THE CARDIOVASCULAR 3.

TRANSPORT OF REGULATORY
SYSTEM MOLECULES – carries many hormones
and enzymes
 Also known as the “circulatory system”, 4. REGULATION OF pH AND OSMOSIS
includes the heart, arteries, veins, – keep the blood’s Ph within its normal
capillaries and blood. limits of 7.35 – 7.45
5. MAINTENANCE OF BODY
BLOOD
TEMPERATURE – generating warm
 “Essence of life” blood as the blood flow through body that
 Combination of plasma and cells that active
circulate through the body 6. PROTECTION AGAINST FOREIGN
 Supplies sugars, oxygen, hormones, and SUBSTANCES – cells and chemicals in
remove waste blood as part of immune system such as
microorganism and toxins
Blood is specialized body fluid that has 4 main
7. CLOT FORMATION – protection
components : plasma, red blood cell, white blood
against excessive blood loss when the
cell, and platelets.
vessels are damaged

Whole blood
 blood runs through veins, arteries,
capillaries
 Color: Red
 Shelf life : 21/35 days
 Woman – (pints) Man - (12pints)
Plasma – 55% Blood Cells – 45%
It is a connective tissue
1. formed elements
a. erythrocytes (RBCs) COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
b. leukocytes (WBCs)
c. Platelets  Blood, type of connective tissue that
2. matrix is plasma consist of liquid matrix
 Plasma, liquid matrix containing cells and
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD cell fragments which is formed elements
Plasma more than half – 55%
1. TRANSPORT OF GASES, Formed elements less than – 45%
NUTRIENTS, AND WASTE
PRODUCTS - blood is a major transport PLASMA
medium in the body. Oxygen enters the
blood in the lungs and is carried to cells.  Pale yellow fluid consists of about 91%
Carbon dioxide, produced by cells, is water, 7% proteins, and 2% components
carried in the blood to the lungs, from Proteins are functionally important
which it is expelled.
2. TRANSPORT OF PROCESSED 1. establish osmotic pressure (holds
MOLECULES - can be processed water)
multiple sites in the body, and may be 2. three main types
produced in one organ or tissue, enter the a. albumins- bind substances for
blood, and move to a new location where it transport
is modified. b. globulins- bind substances for
transport, blood clotting,
 inactive precursor molecules,  1% od the body’s blood cell must be
antibodies replaced everyday
c. fibrinogen- blood clotting.
Multipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)
Serum is a plasma without the clotting factors
 Where all begins that follow 2 distinct
pathways
Trilineage hematopoiesis
 Production of three types of blood cells:
platelets, WBC, RBC
 These cells begin to transformation of
HSC into common myeloid progenitors
(CMP)
RBC – CMP cells change five times before to
became “erythrocytes”
FORMED ELEMENTS Platelets – CMP cells change three times before
to became platelets “thrombocytes”
 include RBC, WBC, and Platelets
WBC – all of them transform from CMP into
RED BLOOD CELLS
myeloblast
 “erythrocytes”, most abundant of formed
o Neutrophil, Eosinophil, and
elements
Basophil, myeloblast need to go
 95% of all the formed elements
four stages of development
 Remaining 5% is WBC or leukocytes and
o Macrophages, myeloblast need
cell fragments or platelets, or
three more times
thrombocytes
 The second pathway of hematopoiesis
 RBC 700 times more numerous than WBC
produces T and B cells
and WBC is 17 rimes more numerous than
platelets T cells and B cells
 To produce lymphocytes, MHCs transform
into cells called common lymphoid
progenitors, which then become
lymphoblasts.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cell)
 Controlled by erythropoietin
 About 45% of whole blood.
 Very small, about 8 µm in diameter, -
About 5 million/mm3
 Mature cells have no nucleus or other
organelles
Production of Formed Elements  Make ATP anaerobically
 Live about 120 days, most die in spleen
Hematopoiesis capillaries
 process that produces formed elements;  Contain hemoglobin
continuous. carries most of the oxygen
 Stem cells, or hemocytoblast – single
population of cells carries some carbon dioxide
 The rate is depending on the body’s need helps buffer blood
  Looks like plate in their non active form,
