CHAPTER 2

Internet of Things
 Topics
• Introduction to IoT, pillars of IoT, Characteristics of
IoT, IoT reference Model, Physical design of IoT,
Logical design of IoT, Functional blocks of IoT,
Communication models & APIs, Emerging industrial
structure for IoT, relation and the difference between
IoT and M2M.

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 Introduction to IoT
• IoT comprises things that have unique identities and
are connected to internet. By 2030 there will be a total
of 100 billion devices /things connected to internet.
IoT is not limited to just connecting things to the
internet but also allow things to communicate and
exchange data.

• It represents the whole way from collecting data,

processing it, taking an action corresponding to the
signification of this data to storing everything in the
cloud. All this is made possible by the internet.

• Example: Parking sensors, about phones which can

check the weather and so on.
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 Characteristics of IoT
• i) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and
systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt
with the changing contexts and take actions based
on their operating conditions, user‘s context or
sensed environment.
• Eg: The surveillance system comprising of a number
of surveillance cameras. The surveillance camera can
adapt modes based on whether it is day or night. The
surveillance system is adapting itself based on
context and changing conditions.

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• ii)Self Configuring: IOT devices have self
configuring capability, allowing a large number of
devices to work together to provide certain
functionality. These devices have the ability
configure themselves setup networking, and fetch
latest software upgrades with minimal manual or user
interaction.
• iii) Inter Operable Communication Protocols:
support a number of interoperable communication
protocols and can communicate with other devices
and also with infrastructure.

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• iv) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique
identity and a unique identifier(IP address).

• v) Integrated into Information Network: that

allow them to communicate and exchange data with
other devices and systems.

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 Applications

1) Home
2) Cities
3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health
&LifeStyle

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 Physical Design of IoT
• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices
which have unique identities and can perform remote
sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and
applications (directly or indirectly).
• Collect data from other devices and process the
data locally.
• send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based
application back-ends for processing the data.
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within
the IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space
constraints. 8
Block diagram of an IoT Device

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 Description
• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces
for connections to other devices, both wired and
wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces.
• HDMI: High definition multimedia Interface.
• 3.5mm: Audio Jack which headphone adapter.
• RCA: Radio corporation of America.
• UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter.
• SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface. 10
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• I2C: Inter integrated circuit

• CAN: Controller Area Network used for
Micro-controllers and devices to communicate.
• SD: Secure digital (memory card)
• MMC: multimedia card
• SDIO: Secure digital Input Output
• GPU: Graphics processing unit.
• DDR: Double data rate

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 IoT Protocols
Link Layer
•This protocol determines how the data is physically
sent over the network layer (e.g. copper wire, coaxial
•cable or a radio wave). It determines how the packet
are coded and signaled by the hardware device over
•the medium to which the host is attached. Example:-
•1. IEEE 802.3--Ethernet (wired connection)
•2. 802.11 –Wi-Fi
•3. 802.16—WiMax
•4. 2G/3G/4G—Mobile communication

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Network/Internet Layer
•The network layers are responsible for sending of IP
datagram’s from the source network to the destination
network. It performs host addressing and packet routing.
The datagram’s consists of source and destination
addresses where host identifies using IP schemes as
IPV4 and IPV6.
•IPV4:- It is used to identify the devices on a network
using hierarchical addressing scheme. It uses 32- bit
address that allows total 2^32 or 4 billion devices 128
•IPV6:- It is the new version of internet protocol which
uses 128-bits address that allows 2^128 or 3 X 10^38
address.

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• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) It is the best
example of IoT network protocol. This protocol has
formed the foundation of data communication over the
web.
• LoRaWan (Long Range Wide Area Network) It is a
long-range low power protocol that provides signal
detection below the noise level. LoRaWan connects
battery operated things wirelessly to the Internet in
either private or global networks.
• Bluetooth It is one of the most widely used protocols
for short-range communication. It is a standard IoT
protocol for wireless data transmission.
• ZigBee It is an IoT protocol that allows smart objects
to work together. It is commonly used in home
automation. 14
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Transport Layer
•The transport layer protocols provide end to end message
transfer capability independent of the underlying network.
The function of the transport layer is to provide functions
such as error control, segmentation, flow control and
congestion control.
•TCP: - It is most widely used for data transmission in
communication network such as internet .it provides
process to process communication using port numbers. It
uses port number for communication which keeps Track of
segments that are received and transmitted.
•UDP: - It is the simplest protocol that involves minimum
amount of communication mechanism. It is connectionless,
unreliable transport protocol. It does not provide
guaranteed delivery of the message. 15
 IoT Data Protocols
• Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) One
of the most preferred protocols for IoT devices,
MQTT collects data from various electronic devices
and supports remote device monitoring.
• Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) CoAP is an
internet-utility protocol for restricted gadgets. Using
this protocol, the client can send a request to the
server and the server can send back the response to
the client in HTTP.
• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication Protocol
It is an open industry protocol built to provide remote
application management of IoT devices. M2M
communication protocols are cost-effective and use
public networks. 16
 Logical design of IoT

• Logical design of an IoT describes about abstract

representation of the entities and process without
going to low level specifics of the implementation.

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• The IoT system consists of different functional
blocks which provide the system capabilities.
These blocks includes:
• Device: - This block deal with IoT device which
provide sensing, monitoring and control functions.
• Communication: - This block deals with IoT
communication protocol.
• Services: - This block deals with various types of
IoT services such as device monitoring, device
control

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• Management: - This block used to monitor the
complete IoT system.
• Security:- It provides the security by providing
the functions such as a authentication,
authorization and data security.
• Application:-IoT provides an user interfaces to
monitor various IoT system where user can view
and analyze the processing data.

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THANK YOU

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