 2  1 5 
(i) A  then A T   
 5 8   2 8 

a 1
a b c 
(ii) A    then A or A '   b 2 
T

1 2 3 23  c 3  32
Note :
If order of matrix A is m  n then order of AT is n  m .
4.1 Properties of Transpose
(A) (AT)T = A
(B) (A  B)' = A'  B'
(C) (AB)T = BT AT
(ABC)T = CT BT AT
(D) (kA)T = k. AT ; 'k' is a scalar

5.1 Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric if AT = A.
i.e., [aij] = [aji]  i, j.
Example :

a f g
A f b e
is a symmetric matrix
g e c

as AT = A.

a f g 
 A   f b e   A.
T

 g e c 
Note :
(i) Every unit matrix and square null matrix are symmetric matrix
n  n  1
(ii) Maximum no.of different elements in symmetric matrix is .
2

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5.2 Skew Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric if AT = -A.

i.e., if A  a ij  nn then A  a ji  nn

T

For Skew symmetric

A = -AT

  a ij    a ji  1  i, j  n.

if i = j, aii = -aii  aii = 0

 Diagonal elements must be zero in skew symmetric matrix.
For example :
0 a b
 0 a  
A  and B   a 0 c  are
  a 0    b c 0 
Skew symmetric matrix as AT = -A and BT = -B.
Properties
(i) In a skew symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are zero
(ii) For any square matrix, A + AT is always symmetric and A - AT is skew symmetric.
(ii) Any square matrix can be written as sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
A  AT A  AT
i.e.,A  
2 2
 
symmetric Skew
matrix symmetric
matrix

(iv) (AB)T = BTAT

(v) (A + B)T = AT + BT
(vi) (A – B)T = AT – BT
(vii) (KA)T = KAT, where K is scallar
Example 16 :
Let A be a square matrix. Then,
(i) A + AT is a symmetric matrix
(ii) A - AT is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(iii) AAT and AT A are symmetric matrices.
Solution :
(i) Let P = A + AT. Then,
PT = (A + AT)T = AT + (AT)T [ (A + B)T = AT + BT]
 P T = AT + A [ (AT)T = A]
 PT = A + AT = P [By commutativity of matrix addition]
 P is a symmetric matrix.

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(ii) Let Q = A - AT. Then,

QT = (A - AT)T = AT - (AT)T [ (A + B)T = AT + BT]
 QT = AT - A [ (AT)T = A]
 QT = - (A - AT) = -Q
 Q is skew-symmetric
(iii) We have,
(AAT)T = (AT)T AT [By reversal law]
 (AAT)T = AAT [ (AT)T = A]
 AAT is symmetric
Similarly, it can be proved that AT A is symmetric.
Example 17 :
Prove that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-
symmetric matrix.
Solution :
Let A be a square matrix. Then
1 1 1 1
A
2
 A  A T    A  A T   P  Q  say  , where P   A  A T  and Q   A  A T  .
2 2 2
T
1 T  1
Now, P    A  A     A  A 
T T T
[ (kA)T = k AT]
2  2
1 T
 PT 
2 
A   AT 
T
 [ (A + B)T = AT + BT]
1 T
 P  A  A
T
[ (AT)T = A]
2
1
 PT 
2
 A  AT   P [By commutativity of matrix addition]

 P is a symmetric matrix.

 
T
1 T  1 1 T
Also, Q    A  A     A  A   A   A 
T T T T T

2  2 2
1 T 1
 QT 
2
 A  A     A  A T   Q
2
 Q is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Thus, A = P + Q, where P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Hence, A is expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
Uniqueness: If possible, let A = R + S, where R is symmetric and S is skew-symmetric. Then,
AT = (R + S)T = RT + ST
 AT = R - S [ RT = R and ST = -S]
Now, A = R + S and AT = R - S

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1 1
R
2
 A  A T   P,S   A  A T   Q.
2
Hence, A is uniquely expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
Example 18 :
Show that the matrix BT AB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-symmetric.
Solution :
CASE I Let A be a symmetric matrix. Then, AT = A.
Now, (BT AB)T = BT AT (BT)T [By reversal law]
 (BT AB)T = BT AT B [ (BT)T = B]
 (BT AB)T = BT AB [ AT = A]
BT AB is a symmetric matrix.
CASE II Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix. Then, AT = - A.
Now,
(BT AB)T = BT AT (BT )T [By reversal law]
 (BT AB)T = BT AT B [ (BT)T = B]
 (BT AB)T = BT (-A) B [ AT = -A]
 (BT AB)T = -BT AB
 BT AB is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Example 19 :

 3 2 3
 
Express the matrix A   4 5 3 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
 2 4 5
Solution :
We have,
 3 2 3 3 4 2
A   4 5 3  A   2 5 4 
  T

 2 4 5  3 3 5 
 3 2 3  3 4 2   6 6 5 
A  A   4 5 3   2 5 4    6 10 7 
T

 2 4 5  3 3 5   5 7 10 
 3 2 3   3 4 2   0 2 1 
and, A  A   4 5 3   2 5 4    2 0 1
T

 2 4 5  3 3 5   1 1 0 
 3 3 5 / 2  0 1 1 / 2 
1   1 
Let P   A  A    3
T
5 7 / 2  and,Q   A  A    1
T
0 1 / 2 
2 2
5 / 2 7 / 2 5   1 / 2 1 / 2 0 

T
 3 3 5 / 2  3 3 5 / 2

Then, P   3
T
5  
7 / 2   3 5 7 / 2   P
5 / 2 7 / 2 5  5 / 2 7 / 2 5 

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 0 1 1 / 2   0 1 1 / 2   0 1 1 / 2 

and, Q   1
T  
0 1 / 2    1 0  
1/ 2     1 0 1 / 2   Q
 1 / 2 1 / 2 0  1 / 2 1 / 2 0   1 / 2 1 / 2 0 

Thus, P is symmetric and Q is skew-symmetric.

 3 3 5 / 2  0 1 5 / 2   3 2 3 

Also, P  Q   3 5  
7 / 2   1 0 5 / 2    4 5 3  A
5 / 2 7 / 2 5   1 / 2 5 / 2 0   2 4 5

5.3 Invertible Matrix

Matrix whose inverse exist is called invertible matrix
Inverse of a square matrix
A is a square matrix of order 'n' is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of same order such that
AB = In = BA then
B is called inverse of A and
A is called inverse of B.
And we write it as A-1 = B or B-1 = A
2 3  2 3
Example : Let A    and B   
1 2  1 2 
 2 3   2 3  4  3 6  6  1 0 
Now, AB      
 1 2   1 2   2  2 3  4   0 1 
AB  I
 B is called inverse of A.

 2 3   2 3   4  3 6  6  1 0 
and BA        I
 1 2   1 2   2  2 3  4   0 1 
 BA  I
 'A' is called inverse of B.
Note :
For square matrix, inverse may or may not exist
For rectangular matrix, inverse cannot exist.

Uniqueness of Inverse
Inverse of a square matrix, if it exist is unique.
Proof
Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order 'n'. Also, let B and C be two inverses of A.
Now, we have to prove that B = C.
We know that, AB = BA = I
 B is the inverse of A.
But 'C' be another inverse of A
AC = CA = I
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Also, B = BI = B(AC) = (BA)C = I.C = C
 B=C
 Inverse of matrix is unique.
5.4 Properties of Inverse
(i) Inverse of a matrix is unique, if exists.
(ii) (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
(iii) (A-1)-1 = A
(iv) (AT)-1 = (A-1)T
A 1
(v)  k.A   ; k  R  0
1

(vi) AA–1 = A–1A = I

1 2 3 4  T
1. If A    and B=   , then (AB) equals -
 3 0  1 6 

5 16  5 9 5 9
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) None of these
9 16  16 12   4 3
2. Each diagonal element of a skew-symmetric matrix is
(A) Zero (B) Positive (C) Non-real (D) Negative

3. If A be a matrix such that, inverse of 7A is the matrix  1 2  , then A equals

 4 7 
 

1 2   1 4 / 7 1 4   1 2 / 7
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
4 1  2 / 7 1 / 7  2 1  4 / 7 1 / 7 

1 2 2 
 
4. If A   2 1 2  is a matrix satisfying AAT = 9I3, then the values of a and b respectively are
 a 2 b 

(A) 1, 2 (B) –2, –1 (C) –1, 2 (D) –2, 1

 cos x  sin x  T
5. If A    , then AA is
 sin x cos x 
1 1
(A) Zero matrix (B) I2 (C)   (D) None of these
1 1
6. If A2 - A - I = O, then the inverse of A is
(A) I - A (B) A - I (C) A (D) A + I

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 2x 0   1 0
7. If A    and A 1    , then x equals
 x x  1 2 

1 1
(A) 2 (B)  (C) 1 (D)
2 2
8. If A and B are matrices of same order, then (AB' – BA') is a
(A) Skew symmetric matrix (B) Null matrix
(C) Symmetric matrix (D) Unit matrix

 0 5 8 
 0 12  is a
9. The matrix  5
 8 12 0 

(A) Diagonal matrix (B) Symmetric matrix (C) Skew-symmetric matrix (D) Scalar matrix
10. If A is matrix of order m  n and B is a matrix such that AB' and B'A are both defined, then order of matrix
B is
(A) m  m (B) n  n (C) n  m (D) m  n

1. Let A and B be two matrices then (AB)' equals :

(A) B'A' (B) A'B (C) –AB (D) 1
2. _____ matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
3. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then
(i) (AB)' = _____
(ii) (kA)' = _____ (where, k is any scalar)
(iii) [k(A - B)]' = _____
3 x  T
4. If A    and A = A , then
 y 0 
(A) x = 0, y = 3 (B) x + y = 3 (C) x = y (D) x  y
x y
5. If   is symmetric matrix, then -
u v
(A) x + v = 0 (B) x – v = 0 (C) y + u = 0 (D) y – u = 0
1 2 -1
6. If A    , then A =
 4 1

1 1 2  1 2 
7  4 1
(A) (B)  
4 1

1 1 2 1  1 2 
9  4 1  7  4 1 
(C) (D)

7. If A2 - A + I = 0, then the inverse of A

(A) I - A (B) A – I (C) A (D) A + I

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 2 1 4 1 
8. If A    and B    then which statement is true
 7 4  7 2
(A) AAT = I (B) BBT = I (C) AB  BA (D) (AB)T = I
9. If A and B are matrices of order 3  2 and C is of order 2  3 , then which of the following matrices is not
defined -
(A) AT + B (B) AT + BT (C) AT + C (D) B + CT
10. If A is a square matrix of order m, then the matrix B of same order is called the inverse of the matrix A, if
(A) AB = A (B) BA = A
(C) AB = BA = I (D) AB = –BA

1. (m, n) = {(1, 13), (13, 1)}

2. (i) 3  3 (ii) 9 (ii) a23 = x2 - y, a31 = 0, a12 = 1
1 9
  1 4 
3. (i) A   2 2  (ii) A  1 2 
 0 2  22   22
4. a = 2, b = 2
 1 1
1 2
0
2
 