and became active when receive the signal
Hemoglobin
then resemble a spider or an octopus
 1/3 of RBC that gives cell’s red color
Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you
 Consist of four protein chains
have a low blood platelet count. It results to bone
 Each protein called globin, and bound to
marrow such as leukemia.
one heme (red Pigment)
 Hemoglobin w/o bound oxygen is darker Thrombocythemia refers to a high platelet count
red that is not caused by another health condition.
This condition is sometimes called primary or
FUNCTION OF RBC
essential thrombocythemia.
 Transport oxygen from the lungs to the
various tissues of the body and help
LEUKOCYTES (WBC)
transport CO2 from tissue to lungs  Protect body from the infection
 98.5% of the oxygen transport in blood id  Less than 1% of whole blood
bound to hemoglobin within RBC and  May live a few hours or last a lifetime
1.5% oxygen dissolved in plasma  Usually larger than RBCs, range from 6 –
20 µm in diameter
 About 5000 - 10,000/mm3
 Present in blood and tissues
 Able to move from blood → tissues
(ameboid movement)
 sense chemicals released from damaged
tissues and move by chemotaxis
Leukopenia, if you have a low white blood cell
count. Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Vitamin
deficiencies.
 Gasoline binds to iron hemoglobin 210
Leukocytosis, if your white blood cell count is
times more rapid than oxygen and does not
too high. Leukemia, Lymphoma, Immune
tend to unbind.
disorder.
Polycythemia, also known as erythrocytosis,
Granulocytes - contain visible granules in
means having a high concentration of red blood
cytoplasm (colors due to staining) and has three
cells in your blood.
kinds
Anemia, a condition in which you lack enough
A. neutrophils
healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen
to your body's tissues. 1) act as scavengers,
2) granules contain lysosomal enzymes and
PLATELETS "antibiotics"
 Cell fragments (no nucleus, but do have 3) most common of WBCs, about 60 - 70%
organelles) of total
 Live about 10 days B. eosinophils
 About 250,000 - 400,000/mm3
- Can be stored in spleen 1) kill parasites, active in ending allergic
responses
 Important in stopping blood flow through 2) granules contain digestive enzymes
damaged vessels (hemostasis) 3) 1 - 4% of all WBCs
 Platelets, the smallest of our blood cells,
can only be seen under a microscope.
C. basophils
1) inflammatory response (1) vascular spasm,
2) granules contain histamine, which acts as a
(2) platelet plug formation, and
vasodilator and attracts other WBCs
3) 0.5% of all WBCs (3) blood clotting
Agranulocytes - no visible granules and has two VASCULAR SPASM
major kinds
 an immediate but temporary constriction
A. lymphocytes of a blood vessels
1) immune responses PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
2) second most common of all WBCs, about
25% of total  is an accumulation of platelets that can
3) often similar in size to RBCs seal up a small break in a blood vessel
4) These white blood cells include the  very important in maintaining the integrity
following: of the blood vessels of the cardiovascular
 B cells: Also known as B-lymphocytes, system
these cells produce antibodies to help the
immune system mount a response to BLOOD CLOTTING
infection.  is a network of threadlike protein fibers,
 T cells: Also known as T-lymphocytes, called fibrin, that traps blood cells,
these white blood cells help recognize and platelets, and fluid.
remove infection-causing cells.  most clotting factors are manufactured in
 Natural killer cells: These cells are the liver, and many of them require
responsible for attacking and killing viral vitamin K for their synthesis
cells, as well as cancer cells.  humans rely on two sources of vitamin K.
B. monocytes About half comes from the diet, and the
other half comes from bacteria within the
1) become active macrophages in tissues large intestine.
2) 4 - 8% of all WBCs
3) very large, may look like big blobs After a clot has formed, it begins to condense into
a more compact structure through a process
known as clot retraction.
As the damaged tissue is repaired, clots are
dissolved by a process called fibrinolysis.