5 3 1 0 1 2 
2 1 3 2 1 0 
 
5. (i)  2 2
 (ii)  
4 7 5 5 4 3 2 
3
 2 2 
6. (i) x = 1, y = 4, z = 3
(ii) x = 4, y = 2, z = 0 or
x = 2, y = 4, z = 0
(iii) x = 2, y = 4, z = 3
7. (C)
8. (D)
10. x = 2, y = 3

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A C B D D D A A D B

1. Sum of matrices A and B is not possible

 5 2 2 
2. (i)  
12 0 1 

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 0 1 1 
(ii)  
 11 10 18 

 5 2 2 
(ii)  
 12 0 1
4. x = -2, -14
6. A   1 2 1

4 4  1 2 
8. x  and y   
0 4 0 5 
10. k=1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A D B B B D A C D

1. A
2. Null matrix
3. (i) (AB)' = B' A'
(ii) (kA)' = kA'
(iii) [k(A - B)]' = k(A' - B')
4. C
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. D
9. A
10. C

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 x  y  z  9 
   
1. Find the values of x, y and z if  x  z    5  .
 y  z  7 

 a  b 2a  c   1 5 
2. Find the values of a, b, c and d if   .
 2a  b 3c  d   0 13

 2i  j w hen i  j

3. Construct 2  3 matrix whose element aij are given by a i j   4 i . j w hen i  j
i  2 j w hen i  j

4. Construct a matrix of order 2  3 , whose elements are given by

 i  2 j
2
| 2i  j |
(a) a ij  (b) a ij 
2 3

 
 5 2 6 1
 
5. If A   7 0 8 3 , then write
 3 
 2 4 3
 5 

(i) The number of rows in A, (ii) The number of columns in A,

(iii) The order of the matrix A, (iv) The number of all entries in A,
(v) The elements a23, a31, a14, a33, a22 of A.
6. Write the order of each of the following matrices :

 6 5
3 5 2 4 1 3
(i) A   4  (ii) B   
0 3 1 2 4
 9  2 1
 
(iii) C  7  2 5 0  (iv) D  8 3

 2 
 
(v) E   3  (vi) F = [6]
 0 

 a  4 3b   2a  2 b  2 
7. If   , then find the value of (a – 2b).
 8 6   8 a  8b 

8. Define a scalar matrix.

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9. Which one of the following is a scalar matrix ?

1 1 6 0  8 0 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) None of these
1 1 0 3  0 8

 1 2 3  7 8 9 
10. Find the matrix 'X' so that X   
 4 5 6  2 4 6 

cos x  sin x 0 
 
11. If f  x    sin x cos x 0 , then show that f(x). f(y) = f(x + y).
 0 0 1 

0 1 
12. If A    , then A is equal to
2

 1 0 

0 1  1 0  0 1 1 0 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
1 0  1 0  0 1 0 1 
13. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then (A + B) (A – B) is equal to
(A) A2 – B2 (B) A2 – BA – AB – B2
(C) A2 – B2 + BA – AB (D) A2 – BA + B2 + AB

 1 0
14. If  x 1     0,0 , then x equals
2 0
(A) 0 (B) –2 (C) –1 (D) 2

 cos  sin    sin   cos  

15. Simplify cos .    sin .  .
  sin  cos   cos  sin  

3 5  1 3 0 2 
     
16. If A   2 0  , B   4 2  and C= 3 4  , verify that (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
 6 1  2 3  1 6 
2 4  1 3  2 5 
17. Let A    ,B    and C    . Find :
3 2  2 5   3 4

(i) A + 2B (ii) B – 4C (iii) A – 2B + 3C

 6 6 0  3 2 5
18. Find matrices A and B, if 2A  B    and 2B  A   .
 4 2 1   2 1 7 

 2 3
 1 2 3  
19. Let A    and B   4 5 . Find AB and BA, and show that AB  BA.
 4 2 5   2 1 

x
20. If  2x 4    O, find the positive value of x.
 8 

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 1 1 2   3 1
     2 1 3
21. If A   3 2 0  , B   0 2  and C   then verify that (AB)C = A(BC).
 3 0 1
 2 0 1   2 5 

22. Give an example of two matrices A and B such that A  O, B  O and AB = BA = O.

 1 0
23. If A    , find k so that A = 8A + kI.
2

 1 7 

 x y   1   3
24. Solve for x and y, given that       .
3y x   2  5 

1 5 
25. For matrix A    , verify that
6 7 

(i) (A + A') is a symmetric matrix.

(ii) (A – A') is a skew symmetric matrix.

 3 3 1
 
26. Express the matrix as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix:  2 2 1 
 4 5 2 

27. Show that the matrix BT AB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-symmetric.

 4 x  2
28. If A    is a symmetric matrix, then write the value of x.
 2x  3 x  1 

 2 3 1
29. Let A    . Verifty that (A')' = A.
 0 5 7 

 3
 
30. If A   5  and B  1 6 4 then verify that (AB)' = B'A'.
 2 

 3 4 
31. Express the matrix A    as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 1

32. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order then show that AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA.
33. If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that (AB – BA) is skew-symmetric.

 cos  sin  
34. If A    , show that A' A = I.
  sin  cos  

31
KCET-Mathematics 
®

1. The order of the single matrix obtained from

 1 1
 0 2    1 0 2   0 1 23 
    2 0 1  1 0 21  is
 2 3      

(A) 2  3 (B) 2  2 (C) 3  2 (D) 3  3

2. For what values of x and y are the following matrices equal

 2x  1 3y   x  3 y 2  2
A ,B   
 0 y 2  5y   0 6 

(A) 2, 3 (B) 3, 4 (C) 2, 2 (D) 3, 3

3. If a matrix has 6 elements, then number of possible orders of the matrix can be
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 6
4. Find the value of a23 + a32 in the matrix

 | 2i  j | if i  j
A  a ij  wherea ij  
33
 i  2j  3 if i  j
5. If A is a square matrix, then A - A' is -
(A) Unit matrix (B) Null matrix
(C) A (D) A skew symmetric matrix
6. In the following, diagonal matrix is -

0 3 1 0 0  1 0 0  3 0
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
4 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 4

 2a  b a  2b   4 3
7. If    , then the value of a + b - c + 2d is
 5c  d 4c  3d  11 24 
(A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 4 (D) -8

1 3 2   x 
  
8. If 1 x 1 0 5 1   1   0, then x is
0 3 2   2 
1 1
(A)  (B) (C) 1 (D) -1
2 2

 2 3
 1 2 3
9. If A    and B   4 5 , then
 4 2 5
 2 1 
(A) AB, BA exist and are equal (B) AB, BA exist and are not equal
(C) AB exists and BA does not exist (D) AB does not exist and BA exists

32
 ® Matrices

a b   
10. If A    and A 2    , then :
b a   

(A)   a 2  b2 ,   ab (B)   a 2  b2 ,   2ab

(C)   a 2  b2 ,   a 2  b 2 (D)   2ab,   a 2  b 2

1 2 
11. If f(x) = x2 + 4x - 5 and A    , then f(A) is euqal to
 4 3

 0 4  2 1 1 1  8 4 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
8 8  2 0 1 0  8 0 

 cos   sin  
12. If A    , then A + A' = I, then the value of  is
 sin  cos  

  3
(A) (B) (C)  (D)
6 3 2

 3 4 
13. If A    , then for every positive integer n, A is equal to -
n

1 1

1  2n 4n  1  2n 4n  1  2n 4n  1 2n 4n
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D)
 n 1  2n   n 1  2n   n 1  2n  n 1 2n

 2 3 
1 1 1  
14. If A    and B   1 5  , then AB =
 3 3 3 4 1
 
 3 1   3 1   3 1  3 1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 9 3   9 3  9 3   9 3 

6 4  0 2
15. If 2A  B    and A  B    , then A =
 6 11 6 2

2 2  2 0  2 2 2 2
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)
 4 3   4 3  4 3 4 3

 3 1  5 1
16. If   A  , then A equals -
 4 1 2 3 

 3 4   3 4  3 4  3 4 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
14 13  14 13  14 13  14 13

33
KCET-Mathematics 
®

1  
17. If A    , then A is equal to -
4

 0 1 

1  4   4 4 
(A)   (B)  
0 1  0 4 

4 4   1 4 
(C)   (D)  
0 4  0 1 

 1 2   1 4   0 1
18. If A   ,B    ,C    then 5A – 3B + 2C =
3 0   2 3  1 0 

 8 20   8 20 
(A)   (B)  
7 9   7 9 

 8 20   8 7 
(C)   (D)  
 7 9   20 9 
19. If A and B are matrices of same order, then (AB' - BA') is a
(A) Skew-symmetric matrix
(B) Null matrix
(C) Symmetric matrix
(D) Unit matrix

2 1
 1 2 1   
20. If A    and B   3 2  , then (AB)' =
 2 1 3  1 1
 
 3 2   3 10 
(A)   (B)  
 10 7   2 7 

 3 10  3 10
(C)   (D)
 7 2  2 7

34
 ® Matrices


x  y 7  2 7
1. If   , then x.y [Delhi 2020]
 9 x  y   9 4 

2. Write the order of product matrix [Foreign 2011]

1 
2 2 3 4 .
  
 3 
3. If a matrix has 5 elements, then write all possible orders it can have. [All India 2011]

 a  b 2a  c   1 5 
4. Find the value of a, if   . [Delhi 2013]
 2a  b 3c  d   0 13

5. For a 2  2 matrix, A = [aij] whose elements are given by aij = i/j, write the value of a12. [Delhi 2011]

 cos   sin  
6. If A    , then for what value of , A is an identity matrix ? [Delhi 2010]
 sin  cos  

7. If A is a matrix of order 3  4 and B is a matrix of order 4  3, then find order of matrix (AB).
[Delhi 2010C]

 2i  3j, i  j

8. A matrix A   a ij  33 is defined by a ij   5, i  j. The number of elements in A which are more
3i  2j, i  j

than 5, is [CBSE 2021 (Term I)]
9. If A is 3  4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A'B and BA' are both defined, then B is of the type
(A) 4  4 (B) 3  4 (C) 4  3 (D) 3  3

10. If A  a ij  22 , where aij = i + j, then A is equal to

1 1  1 2  1 2 2 3
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
2 2 1 2  3 4  3 4

0 x  0 1 
11. If A    ,B    and x = -1, then show that (A + B) = A + B .
2 2 2 2

 x 0   1 0 

1 5   9 1
12. If A    and B    , then find a matrix C such that 3A + 5B + 2C is a null matrix.
7 12   7 8

 cos x sin x 
13. If P  x     , then show that P(x). P(y) = P(x + y) = P(y). P(x).
  sin x cos x 

35
KCET-Mathematics 
®

14. If A, B are square matrices of same order and B is a skew symmetric matrix, then show that A'BA is skew-
symmetric.

0 2   0 3a 
15. If A    and kA    , then find the value of k, a and b. [CBSE 2021 (Term I)]
 3 4   2b 24 

1 0 
16. If A    , then find A .
3
[Delhi 2020]
1 1 

1 0   1 1 
17. If A  B    and A  2B    , then find the value of A. [All India 2020]
1 1   0 1