BLOOD GROUPING
Transfusion – transfer of blood or blood
component from one individual to another
Infusion – introduction of a fluid other than blood
In brief, the surfaces of red blood cells have
PREVENTING BLOOD LOSS molecules called antigens, and the plasma
When a blood vessel is damaged, blood can leak includes proteins called antibodies.
into other tissues and interfere with normal tissue Antibodies bind to antigens; however, antibodies
function, or blood can be lost from the body are very specific, meaning that each antibody can
Fortunately, when a blood vessel is damaged, loss bind only to a certain antigen. Agglutination
of blood is minimized by three processes: occurs.
ABO Group System TYPE AND CROSSMATCH
Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist  To prevent transfusion reactions, the blood
discovered the ABO blood group system in the must be typed.
year 1900.
For a crossmatch procedure, we do 3 types of
The ABO blood group system consists of 4 types crossmatches:
of blood group – A, B, AB, and O and is mainly
• Major crossmatch: This is the most
based on the antigens and antibodies on red blood
important one.
cells and in the plasma.
Antibodies serum – recipient
The basis of ABO grouping is of two antigens-
Antigen A and Antigen B. Red blood cell - donor
Group A – contains antigen A and antibody B. In this procedure, we are looking for antibodies in
the recipient against transfused red blood cell
Group B –contains antigen B and antibody A.
antigens (from the donor). Therefore, we need
Group AB –contains both A and B antigen and no
antibodies (neither A nor B).
Group O – contains neither A nor B antigen and
both antibodies A and B.
When a blood transfusion is performed, the donor
is the person who gives blood, and the recipient is
the person who receives it.
Type O – “universal donors”
serum from the recipient and red blood cells from
Rh Blood Group the donor.
Another important blood group is the Rh blood
group, so named because it was first studied in the
 Minor crossmatch:
rhesus monkey.
Antibodies serum – donor
- 85% of Caucasians & 95% of African Red blood cell - recepient
Americans are Rh-positive.
This detects antibodies in the donor serum to the
- Subsaharan African populations have a
recipient's red blood cells. Therefore, for this we
97-99% Rh+ factor.
need serum from the donor and red blood cells
- East Asian communities have 93-97%
from the recipient.
Rh+ blood.
- The rarest combination in the United • Auto control:
States is AB-negative, which occurs in
recipient serum with recipient red blood
less than 1% of the population
cells.

Due to this genetic factor, the American Red

Cross suggest that when people need blood,
especially those with rare blood types, the best
matches tend to come from people of the same
race or ethnic background.
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT - A differential white blood count
determines the percentage of each of the
- is an analysis of blood that provides much five kinds of white blood cells.
useful information. - neutrophils account for 60–70%
Red Blood Count - lymphocytes 20–25%,
- monocytes 3–8%,
- Blood cell counts are usually performed - eosinophils 2–4%,
electronically with a machine, but they can - basophils 0.5–1% of all white blood cells.
also be done manually with a microscope.
Platelet Count
- Normal
- A normal platelet count is 250,000–
Male – 4.6-5.4 4.6–6.2 million per 400,000 platelets per microliter of blood.
microliter (μL) of blood
Prothrombin Time Measurement
Female - 4.2–5.4 million per μL of blood.
- Prothrombin time measurement calculates
Hemoglobin Measurement how long it takes for the blood to start
- The amount of hemoglobin in a given clotting, which is normally 9–12 seconds.
volume of blood is usually expressed in - officially reported as the International
terms of grams of hemoglobin per 100 mL Normalized Ratio (INR
of blood.
- Normal Blood Chemistry

Male – 14-18 grams (g) per 100mL of - The composition of materials dissolved or
blood suspended in the plasma can be used to
assess the functioning of many of the
Female – 12-16 g per 100mL of blood body’s systems.
Hematocrit Measurement - Each commercial laboratory has its own
- The percentage of the total blood volume set of normal values, called Normal Range
that is composed of red blood cells is the or Reference Range on your lab report
hematocrit.
- One way to determine hematocrit is to
place blood in a capillary tube and spin it
in a centrifuge
- The red blood cells account for
40–52% in males
38–48% in females.
White Blood Count
- A white blood count (WBC) measures the
total number of white blood cells in the
blood.
- There are normally 5000–9000 white
blood cells per microliter of blood.
- Other sources may put the normal number
of WBCs in the blood to 4,500 to 11,000
WBCs per microliter (4.5 to 11.0 × 109/L)
Differential White Blood Count