 1 3   y 0  5 6 
18. If 2     , then find the value of (x + y). [Delhi 2013C; All India 2012]
 0 x   1 2  1 8 

 2 2 0   2 0 2 
19. Find a matrix A such that 2A - 3B + 5C = O, where B    and C   .
 3 1 4 7 1 6 
[Delhi 2019]

 2 1 5 2  2 5
20. Let A    ,B    ,C    , find a matrix D such that CD - AB = O. [Delhi 2017]
3 4  7 4 3 8

 1 1 a 1 
21. If A    ,B    and (A + B) = A + B , then find the value of a and b.
2 2 2
[Foreign 2015]
 2 1  b 1

2 0 1
 
22. If A   2 1 3  , then find A2 - 5A + 4I and hence find a matrix X such that A2 - 5A + 4I + X = O.
 1 1 0 
[Delhi 2015]

 4 2
23. If A    , then show that (A - 2I) (A - 3I) = O. [All India 2019]
 1 1 

1 0 2 
 
24. If A   0 2 1  and A3 - 6A2 + 7A + kI3 = O, then find the value of k. [All India 2016]
 2 0 3 

x 1
25. If A    and A is the identity matrix, then x is equal to
2

 1 0 
(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

 cos  sin  
26. If A       , then the matrix A 2    is equal to
  sin  cos  

(A) A  2  (B) A    (C) A  3  (D) A  4 

36
 ® Matrices

27. Prove by mathematical induction that (A')n = (An)' where n  N for any square matrix A.

 cos  sin  
28. If A    and A = A', then find the value of .
-1

  sin  cos  
0 a 3 
 
29. If matrix  2 b 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix, then find the values of a, b and c.
 c 1 0 
30. If A, B are square matrices of same order and B is a skew-symmetric matrix, then show that A'BA is skew-
symmetric.

 0 a 3
 
31. If the matrix A   2 0 1 is skew-symmetric, then find the value of a and b. [CBSE 2018]
 b 1 0 
1 2 2
 
32. If A   2 1 x  is a matrix satisfying AA' = 9I, then find x. [CBSE 2018C]
 2 2 1

 0 2b 2 
 
33. Matrix A   3 1 3  is given to be symmetric, then find the value of a and b.
3a 3 1

 cos  sin   
, then find  satisfying 0    when A  A  2 I 2 ; where AT is transpose of
T
34. If A   
  sin  cos   2
A. [All India 2016]

 3 5
35. If A    is written as A = P + Q, where P is a symmetric matrix and Q is skew-symmetric matrix,
7 9
then write the matrix P. [Foreign 2016]
36. Write 2  2 matrix which is both symmetric and skew-symmetric. [Delhi 2014C]

 3 4
   1 2 1
37. If A   1 2  and B  
T
, then find AT – BT. [All India 2012]
 1 2 3
 0 1 

'
 2x  y 3y   6 0 
38. If    , then find the value of x. [All India 2010]
 0 4   6 4

39. Show that all the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero. [Delhi 2017]
40. Express the following matrix as a sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrices and verify your

 3 2 4 
 
result :  3 2 5  [All India 2010]
 1 1 2 

37
KCET-Mathematics 
®

1
 
41. For the following matrices A and B, verify that [AB]' = B' A' ; A   4  , B   1 2 1.
 3 

[All India 2010]

1 1 1 
 
42. Show that for the matrix A   1 2 3 , A3 - 6A2 + 5A + 11I = O. Hence, find A-1. [All India 2019]
 2 1 3 

1. If O  A   2  3,O  B   3  2,and O  C   3  3, which one of the following is not defined ?

[KCET-2006]
(A) C(A + B') (B) C(A + B')' (C) BAC (D) CB + A'
2. If A and B are two square matrices of the same order such that AB = B and BA = A, then A2 + B2 is
always equal to [2010]
(A) A + B (B) I (C) 2BA (D) 2AB

3 2 
3. If A    , then A + xA + yI = 0 for (x, y) =
2
[2010]
1 1 
(A) (–1, 3) (B) (–4, 1) (C) (1, 3) (D) (4, 1)
4. If A and B are square matrices of order 'n' such that A – B = (A – B) (A + B), then which of the
2 2

following will be true ? [2013]

(A) Either of A or B is zero matrix (B) A = B
(C) AB = BA (D) Either of A or B is an identity matrix

0 1 
5. If A    , then A is equal to _____
2
[2015]
1 0 

1 0  0 1 0 1  1 0 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
1 0  0 1 1 0  0 1 

 1 1  x    1  x  
sin  x  tan       cos  x  tan    
1

      
6. If A   ,B   , then A – B is equal to [2016]
  1  x     1  x  
 sin   cot  x    sin    tan  x  
1 1

      

1
(A) I (B) 0 (C) 2I (D) I
2
 3 1
7. If A    , then A – 5A is equal to
2
[2016]
  1 2 
(A) I (B) –I (C) 7I (D) –7I

38
 ® Matrices

 2 2 
8. If A    , then A = 2 A, where k =
n k
[2018]
  2 2 
(A) 2n-1 (B) n + 1 (C) n - 1 (D) 2(n – 1)

 1 1  x   2 
9. If        , then the values of x and y respectively are [2018]
 1 1  y   4 
(A) –3, –1 (B) 1, 3 (C) 3, 1 (D) –1, 3

0 0 1
 
10. If A   0 1 0  , then A4 is equal to [2020]
1 0 0
 
(A) 2A (B) I (C) 4A (D) A

2 1 1 0
11. If   A  then the matrix A is [2020]
–1

3 2 0 1

 2 1  2 1   2 1  2 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 3 2   3 2  3 2  3 2
12. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that (A + B) (A - B) = A2 - B2, then (ABA-1)2 =
[2009]
(A) A2B2 (B) A2 (C) B2 (D) I

 cos  sin  
13. If A    , then A.A' is [2011]
  sin  cos  
(A) I (B) A (C) -A (D) A2
14. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then which one of the following is NOT true ?
[2011]
(A) A + B is symmetric (B) A – B is symmetric
(C) AB + BA is symmetric (D) AB – BA is symmetric

  x x 
15. G    , x is a non-zero real number  is a group with respect to matrix multiplication. In this group,
  x x 

1 / 3 1 / 3
the inverse of   is [2011]
1 / 3 1 / 3

 4 / 3 4 / 3 3 / 4 3 / 4 
(A)   (B)  
 4 / 3 4 / 3 3 / 4 3 / 4 
 3 3 1 1
(C)   (D)  
 3 3 1 1
16. Inverse of a diagonal non-singular matrix is [2012]
(A) Diagonal matrix (B) Scalar matrix
(C) Skew symmetric matrix (D) Zero matrix

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2 3 
17. If the matrix    A  B, where A is symmetric and B is skew symmetric, then B = [2013]
 5 1

2 4   0 2   0 1 0 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 4 1 2 0   1 0 1 0 
18. If A is 3  4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A'B and BA' are both defined, then B is of the type
[2014]
(A) 4  4 (B) 3  4 (C) 4  3 (D) 3  3

1 2 4 
 
19. The symmetric part of the matrix A  6 8 2  is [2014]
 2 2 7 

 0 2 1 1 4 3   0 2 1  1 4 3 
 2 0 2  2 8 0  2 0 2  
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  4 8 0 
 1 2 0   3 0 7   1 2 0   3 0 7 
20. If A is a matrix of order m  n and B is a matrix such that AB' and B'A are both defined, the order of the
matrix B is [2016]
(A) m  m (B) n  n (C) n  m (D) m  n
21. If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric; then [2017]
(A) A is diagonal matrix (B) A is a zero matrix
(C) A is scalar matrix (D) A is square matrix
 cos  sin  
22. If A    , then AA' = [2018]
  sin  cos  
(A) A (B) Zero matrix (C) A' (D) I
23. If P and Q are symmetric matrices of the same order then PQ – QP is [2019]
(A) Identity matrix (B) Zero matrix
(C) Symmetric matrix (D) Skew symmetric matrix

 1 18 
 7 10 17   
24. If 3A  4B'  
0 6 31  and 2B  3A '   4 0  , then B = [2019]
   5 7 

 1 3  1 18  1 3 1 3
 1 1   4 16   1 1   1 1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 2 4   5 7   2 4   2 4 
25. If A and B are square matrices of same order and B is a skew symmetric matrix, then A'BA is [2020]
(A) Null matrix (B) Diagonal matrix
(C) Skew symmetric matrix (D) Symmetric matrix

40
 ® Matrices

2 1
1 2 1  
26. If A    , B   3 2  , then (AB)' is equal to [2021]
 2 1 3   1 1 

 3 2   3 10   3 7   3 7 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
10 7   2 7  10 2  10 2 
27. Let M be 2  2 symmetric matrix with integer entries, then M is invertible if [2021]
(A) The first column of M is the transpose of second row of M
(B) The second row of M is the transpose of first column of M
(C) M is diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the principal diagonal
(D) The product of entries in the principal diagonal of M is the product of entries in the other diagonal
28. If A is a matrix of order 3  3, then (A2)-1 is equal to [2022]
(A) (–A ) 2 2
(B) A 2
(C) (A ) –1 2
(D) (–A) –2

29. If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then A2021 is [2022]

(A) Row matrix (B) Symmetric matrix
(C) Column matrix (D) Skew symmetric matrix
30. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A then A2 + B2 =
[2023]
(A) AB (B) 2BA
(C) A + B (D) 2AB

2 k 2
31. If A is singular matrix, then the value of 5k – k 2 is equal to
1 3 k
[2023]
(A) –4 (B) 6
(C) 4 (D) – 6

3 1 15
32. If x y , then the alue of x and y are [2023]
2 1 5

(A) x 4, y 3 (B) x 4, y 3
(C) x 4, y 3 (D) x 4, y 3

1 tan
2
A
33. If and AB = 1, then B = [2023]
tan 1
2

2 2
(A) cos ,I (B) sin ,A
2 2

2
(C) cos , AT (D) cos
2
,A
2 2

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34. If A is square matrix such that A 2 A , then (I + A) is equal to

3

[2024]
(A) 7A – I (B) 7A
(C) 7A + I (D) I – 7A

1 1
35. If A . tjem A10 is equal to [2024]
1 1

(A) 2 8A (B) 29A

(C) 2 10 A (D) 211A

1. x = 2, y = 4, z = 3
2. a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 and d = 4

4 4 5
3.  4 16 7 
 
1 1
1 9 25  3 0
 3
4. (a)  2 2 2 
(b) 

 2 1
0 2 8 1
 3 3 

5. (i) 3 (ii) 4 (iii) 3  4 (iv) 12 (v) 8, 12,1, 4, 0

6. (i) 2  4 (ii) 3  2 (iii) 1  4

(v) 1  2 (v) 3  1 (vi) 1  1
7. 0
9. C

 1 2 
10. x 
2 0 
12. D 13. C 14. D
1 0 
15. 0 1 
 

 4 10   9 17   6 13
17. (i)   (ii)   (iii)  
 1 12   14 11 16 4 

 3 2 1  0 2 2 
18. A  , B 
 2 1 1  0 0 3 

20. x=4
23. k=7
24. x = 1 and y = 1

42
 ® Matrices

 3 1 / 2 5 / 2   0 5 / 2 3 / 2   3 3 1

P  Q   1/ 2 2  
2    5 / 2 0 3    2 2 1   A
26.
 5 / 2 2 2   3 / 2 3 0   4 5 2 
28. x=5

 3   5 
3 2  0 2
31. P  and Q   
 3 1  5 0
 2   2 

1. D 2. C 3. C 4. 11 5. D
6. D 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. B
11. D 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. A
16. A 17. D 18. B 19. A 20. B

1. –3 2. 3 3 3. 5 1 and 1 5

1
4. 1 5. 6. 0
2
7. 3 3 8. B 9. B

 24 10 
10. D 12. C  15. k = –6, a = –4 and b = –9
 28 38

1 1
1 0  3 3
16. 3 1  17. A  18. 6
  2 1
 3 3 

 8 3 5   191 110 
19. A  20. D 21. a = 1 and b = 4
 13 1 9   77 44 

1 1 3 
22. X  1 3 10  24. k=2 25. B
5 4 2 
26. A 28. d  Real Numbers 29. a = –2, b = 0 and c = –3
2 3
31. a = –2 and b = 3 32. x = –2 33. a   and b 
3 2

 3 6 0 0
34.  35. 6 9 36. 0 0
4    
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4 3
 3 0 
37.   38. x=2
 1 2 

 1 5  5 3
 3   0   
2 2 2 2
   
1 5
40. A 2 2    0 3 
 2  2 
   
 5 2 2  
3
3 0 
 2   2 

 3 4 5 
I 
42. A   9 1 4 
1

11
 5 3 1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A A B C D D D D D B
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A C A D B A D B D D
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. B D D A C B C C D C
Que. 31 32 33 34 35
Ans. C C C C B

44
 DETERMINANTS

S.No. Content Page

01. Theory 47-70

02. Exercise (S-1 to S-4) 71-86

KCET Syllabus :
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3  3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of

a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of linear equations by
examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.
 ® Determinants


Corresponding to each square matrix 'A'. We can associate a number or expression called the determinant of
the square matrix A. It is denoted by |A| or det A or  .

a b1  a b1
If A   1  , then determinant of 'A' is written as | A | 1  det A.
a 2 b2  a2 b2

Note :
(i) For matrix A, |A| is read as determinant of A and not modulus of A
(ii) Only square matrix have determinants
(iii) A determinant having n rows and n columns is known as a determinant of order 'n'.

(A) Determinant of a matrix of order one

Let A = [a] be the matrix of order 1, then determinant of A(|A|) is defined to be equal to a.
(B) Determinant of a matrix of order 2

a a12 
Let A   11  be a matrix of order 2  2, then the determinant of 'A' is defined as :
a 21 a 22 
a11 a12
det A |A| a 11a 22 a 21 a12
a 21 a 22
Example 01 :
Evaluate :

6 3
(i) = 6(–2) – 7(–3) = –12 + 21 = 9
7 2

x x 1
(ii) = x(x) – (x – 1) (x + 1) = x2 – (x2 – 1) = x2 – x2 + 1 = 1
x 1 x

Example 02 :

3x 7 8 7
If  , find the value of x.
2 4 6 4

Solution :

3x 7 8 7
We have, 
2 4 6 4

 3x  4    2  7   32  42  12x  14  32  42

 12x  14  10  12x  24

 x  2 Hence x  2
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2.1 Value of a Determinant of order 3 or more

For finding the value of a determinant of order 3 or more, we need the following definitions.

(A) Minors
Minor of an element aij of a determinant (or a determinant corresponding to matrix A) is the determinant
obtained by deleting its ith row and jth column in which aij lies.
Minor of an element aij is denoted by Mij.

Hence, we can get 9 minors corresponding to the 9 elements of a third order  3  3 determinant.

Remark :

Minor of an element of a determinant of order n  n  2  is a determinant of order n – 1.

Example 03 :

1 2 3
Find the minor of element 6 in the determinant   4 5 6
7 8 9
Solution :
Since 6 lies in the second row and third column, its minor M23 is given by

1 2
M 23   8  14  6 (obtained by deleting row 2 and column 3)
7 8

3.1 Co-factors
Co-factor of an element aij, denoted by Aij is defined by Aij = (–1)i+j Mij, where Mij is minor of aij. Sometimes
Cij is used in place of Aij to denote the co-factor of element aij.

Example 04 :

Find minors and cofactors of all the elements of the determinant 1 2

4 3
Solution :
Minor of the element aij is Mij
Here a11 = 1. So M11 = Minor of a11 = 3
M12 = Minor of the element a12 = 4
M21 = Minor of the element a21 = –2
M22 = Minor of the element a22 = 1
Now, cofactor of aij is Aij. So
A11 = (–1)1+1 M11 = (–1)2 (3) = 3 ; Al2 = (–1)1+2 M12 = (–1)3 (4) = –4
A21 = (–1)2+1 M21 = (–1)3 (–2) = 2 ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22 = (–1)4 (1) = 1

48
 ® Determinants

Example 05 : 2 3 5
Find minors and cofactors of the elements of the determinant 6 0 4 and verify that
a A +a A +a A =0 1 5 7
11 31 12 32 13 33
Solution :
We have,
0 4
M 11 = = 0 – 20 = -20 ; A11 = (–1)1+1 (–20) = –20
5 7

6 4
M12 = = –42 – 4 = –46 ; A12 = (–1)1+2 (–46) = 46
1 7
6 0
M13 = = 30 – 0 = 30 ; A13 = (–1)1+3 (30) = 30
1 5

3 5
M21 = = 21 – 25 = -4 ; A21 = (–1)2+1 (–4) = 4
5 7

2 5
M22 = = –14 – 5 = –19 ; A22 = (–1)2+2 (–19) = –19
1 7
2 3
M23 = = 10 + 3 = 13 ; A23 = (–1)2+3 (13) = –13
1 5

3 5
M31 = = –12 – 0 = –12 ; A31 = (–1)3+1 (–12) = –12
0 4

2 5
M32 = = 8 – 30 = –22 ; A32 = (–1)3+2 (–22) = 22
6 4
2 3
M33 = = 0 + 18 = 18 ; A33 = (–1)3+3 (18) = 18
6 0
a11 = 2, a12 = 3, a13 = 5; A31 = –12, A32 = 22, A33 = 18
a11 A31 + a12 A32 + a13 A33
= 2 (–12) + (–3) (22) + 5 (18) = – 24 – 66 + 90 = 0
Note :
If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with co-factors of any other row (or column), then their sum
is zero.

i.e., a11A 21 a12 A 22 a13 A 23 0

3.2 Value of a determinant

The value of a determinant is the sum of the products of elements of a row (or column) with their corresponding
co-factors.
We may expand a determinant by any arbitrary chosen row or column.

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 a11 a12 a13 

A  a 21 a 22 a 23  then
 a 31 a 32 a 33 

a11 a12 a13

| A |  a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
Expanding the given determinant by 1st Row, we have
|A| = a11 (its co-factor) + a12 (its co-factor) + a13 (its co-factor)
= a11 c11 + a12 c12 + a13 c13
= a11 m11 – a12 m12 + a13 m13 { c12 = -m12}

a 22 a 23 a a 23 a a 22
 a11  a12 21  a13 21
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32

Remark
If we expand a determinant by any Row or Column using minors, we keep in view the following symbols for
  
a determinant of order three.   
  
Example 06 :

3 4 5
Evaluate   6 2 3
8 1 7
Solution :
Expanding the given determinant by 1st Row, we get
2 3 6 3 6 2
  3. 4 5
1 7 8 7 8 1
= 3. (14 + 3) – 4 (– 42 + 24) + 5 (– 6 – 16) = 13

Example 07 :

a h g
Expand the determinant.   h b f
g f c
Solution :
Expanding by 1st column, we get
b f h g h g
  a. h  g.
f c f c b f
= a(bc – f2) – h(hc – fg) + g(fh – bg)
= abc – af2 – ch2 + fgh + fgh – bg2
= abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2

50
 ® Determinants


x  1 x  1 4 1
1. If  , find the value of x.
x 3 x  2 1 3

sin10  cos10
2. Show that  1.
sin 80 cos80
3. Which of the following is correct
(A) Determinant is a square matrix
(B) Determinant is a number associated to a matrix
(C) Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix
(D) None of these

a11 a12 a13

4. If   a 21 a 22 a 23 and Aij is Cofactors of aij, then value of  is given by
a 31 a 32 a 33

(A) a11 A31 + a12 A32 + a13 A33 (B) a11 A11 + a12 A21 + a13 A31
(C) a21 A11 + a22 A12 + a23 A13 (D) a11 A11 + a21 A21 + a31 A31
 x 2   6 2
5. 18 x   18 6  , then x is equal to :
   
(A) 6 (B)  6 (C) –1 (D) –6

1 4 3
6. Find the minor of the element 7 in the determinant :   5 6 7 .
8 9 2

(A) 23 (B) –23 (C) 24 (D) 0

 2 3 5 
 
7. Find the minor of the element of second row and third column in the following det  6 0 4 
 1 5 7 

(A) 13 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 0

8. If A is a matrix defined by A = [aij] = [sin j xi] ; 1  i  3,1  j  3 and B is a matrix defined by

a 22
B = [bij] = [cos i xj] ; 1  i  3,1  j  3. Then, the value of is
b12
(A) 2 cos x2 (B) 2 sin2 x (C) 2 sin x2 (D) 2 cos2 x

2 6 9
9. The minor of the element a11 in the determinant 1 7 8 is
1 4 5
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7

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®

x 1 2
1. If cofactor of 2x in the determinant 1 2x x  1 is zero, then x equals to -
x 1 x 0

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) –1

a1 b1 c1
2. If   a 2 b2 c 2 and A2, B2, C2 are respectively cofactors of a2, b2, c2 then a1A2 + b2B2 + c1C2 is equal to
a3 b3 c3

(A)  (B) 0 (C)  (D) 2

3. If each row of a determinant of thrid order of value  is multiplied by 3, then the value of new determinant
is -

(A)  (B) 27  (C) 21 (D) 54 

4. In a third order determinant each element of the first column consists of sum of two terms, each element of
the second column consists of sum of three items and each element of third column consists of sum of four
terms, then it can be decomposed into n determinants, where n has the value -
(A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 16 (D) 24

a  ib c  id
5. 
c  id a  ib

(A) (a + b)2 (B) (a + b + c + d)2 (C) (a2 + b2 – c2 – d2) (D) a2 + b2 + c2 + d2

2 3 5
6. If cij is the cofactor of the element aij of the determinant 6 0 4 , then write the value of a32. c32
1 5 7
(A) 110 (B) 22 (C) –110 (D) –22

Application of Determinants
(A) Area of triangle

A x1 , y1

x1 y1 1
1
Area of  ABC  x 2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1  Mod
B x2 , y2 C x 3 , y3
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Note :
(i) Area of triangle is always a +ve quantity, therefore we always take the absolute value of determinant
for the area.
(ii) If area of triangle is zero, then it implies 3 points are collinear.

Example 08 :
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8), (–4, 2) and (5, 1).
Solution :
The area of the triangle is given by :
3 8 1
1
  4 2 1
2
3 1 1

1
 3  2  1  8  4  5   1 4  10  
2
1 61
 3  72  14  sq.units
2 2
(B) Condition for 3 points are collinear

A x1, y1 B x 2 , y2 C x 3 , y3

Area of  ABC  0
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1
1
 x2 y2 1  0  x 2 y2 1  0
2
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1
(C) Equation of line passing through two given points

A x1 , y 1 P x, y B x2 , y2

Let p(x, y) be any point on AB. Points A, B and P are collinear. Thus, equation of line joining points (x 1, y1)
and (x2, y2) is given by
x y 1
x1 y1 1  0
x2 y2 1

Example 09 :
Find the equation of the line joining A(1, 3) and B(0, 0). Using determinant and find 'k' if D(k, 0) is a point such
that area of  ABD is 3 sq units.
Solution :
Let P(x, y) be any point on AB. Then, area of triangle ABP is zero. So,

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 3x  y  0  y  3x
Also, since the area of triangle ABD is 3 sq. units.

1 3 1
1
We have, 0 0 1  3
2
k 0 1
1 3k
 1 0  0   3  0  k   1 0  0     3   3  k  2
2 2

(a) Singular Matrix

A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| = 0.
Example :

1 2 
A 
4 8 

det A = |A| = 1  8  4  2  0

 |A| = 0  'A' is singular matrix

(b) Non-Singular Matrix
A square matrix whose determinant value is non-zero.
that is A  0

1 2
Example: A
4 1

|A| = 1 × 4 – 4 × 2
=4–8
=–4

A 0 A is non–singular matrix

1. If for matrix A, |A| = 3, where matrix A is of order 2  2, then |5A| is _____

(A) 9 (B) 75 (C) 15 (D) 2
2. If the points A(3, -2), B(k, 2) and C(8, 8) are collinear, then the value of k is :
(A) 2 (B) –3 (C) 5 (D) –4
3. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8), (-4, 2) and (5, 2)
(A) 18 (B) 34 (C) 27 (D) 61

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
cos15 sin15
4. The value of is :
sin15 cos15

1 3
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 0
2 2
5. If area of triangle is 35 sq units with vertices (2, -6), (5, 4) and (k, 4). Then k is :
(A) 12 (B) –2 (C) –12, –2 (D) 12, –2
6. A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| =
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 2
7. If A(3, 4), B(–7, 2) and C(x, y) are collinear, then :
(A) x + 5y + 17 = 0 (B) x + 5y + 13 = 0
(C) x – 5y + 17 = 0 (D) x – 5y + 13 = 0

2 3 5
1. If Aij denotes the cofactor of the element aij of the determinant 6 0 4 , then the value of
1 5 7
a11A31 + a13A32 + a13A33 is
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) –5

a 0 0
2. If A  0 a 0 , then the value of |adj A| is
0 0 a

(A) a27 (B) a9 (C) a6 (D) a2

3 5 6 x 10 5
3. If   7 8 9 , then 5 3 6 equal to :
10 x 5 8 7 9

(A)  (B)  (C) x (D) 0

4. If B is a non-singular matrix and A is a square matrix, then det (B-1 AB) is equal to
(A) det (A-1) (B) det (B-1) (C) det (A) (D) det (B)
5. Area of the triangle whose vertices are (a, b + c), (b, c + a) and (c, a + b), is
(A) 2 sq units (B) 3 sq units (C) 0 sq unit (D) 1 sq unit

The adjoint of a square matrix A  a ij  is defined as the transpose of the co-factor of matrix A.
  n n

Adjoint of the matrix A is denoted by adj A.

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 a11 a12 a13 

 a 23 
Let A  a 21 a 22
 a 31 a 32 a 33 
T
 c11 c12 c13   c11 c12 c13   c11 c 21 c31 
 
c 23  . Then adjA  c 21 c 22
Co-factor matrix of A  c 21 c 22
 c 23   c12
 c 22 c32 
 c31 c32 c33   c31 c32 c33   c13 c 23 c33 

Example 10 :
2 3
Find adj A for A   
1 4 
Solution :
We have ;
c11 = 4 c12 = -1
c21 = -3 c22 = 2

 4 1
Co-factor matrix of A   
 3 2 
Now,
 4 1  4 3
adjA     
  3 2   1 2 
Note :
a a 12 
For 2  2 matrix A   11 
 a 21 a 22 
a11 a12
adjA
a 21 a 22

change interchange
sign
i.e., interchanging the diagonal element and changing the signs of off diagonal elements.
Example 11 :

3 2 
Find adj of A   
 4 5 
 5 2 
adjA   
 4 3 
6.1 Properties of adjoint
(i) A.adj A = | A| . In = (adj A) A. where 'n' is order of matrix
(ii) |adj A| = |A|n-1, where 'n' is the order of matrix

(iii) |adj adj A| = | A | n 1

2

(iv) adj (AB) = adj B  adj A

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Example 12 :

 2 0 0 
 
If A   0 2 0  , then the value of |adj A| is _____.
 0 0 2
Solution :
We know that, |adj A| = |A|n-1 = |A| 3-1 = |A|2

Here, | A |   2    2    2   8 'A 'is diagonal matrix

Now, |adj A| = |A|2 = (-8)2 = 64

6.2 Properties of adjoint for KCET

(i) adj (kAn) = kn-1 adj (An)
(ii) adj (AT) = (adj A)T
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n-2  A

adjadjadj.......adjA
 | A | n 1 where 'n' is order of the matrix.
r

(iv) r times

Example 13 :

 1 2 2 
 
Find the adjoint of the matrix A   2 1 2  and hence show that A.(adj A) = |A| I3 [CBSE-2015]
 2 2 1 
Solution :
 1 2 2 
A   2 1 2 
 2 2 1 

1 2 2 2
c11  1  3,c12  1  6
2 1 2 1

2 1 2 2
c13  1  6,c 21  1 6
2 2 2 1

1 2 1 2
c 22  1  3,c 23  1  6
2 1 2 2

2 2 1 2
c31  1  6,c32  1  6
1 2 2 2

 3 6 6 
1 2
c33  1  3,cij   6 3 6 
2 1
 6 6 3 
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T
 3 6 6   3 6 6 
adjA   6 3 6    6 3 6 
 
 6 6 3   6 6 3 

 3 6 6 
 
 Clearly adjoint of matrix A is given by ; adjA   6 3 6 
 6 6 3 

1 2 2
Now, | A |  2 1 2
2 2 1
 11  4   2  2  4   2  4  2 
  1 3   2  6    2  6 
 3  12  12  27

 1 2 2   3 6 6 
  
and A.adjA   2 1 2   6 3 6 
 2 2 1   6 6 3 
 3  12  12 6  6  12 6  12  6 
  6  6  12 12  3  12 12  6  6 


 6  12  6 12  6  6 12  12  3 
 27 0 0  1 0 0
  0 27 0   27 0
  1 0 
 0 0 27   0 0 1 
= 27 I3 = |A| I3 = R.H.S. Hence Proved

A square matrix of order n is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of same order such that
AB = BA = In.
adjA
In such case, we can say that the Inverse of A is B and we write. A-1 = B and it is given by : A 1 
|A|
Remark :
Clearly, A-1 is only defined when A is non-singular matrix.
A  A 1  I.
adjA
Proof of A-1 = A

We know that, A.adj A = |A| . In

adjA
 A.  In
|A|
adjA
 A 1 
|A|
A  A 1  I

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
1
A 1  .adjA
|A|
Formula for finding A-1
1
Let A be a square matrix such that | A |  0, then A 1  .adjA
|A|
Example 14 :
 2 3 
Find the inverse of the matrix, A   
 4 7 
Solution :
We have,
 2 3
| A |    14  12  2  0
 4 7 
So, A-1 exits.
The co-factors of the elements of |A| are given by
c11 = 7, c12 = –(–4) = 4
c21 = –(–3) = 3, c22 = 2
T
7 4  7 4 
adjA     
3 2  3 2

7 3
1 1 7 3 
Hence A 1  .adjA   2 2
|A| 2  4 2   
2 1

7.1 Properties of Inverse matrix

Each and every non-singular matrix has a unique inverse.
1. (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
2. (AT)-1 = (A-1)T
3. (A-1)-1 = A
1
 kA 
1
4.  .A 1 ; 'k' is non-zero scalar..
k
1
5. | A 1 | 
|A|
6. adj (A-1) = (adj A)-1

A 
n 1
  A 1 
n
7.

Example 15 :

1 3 3 
 
If A  1 4 3  , then verify that A adj A = |A| I. Also find A-1.
1 3 4 

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Solution :
We have |A| = 1(16 – 9) – 3(4 – 3) + 3(3 – 4)  1  0.
Now A11  7, A12  1, A13  1, A 21  3, A 22  1, A 23  0, A 31  3, A 32  0, A 33  1

 7 3 3
 
Therefore, adjA   1 1 0 
 1 0 1 
1 3 3   7 3 3
 3   1 1 0 
Now, A  adjA   1 4
1 3 4   1 0 1 
 7  3  3  3  30 3  0  3 

  7  4  3 3  4  0 3  0  3 
 7  3  4 3  3  0 3  0  4 
1 0 0  1 0 0 
  0 1 0   1 0 1 0   | A | .I
 
 0 0 1  0 0 1 
 7 3 3  7 3 3
1 1
Also A  adjA   1 1 0    1 1 0 
1

|A| 1
 1 0 1   1 0 1 

Example 16 :

2 3   1 2 
If A    and B    , then verify that (AB) = B A .
-1 -1 -1

 1 4   1 3 
Solution :

 2 3   1 2   1 5 
We have AB     
 1 4   1 3   5 14 
Since, | AB |  11  0,  AB  exists and is given by
1

1 1  14 5 1 14 5

 AB  adj  AB    
1
 
| AB | 11  5 1 11  5 1
Further, | A |   11  0and| B |  1  0. Therefore, A-1 and B-1 both exist and are given by
1  4 3 1 3 2 
A 1   ,B  
11  1 2  
1 1 

1 3 2   4 3
Therefore B1A 1  
11 1 1   1 2 

1  14 5 1 14 5

 
11  5 1 11  5 1 
Hence (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

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7.2 Finding the Inverse of a matrix A, when it satisfy some matrix equation F(A) = 0
Example 17 :

 2  3
Show that A    satisfies the equation x – 6x + 17 = 0. Hence find A .
2 -1
[CBSE 2007]
 3 4 

Solution :

 2  3
We have, A   
3 4 

We need to P.T. A2 - 6A + 17I = 0 (I2 = I)

 2 3  2 3  5 18 

A 2  A.A    
 3 4   3 4  18 7 

 2 3  12 18 

6A  6   
 3 4   18 24 
1 0  17 0 
17I 2  17   
 0 1   0 17 
Now,

 5 18  12 18 17 0 

A 2  6A  17I2    
18 7   18 24   0 17 

 5  12  17 18  18  0 
 
 18  18  0 7  24  17 
0 0
   0.
0 0

Hence, the matrix 'A' satisfy the equation x2 – 6x + 17 = 0.

Now, A2 – 6A + 17I2 = 0
A2 = 6A - 17I2
Pre-multiplying A-1 both sides
A-1 A2 = 6A-1 A – 17 A-1 I2
(A-1.A) = 6I – 17A-1
I.A = 6I – 17A-1
A = 6I – 17A-1
1
 A 1   6I  A 
17
1   6 0   2 3 
   
17   0 6   3 4  

1  4 3
A 1 
17  3 2 

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Consider the system of L.equations in 3 variable

a1 x  b1 y  c1z  d1  Non homogenous S.O.L.E

a 2 x  b 2 y  c2 z  d 2   if d1  d 2  d 3  0 then it is
a 3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d 3  homogenous S.O.L.E
 a1 b1 c1  x   d1 
A   a 2 b 2 c 2  , X   y  and B   d 2 
   
Let   
co  efficient
matrix
 a
 3 b 3 c 
3
variable  z
   constant  d 3 
Then S.O.L.E can be represented as Ax = B
 a1 b1 c1   x   d1 
a b2 c 2   y    d 2 
i.e.,  2 Now, solution of S.O.L.E
 a 3 b3 c3   z   d 3 

8.1 Using matrix method

Ax = B
(A) If | A |  0  A 1 exists

Ax  B
Premultiplying by A-1
(A-1. A)X = A-1B
 Ix  A 1B
x  A1B
 Inverse of a matrix is unique
 Unique values of x, y and z are obtained.
  | A |  0  A 1 doesn 't exist
We have, Ax = B
Multiplying (adj A) on both sides
(adj A) Ax = (adj A) B
 |A|. Ix = (adj A) B
 |A| x = (adj A) B


L.H.S. (0)
1. If (adj A) B = 0, then the system Ax = B has infinitely many solutions Hence consistent.
2. If (adj A)B  0 then the system Ax = B has no solution. Hence inconsistent.
8.2 Criteria for Consistence and Inconsistence

(i) If | A |  0, then the system is consistent and has the unique solution given by x = A-1 B.
(ii) If |A| = 0, and (adj A) B = 0 then system is consistent and has infinitely may solutions
(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B  0 then the system is inconsistent.

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Example 18 :
Check for consistency and inconsistency
(i) x + 2y = 2 (ii) x +3y = 5
2x + 3y = 3 2x +6y = 8
Solution :
(i) The given system of equation can be written as

1 2   x   2 
2 3  y   3
    
A x B

Now,

1 2 
| A |    3.4  1
2 3
| A |  1  0
 The given system is consistent and has unique solution

 1 3   x  5 

(ii)  2 6   y  8
A x B

1 3
| A | 660
2 6
| A |  0

 6 3
Now, adjA   
 2 1 

 6 3 5 30  24   6  0 

 adjA  B         
 2 1  8  10  8  2   0 
 adjA  B  0  System is in consistent.
Steps to solve S.O.L.E

A x  B
  
(i) co  eff variable constant
matrix matrix matrix

(ii) |A| ; if | A |  0

 system is consistent and has unique solution number

x = A-1 B

1
For A 1  .adjA
|A|

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Example 19 :
Solve the system of equations
2x + 5y = 1
3x + 2y = 7
Solution :
The given system of equations can be represented in the form Ax = B

2 5 x 1
3 2 y 7

A x B

2 5
Now, | A |   4  15  11
3 2
| A | 0  system is consistent and has unique solution.

x = A-1 B
2 5
Now, A   
3 2

1  2 5 
A 1 
11  3 2 

x  A 1B

x  1  2 5  1 
 y    11  3 2  7 
  21   22   21

x  1  2  35  1  33  3 
 y    11  3  14    11  11    1
  21      
x = 3 and y = –1

Example 20 :
Solve the following system of equations, using matrix method.
x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11, 2x – 3y = 1
Solution :
The given S.O.L.E. can be represented in the form Ax = B

1 2 1 x 7
1 0 3 y 11
2 3 0 z 1
A x B

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Now,
7 2 1
| A | 1 0 3  18
2 3 0

| A | 0  The given S.O.L.E is consistent and has a unique solution.

1
Now, A 1  adjA
|A|

1 2 1 
A  1 0 3
 2 3 0 
Co-factors
c11  9 c12  6 c13  3
c 21  3 c 22  2 c 23  7
c31  6 c32  2 c 33  2
T
 9 6 3
adjA   cij    3 2 7 
T

 6 2 2 

 9 3 6 
 adjA   6 2 2 
 3 7 2
1
A 1  .adjA
|A|

 9 3 6 
1 
  6 2 2 
18
 3 7 2 

Now, x = A-1B

x   9 3 6   7 
 y   1  6 2 2  11
  18   
 z   3 7 2  1 

x   63 33 6  36   2 
 y   1  12 22 2   1 18    1 
  18   18    
 z   21 77 2  54   3 

 x = 2, y = 1 and z = 3
Hence, x = 2, y = 1 and z = 3 is the required solution.

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Example 21 :

 2 3 5 
 
If A   3 2 4  , find A-1
1 1 2 
Use it to solve the system of equations.
2x - 3y + 52 = 11
3x + 2y – 4z = –5
x + y – 22 = –3
Solution :
(i) A-1

 2 3 5 
Step-1 | A |   3 2 4   2  4  4   3  6  4   5  3  2 
1 1 2 

= 0 - 6 + 5 = -1
| A |  1  0  A 1 exists
Step-2 Co-factors cij = (-1)i+j mij

2 4
c11   1
11
0
1 2
Similarly
c12 = 2, c13 = 1
c21 = -1, c22 = -9, c23 = -5
c31 = 2, c32 = 23, c33 = 13

0 2 1
 
Co-factor matrix =  1 9 5 
 2 23 13 
T
0 2 1  0 1 2 
adjA   1 9 5   2 9 23
 
 2 23 13   1 5 13 
 0 1 2 
1 1
A 1
.adjA   2 9 23
|A| 1
1 5 13 

 0 1 2 
A   2 9 23
1

 1 5 13
Now, S.O.L.E can be written in the form Ax = B

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 2 3 5   x   11 
 3 2 4   y    5
    
1 1 2   z   3
A x B

| A |  1  A 1 exist, system has consistent and unique solution

 x  A 1B

 x   0 1 2  11 
 y    2 9 23  5
    
 z   1 5 13  3

 x   0  11  1   5    2    3   1 
 
  y    2  11  9   5    23   3   2 
 z   11  25  39   3 

 x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3 is the required solution.

Example 22:

 4 4 4   1 1 1 
  
Determine the product  7 1 3  1 2 2  and use it to solve the system of equations
 5 3 1  2 1 3 

x + y + z = 4, x - 2y - 2z = 9, 2x + y + 3z = 1
Solution :
Product of the matrices
4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 8 4 8 4 4 8 12
7 1 3 1 2 2 7 1 6 7 2 3 7 2 9
5 3 1 2 1 3 5 3 2 5 6 1 5 6 3

8 0 0
A B 0 8 0 8I 3
0 0 8
 AB = 8I3
Now, S.O.L.E can be represented as, Ax = B
 1 1 1   x   4 
1 2 2   y    9 
    
 2 1 3   z   1 
B x C
Bx = C
x = B-1C
Post multiplying with B-1
 AB = 8I
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AB B-1 = 8I B-1
A(BB-1) = 8B-1
1 A
 AI  8B1  B  8
A
x  C
8

x   4 4 4   4 
 y   1  7 1 3   9 
  8  
 z   5 3 1  1 

x   16  36  4   24   3 
 y   1  28  9  3   1  16    2 
  8  8   
 z   20  27  1   8   1

 x = 3, y = 2, z = –1

1. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then A-1 is equal to :

(A) 2A (B) O (C) A (D) A + I
2. Given that A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A| = -4, then |adj A| is equal to :
(A) 4 (B) –4 (C) 16 (D) –16

1 1 2  1 2 0 
    
3. Compute (AB)-1 , A  0 2 3 and B   0 3 1
1

 3 2 4  1 0 2 

16 12 1  16 12 10 
1  1 
21 11 7  21 11 2 
(A) 19  (B) 19 
10 2 3   1 7 3 
 16 12 1  16 21 1 
1  1 
21 11 7  21 11 7 
(C) 19  (D) 19 
 10 2 3  10 2 3 

1 2 
4. Find the adjoint of the matrix A   .
3 4 

4 2  4 2  1 2   1 2 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
3 1   3 1  3 4   3 4 
5. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3  3. Thne |adj A| is equal to :
(A) |A| (B) |A|2 (C) |A|3 (D) 3|A|
6. If A is a square matrix of order 4 such that |adj A| = 125, then |A| is _____
(A) 25 (B) 5 (C) 15 (D) 625

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1. If the system of equations x  y  2  0, x  y  2  0, x  y  3  0 is consistent, then

(A)    1 (B)    2 (C)   1, 2 (D)   1, 2

2. Given : 2x – y – 4z = 2, x – 2y – z = –4, x  y  z  4, then the value of  such that the given system of
equation has NO solution, is
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) –3
3. The equations 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ; 3x + 4y + 6 = 0 and 4x + 5y + 8 = 0 are
(A) Consistent with unique solution
(B) Inconsistent
(C) Consistent with infinitely many solutions
(D) Consistent with two solutions

1 0 1 a11 a12 a13

  1
4. If matrix A   3 4 5  and its inverse is denoted by A  a 21 a 22 a 23 , then the value of a23 is equal
0 6 7  a 31 a 32 a 33
to :
21 1 2 2
(A) (B) (C)  (D)
20 5 5 5

10 0 
5. For any 2  2 matrix A, if A  adj.A     , then |A| is equal to :
 0 10 
(A) 0 (B) 10 (C) 20 (D) 100

 3 2 4 
  1
6. If matrix 1 2 1 and A 1   adjA  , then k is :
k
0 1 1 
(A) 7 (B) –7 (C) 15 (D) –11

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Que. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. B C D A B A C B

Que . 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. C B B D B A

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ans. B C C C C C C

Que . 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. A C B C C

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. C C A B B B

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. A D A C B C

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Value of Determinant, Minors and Cofactors

2 4
1. Evaluate the determinants
5 1
2. Evaluate the determinants

cos   sin  x2  x  1 x 1
(i) (ii)
sin  cos  x 1 x 1

1 2 
3. If A    , then show that |2A| = 4|A|
 4 2

1 0 1 
4. If A  0 1 2 , then show that |3A| = 27|A|
 
0 0 4 

5. Evaluate the determinants

3 1 2 3 4 5
(i) 0 0 1 (ii) 1 1 2
3 5 0 2 3 1
6. Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants :
2 4 a c
(i) (ii)
0 3 b d
7. Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants :

1 0 0 1 0 4
(i) 0 1 0 (ii) 3 5 1
0 0 1 0 1 2

5 3 8
8. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate   2 0 1 .
1 2 3

1 x yz
9. Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate   1 y zx .
1 z yx

a11 a12 a13

10. If   a 21 a 22 a 23 and Aij is Cofactors of aij, then value of  is given by
a 31 a 32 a 33
(A) a11A 31  a12 A 32  a13 A 33 (B) a11A11  a 12 A 21  a13 A 31
(C) a 21A11  a 22 A12  a 23 A13 (D) a11A11  a 21A 21  a 31A 31
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Properties of Determinant, Application of Determinants, Singular and Non Singular Matrix

11. Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the following :
(i) (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3)
(ii) (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8)
(iii) (-2, -3), (3, 2), (-1, -8)
12. Show that points
A (a, b + c), B(b, c + a), C(c, a + b) are collinear.
13. Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are
(i) (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) (ii) (-2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k)
14. (i) Find equation of line joining (1, 2) and (3, 6) using determinants
(ii) Find equation of line joining (3, 1) and (9, 3) using determinants.
15. If area of triangle is 35 sq units with vertices (2, -6), (5, 4) and (k, 4). Then k is
(A) 12 (B) -2 (C) -12, -2 (D) 12, -2

Adjoint of a matrix, Inverse of a matrix and system of linear equations

1 2
16. Find adjoint of the matrices  
3 4 

 1 1 2 
 
17. Find adjoint of the matrices  2 3 5 
 2 0 1 
2 3
18. Verify A (adj A) = (adj A)A = |A| I in  
 4 6 

1 1 2 
 
19. Verify A (adj A) = (adj A) = |A| I in 3 0 2 
1 0 3 
 2 2 
20. Find the inverse of the matrix  
4 3 

 1 5 
21. Find the inverse of the matrix  
 3 2 

1 0 0 
 
22. Find the inverse of the matrix 3 3 0 
5 2 1

 2 1 3
 
23. Find the inverse of the matrix  4 1 0 
 7 2 1 

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3 7 6 8
24. Let A    and B    . Verify that (AB) = B A .
-1 -1 -1

2 5 7 9 
 3 1
25. If A    , show that A – 5A + 7I = O. Hence find A .
2 -1

  1 2 

 1 2 1 
 
26. Let A   2 3 1 . Verify that
 1 1 5 
(i) [adj A]-1 = adj (A-1) (ii) (A-1)-1 = A
27. Examine the consistency of the system of equation
x + 2y = 2
2x + 3y = 3
28. Examine the consistency of the system of equation
2x – y = 5
x+y=4

 2 3 5 
 
29. If A   3 2 4  . Find A-1. Using A-1 solve the system of equations
 1 1 2 
2x – 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y – 4z = -5
x + y – 2z = –3

Value of Determinant, Minors and Cofactors

x y 2 3
1. If  7 and  4, then -
4 2 y x

5 5
(A) x  3, y   (B) x   , y  3
2 2
5 5
(C) x  3, y  (D) x  , y  3
2 2

0 1 2
2. In the determinant 1 0 3 , the ratio of the co-factor to its minor of the element -3 is
2 3 0

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

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a b
3. If A    , then |A + A | equals -
T

b a 
(A) 4(a2 – b2) (B) 2(a2 – b2) (C) a2 – b2 (D) 4ab

4. If each row of a determinant of third order of value  is multiplied by 3, then the value of new determinant
is -
(A)  (B) 27  (C) 21 (D) 54 

1 / a 1 bc
5. The value of the determinant 1 / b 1 ca is equal to
1 / c 1 ab
1
(A) abc (B) (C) 0 (D) a + b + c
abc
1 2 3
6 7 8 
6.
13 14 15
(A) 0 (B) 10 (C) 100 (D) 150

3 6 9
7. The value of 4 5 6 is
4 8 12
(A) 0 (B) 10 (C) 180 (D) –7
8. If |A| denotes the value of the determinant of a square matrix A of order 3, then |-2A| equals -
(A) –8|A| (B) 8|A| (C) –2|A| (D) 4|A|

Adjoint of a matrix, Inverse of a matrix and system of linear equations

9. The value of an even order skew symmetric determinant is

(A) 0 (B) Perfect square (C)  1 (D) 2

4 2
10. If A   , then adj (adj A) is equal to -
3 3 
3 2  4 2
(A) 
4 
(B)  
 3 3 3

4 2 3 2
(C) 6   (D)
3 3 3 4

11. The adjoint of symmetric matrix is -

(A) Symmetric matrix (B) Skew-symmetric matrix
(C) Diagonal matrix (D) Scalas matrix

74
 ® Determinants

 1 2 3 
 
12. If A   4 0 1 , then (adj A)23 is equal to -
 3 1 5 

(A) 13 (B) –13 (C) 5 (D) –5

1 2 3
 
13. The element in the first row and third column of the inverse of the matrix  0 1 2  is
 0 0 1 

(A) –2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 7

1 2 3 
14. A  1 4 9  then |adj A| =
1 8 27 

(A) 144 (B) 72 (C) 36 (D) 48

1 a 2 
 
15. The matrix 1 2 5  is not invertible, if 'a' has the value -
 2 1 1 
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 1

3 2 
16. If A    , then A(adj A) =
1  4 

(A) –14 I (B) –10 A (C) 8 I (D) 14 I

 2 3
17. The inverse of   is -
 4 2 

1  2 3  1  3 2 
8  4 2  8  2 4 
(A) (B)

1  2 3 1  3 2
8  4 2  8  2 4 
(C) (D)

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1 2 0
 
18. If A   0 1 2  then adj A =
2 0 1
 

 1 2 4   1 2 4
   
(A)  4 1 2  (B)  4 1 2 
 2 4 1   2 4 1 
   

 1 4 2  1 2 8
 
(C)  2 1 4  (D) 4 1 2
 4 2 1  2 4 1
 

 1 2 3 
 
19. The adjoint matrix of  0 2 1 is
 4 5 2 

9 19 4   9 4 8
   
(A)  4 14 1  (B) 19 14 3 
8 3 2   4 1 2

 9 19 4  9 4 8
 
(C)  4 14 1 (D) 19 14 3
 8 3 2  4 1 2

Value of Determinant, Minors and Cofactors

1 1 1
1. Find the maximum value of 1 1  sin  1 [Delhi 2016]
1 1 1  cos 

x sin  cos 
2. If  sin   x 1  8, write the value of x. [Foreign 2016]
cos  1 x

 5 6 3
 
3. If A   4 3 2  , then write the cofactor of the element a21 of its 2nd row.. [Foreign 2015]
 4 7 3 

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 ® Determinants

1 2   1 3
4. If A    and B    , write the value of |AB|. [Delhi 2015C]
3 1  1 1 

2x 5 6 2
5. If  , then write the value of x. [Delhi 2014]
8 x 7 3

p p 1
6. Write the value of the determinant . [Delhi 2014C]
p 1 p

x x 3 4
7. If  , then write the positive value of x. [Foreign 2011; All India 2008C]
1 x 1 2

2 3 5
8. If Aij is the cofactor of the element aij of the determinant 6 0 4 , then write the value of a32.A32
1 5 7

[All India 2013]

9. Find the minor of the element of second row and third column (a 23) in the following determinant
2 3 5
6 0 4 .
[All India 2011]
1 5 7

cos15 sin15
10. Evaluate . [All India 2011]
sin 75 cos 75

Properties of Determinant, Application of Determinants, Singular and Non Singular Matrix

 0 1 3 5
11. Find |AB|, if A    and B   . [All India 2019]
0 2  0 0

  2sin x 3 
 x  , find the value of x for which the matrix 
2sin x 
12. In the interval is singular..
2  1
[All India 2015C]

 2  x  1 2x 
13. For what value of x, A    is a singular matrix? [All India 2011C]
 x x  2

6  x 4 
14. For what value of x, matrix   is a singular matrix? [Delhi 2011C]
3  x 1 

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Adjoint of a matrix, Inverse of a matrix and system of linear equations

 2 1
15. Find adj (A), if  . [Delhi 2020]
4 3 

 3 4 
16. For A    , write A .
-1
[All India 2020]
 1  1 

8 0 
17. If for any 2  2 square matrix A, A(adj A) =   , then write the value of |A|. [All India 2017]
0 8 
18. For what values of k, the system of linear equations
x+y+z=2
2x + y - z = 3
3x + 2y + kz = 4
has a unique solution ? [All India 2016]

5 2
19. Find |adj A|, if A   . [Delhi 2014C]
7 3 

20. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |adj A| = 64, then find |A|. [Delhi 2013C]

21. If |A| = 2, where A is a 2  2 matrix, then find |adj A|. [All India 2010C]

 2 3 
22. Given A    , compute A and show that 2A = 9I - A.
-1 -1
[CBSE 2018]
 4 7 

2 3 
23. If A    be such that A = kA, then find the value of k.
-1
[CBSE 2018C, All India 2011]
 5  2 

 1 2 3 
 
24. If A   0 1 4  , then find (A')-1. [Delhi 2015]
 2 2 1 

 1 2 2 
 
25. Find the adjoint of the matrix A   2 1 2  and hence show that A(adj A) = |A| I3.
 2 2 1 
[All India 2015]

 2 1
26. If A    and I is the identity matrix of order 2, then show that A = 4A - 3I. Hence, find A .
2 -1

  1 2 
[Foreign 2015]

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 ® Determinants

2 3   1 2 
27. If A    ,B    , verify that (AB) = B A .
-1 -1 -1
[All India 2015C]
 1  4   1 3 

 2 3 5 
 
28. If A   3 2 4  , then find A-1. Using A-1, solve the following system of equations :
1 1 2 

2x – 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y – 4z = –5
x + y – 2z = –3 [All India 2020, CBSE 2018]

1 1 1 
 
29. Show that for the matrix A   1 2 3 , A3 – 6A2 + 5A + 11I = O. Hence, find A-1. [All India 2019]
 2 1 3 

1 1 2   2 0 1 
  
30. Use product 0 2 3  9 2 3 to solve the system of equations
 3 2 4   6 1 2 

x - y + 2z = 1
2y – 3z = 1
and 3x – 2y + 4z = 2. [Delhi 2017;Foreign 2011]

1 1 1 
 
31. If A  1 0 2  , find A-1. Hence solve the system of equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2z = 7,
3 1 1 

3x + y + z = 12. [Delhi 2019]

32. Using matrices, solve the following system of linear equations.
x+y–z=3
2x + 3y + z = 0
and 3x – y – 7z = 1 [All India 2012; Delhi 2009C]

33. Using matrix method, solve the following system of equations

2 3 10
  4
x y z
4 6 5
  1
x y z
6 9 20
and x  y  z  2, x, y,z  0. [Delhi 2011]

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Value of Determinant, Minors and Cofactors

3 5 1 17 
1. If A    and B    then, |AB| is equal to _____ [KCET-2005]
2 0 0 10 

(A) 80 (B) 100 (C) –110 (D) 92

x 2 1
2. The solutions of the equation 2 5 x  0 are _____ [KCET-2005]
1 2 x
(A) 3, –1 (B) –3, 1 (C) 3, 1 (D) –3, –1

1 3   2 1
3. If A    ,B    , then |ABB'| = [2019]
4 2 1 2 
(A) 50 (B) 100 (C) –250 (D) 250

a1 a2 a3
4. If a1, a2, a3,.......,a9 are in A.P., then the value of a 4 a5 a 6 is [2020]
a7 a8 a9

9
(A) a1 + a9 (B) loge(loge e) (C) 1 (D)  a1  a 9 
2

cos x 1 0
5. If f  x   0 2cos x 3 , then lim f  x   [2021]
x 
0 1 2cos x

(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 3

1 2 5
6. If there are two values of 'a' which makes determinant   2 a 1  86. Then the sum of these
0 4 2a

numbers is [2022]
(A) –4 (B) 4 (C) 9 (D) 5

Properties of Determinant, Application of Determinants, Singular and Non Singular Matrix

 2 
7. If A    and |A | = 125, then   _____
3
[KCET-2013]
 2  
(A)  1 (B)  2 (C)  3 (D)  5

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 ® Determinants

x 1 1
x 1 dA
8. If A  1 x 1 and B  , then  _____ [KCET-2013]
1 x dx
1 1 x

(A) 3B + 1 (B) 3B (C) –3B (D) 1 – 3B

9. Consider the following statements :

(a) If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical, then the value of the determinant is zero.
(b) If the corresponding rows and columns of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of the determinant
does not change.
(c) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of the determinant
changes in sign.
Which of these are correct ? [KCET-2014]
(A) (a) and (b) (B) (b) and (c) (C) (a) and (c) (D) (a), (b) and (c)

10. If A is any square matrix of order 3  3 then |3A| is equal to [KCET-2016]

1
(A) 9|A| (B) 27|A| (C) |A| (D) 3|A|
3

1 2 1
 x  2 1  is singular, then the value of x is
11. If  1 [2011]
 x 1 1 

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 0

12. The area of triangle with vertices (K, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) is 4 square units, then value of K is [2017]
(A) 8 (B) 0 or –8 (C) 0 (D) 0 or 8
13. If (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3,y3) are the vertices of a triangle whose area is k square units, then [2018]
(A) 32k2 (B) 16k2 (C) 64k2 (D) 48k2
14. Let A be a square matrix of order 3  3, then |5A| = [2018]
(A) 5|A| (B) 125|A| (C) 25|A| (D) 15|A|
15. If the value of a third order determinant is 16, then the value of the determinant formed by replacing each
of its elements by its cofactor is [2019]
(A) 96 (B) 256 (C) 48 (D) 1
16. If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |A| = 5, |B| = 3, then |3AB| is [2021]
(A) 425 (B) 405 (C) 565 (D) 585
17. If the vertices of a triangle are (-2, 6), (3, -6) and (1, 5), then the area of the triangle is [2022]
(A) 40 sq. units (B) 30 sq. units (C) 15.5 sq. units (D) 35 sq. units

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Adjoint of a matrix, Inverse of a matrix and system of linear equations

 5 2 
18. The inverse of the matrix   is _____ [KCET-2005]
3 1 

1  1 2  1 2 1  2 5   1 3
(A) (B)  (C) (D) 
11  3 5  
 3 5  13  1 3 
 2 5 

 1 1 1   4 2 2
   
19. If A   2 1 3 ,10B   5 0   and B is the inverse of A, then the value of  is
 1 1 1   1 2 3 

[KCET-2007]
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5

0 x 16 
 5 7  is singular, then the possible values of x are :
20. If A   x [KCET-2007]
 0 9 x 

(A) 0, 1, –1 (B) 0, +12, –12 (C) 0, 5, –5 (D) 0, 4, –4

1 2 2 
 2 3 , then A. adj (A) is equal to :
21. If A  0 [KCET-2007]
 3 2 4 
5 0 0 5 1 1  0 0 0 8 0 0 
       
(A)  0 5 0 (B) 1 5 1 (C)  0 0 0  (D)  0 8 0 
 0 0 5  1 1 5  0 0 0   0 0 8 

22. If A(adj A) = 5I where I is the identity matrix of order 3, then |adj A| is equal to [KCET-2008]
(A) 125 (B) 25 (C) 5 (D) 10

1 0 0
23. The characteristics roots of the matrix 2 3 0 are [KCET-2008]
4 5 6
(A) 1, 3, 6 (B) 1, 2, 4 (C) 4, 5, 6 (D) 2, 4, 6

1 2 
24. If A    , then A =
-1
[KCET-2008]
 3 4 

1  4 2  1  4 2   2 4  2 4
(A) (B) (C)  (D) 
2  3 1  2  3 1   1 3
 
1 3 

2 1 0
 
25. If A  0 2 1  then |adj A| : [KCET-2009]
1 0 2 
1
(A) 81 (B) 0 (C) 9 (D)
9

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
26. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that (A + B) (A - B) = A2 - B2, then (ABA-1)2 =
[KCET-2009]
(A) A2 (B) B2 (C) 1 (D) A2B2
27. If A is a 3  3 nonsingular matrix and if |A| = 3, then |(2A)-1| = [KCET-2010]
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 24 (D) 3
3 24

1 2 1
 x  2 1  is singular, then the value of x is _____
28. If  1 [KCET-2011]
 x 1 1 

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 0

29. Inverse of a diagonal non-singular matrix is [KCET-2012]
(A) Scalar matrix (B) Skew symmetric matrix
(C) Zero matrix (D) Diagonal matrix
30. The characteristic equation of a matrix A is   5 2  3  2  0 then |adj (A)| =
3 [KCET-2012]
1
(A) 9 (B) 25 (C) (D) 4
2
31. If A is a matrix of order 3, such that A(adj A) = 10 I, then |adj A| = [KCET-2014]
(A) 10 (B) 10 I (C) 1 (D) 100

2 0 0
 
32. The inverse of the matrix A   0 3 0  is [KCET-2014]
 0 0 4 

1 
2 0 0
2 0 0
0 3 0    2 0 0 1 0 0 
1 1  1 
(A)   (B) A  0

0
 (C)  0 3 0  (D)  0 1 0 
 0 0 4  3 24 24
   0 0 4   0 0 1 
0 1
0
 4 

33. If the determinant of the adjoint of a (real) matrix of order 3 is 25, then the determinant of the inverse of
the matrix is [KCET-2014]
1
(A) 0.2 (B)  5 (C) 5 (D)  0.2
625

1 0 0 
 
34. The characteristic roots of the matrix  2 3 0  are [2008]
 4 5 6 

(A) 4, 5, 6 (B) 2, 4, 6 (C) 1, 3, 6 (D) 1, 2, 4

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 2 5 0
 
35. The inverse of the matrix  0 1 1  is [2019]
 1 0 3 
 3 1 1   3 15 5   3 5 5   3 15 5 
 15 6 5  1 6 2     1 6 2 
(A)   (B)   (C)  1 6 2  (D)  
 5 2 2   1 5 2   1 5 2   1 5 2 
36. If A and B are invertible matrices, then which of the following is not correct ? [2021]
(A) adj A = |A| A -1
(B) det(A ) = [det (A)]
-1 -1

(C) (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1 (D) (A + B)-1 = B-1 + A-1

37. If A is a matrix of order 3  3, then (A2)-1 is equal to [2022]
(A) (-A2)2 (B) A2 (C) (A-1)2 (D) (-A)-2

1 2 3
38. If x - 2x - 9x + 18 = 0 and A  4 x 6 then the maximum value of A is
3 2
[2021]
7 8 9
(A) 96 (B) 36 (C) 24 (D) 120
39. If A is a 3  3 matrix such that |5. adj A| = 5 then |A| is equal to [2022]
1 1
(A)  1 (B)  (C)  (D)  5
5 25
40. The area of a triangle with vertices (–3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, k) is 9 sq.units,m the value of k is
[2023]

(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 9 (D) –9

1 3
41. If P 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a
3 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then is equal to
2 4 4
[2024]

(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 11 (D) 0

x 1 1
x 1
42. If A and B 1 x 1 , then dB is [2024]
1 x dx
1 1 x

(A) 3A (B) –3B (C) 3B + 1 (D) 1 – 3A

cos x x 1
43. Let f x 2sin x x 2x . Then lim f x [2024]
x 0 x2
sin x x x

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) 2

84
 ® Determinants


1. (i) 18 2. (i) 1, (ii) x3 – x2 + 2

5. (i) –12 (ii) 46

6. (i) M11  3, M12  0, M 21  4, M 22  2, A11  3, A12  0, A 21  4, A 22  2,

(ii) M11  d, M12  b, M 21  c, M 22  a

A11  d, A12   b, A 21  c, A 22  a

7. (i) M11  1, M12  0, M13  0, M 21  0, M 22  1, M 23  0, M 31  0, M 32  0, M 33  1,

A11  1, A12  0, A13  0, A 21  0, A 22  1, A 23  0, A 31  0, A 32  0, A 33  1

(ii) M11  11, M12  6, M13  3, M 21  4, M 22  2,M 23  1, M 31  20, M 32  13, M 33  5

A11  11, A12  6, A13  3, A 21  4, A 22  2, A 23  1, A 31  20, A 32  13, A 33  5

8. 7 9. (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)

15 47
10. D 11. (i) (ii) (iii) 15
2 2
13. (i) 0,8 (ii) 0, 8 14. (i) y = 2x (ii) x - 3y = 0
15. D

 3 1 11
 4 2   12 5 1  1  3 2
16.  3 1  17.   20.
   6 2 5  14  4 2 

 3 0 0   1 5 3
1  1 
21.
1  2 5
22. 3 1 0  23. 4 23 12 
3  3 1 3  3 
 9 2 3  1 11 6 

1  2 1
24. 26. Consistent 27. Consistent
7 1 3 

 0 1 2 
 2 9 23 , x  1, y  2, z  3
28.  
 1 5 13

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A A B C A A A B B
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. A A D A D A A A A

85
KCET-Mathematics 
®

1. 0.5 2. –2 3. 3 4. –28
5. –6 6. 1 7. 2 8. 110
2
9. 13 10. 0 11. 0 12.
3

 3 1  1 4 
13. –2 14. 2 15.  4 2  16.  1 3 
   

17. | A |8 18. k0 19. 1 20. | A | 8

1 1 7 3 
A 1  adj  A   
2  4 2 
21. 2 22.
|A|

 9 8 2 
1 8 7 2 
23. 24. 
19  5 4 1

 A11 A 21 A31   3 6 6 
25. adjA   A12 A 22 A 32    6 3 6  26.
1 2 1  2 / 3 1 / 3 
A 1   
 A13 A 23 A33   6 6 3  3  1 2  1 / 3 2 / 3

 0 1 2 
 
27. Inverse of A =  2 9 23 and x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
 1 5 13

 3 4 5 
1
29. A   9 1 4 
1
30. x = 0, y = 5, z = 3
11
 5 3 1
31. x = 3, y = 1, z = 2 32. x = 3, y = 1, z = 1
33. x = 1, y = 2, z = –1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A C B A A C B ALL B
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A D C B B B C A D B
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. D B A A A B B A D D
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. D B D C B D C A B B
Que. 41 42 43
Ans. C A B
86