Data science NumPy Interview Question

1) Create a 1D array of numbers from 1 to 10.

import numpy as np

arr = np.arange(1, 11)

print(arr)

2) Create a 3x3 array with all elements set to 1.

arr = np.ones((3, 3))

print(arr)

3) Create a 4x4 matrix with numbers from 1 to 16.

arr = np.arange(1, 17).reshape(4, 4)

print(arr)

4) Extract all even numbers from an array.

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

even_numbers = arr[arr % 2 == 0]

print(even_numbers)

5) Replace all odd numbers in an array with -1.

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

arr[arr % 2 != 0] = -1
 print(arr)

6) Create a 5x5 matrix with random integers between 10 and 50.

arr = np.random.randint(10, 50, (5, 5))

print(arr)

7) Find the sum of all elements in a 2D array.

arr = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

print(arr.sum())

8) Find the row-wise and column-wise mean of a 3x3 array.

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])

print("Row-wise mean:", arr.mean(axis=1))

print("Column-wise mean:", arr.mean(axis=0))

9) Flatten a multi-dimensional array into a 1D array.

arr = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

flat_arr = arr.flatten()

print(flat_arr)

10) Reverse the rows and columns of a 2D array.

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

reversed_arr = arr[::-1, ::-1]

print(reversed_arr)
11) Stack two arrays vertically and horizontally.

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])

arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])

print("Vertical stack:\n", np.vstack((arr1, arr2)))

print("Horizontal stack:\n", np.hstack((arr1, arr2)))

12) Compute the dot product of two 2D arrays.

arr1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

arr2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])

dot_product = np.dot(arr1, arr2)

print(dot_product)

13) Calculate the determinant of a matrix.

from numpy.linalg import det

matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

determinant = det(matrix)

print(determinant)

14) Find the unique elements and their counts in an array.

arr = np.array([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3])

unique, counts = np.unique(arr, return_counts=True)

print("Unique elements:", unique)

print("Counts:", counts)

15) Normalize a 1D array (scale to range 0-1).

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

normalized = (arr - arr.min()) / (arr.max() - arr.min())

print(normalized)
16) Generate an array of 10 linearly spaced numbers between 0 and 1.

arr = np.linspace(0, 1, 10)

print(arr)

17) Replace all NaN values in an array with 0.

arr = np.array([1, np.nan, 3, np.nan, 5])

arr = np.nan_to_num(arr)

print(arr)

18) Sort a 2D array by its second column.

arr = np.array([[3, 2], [1, 4], [2, 1]])

sorted_arr = arr[arr[:, 1].argsort()]

print(sorted_arr)

19) Find the cumulative sum of a 1D array.

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

cumsum = arr.cumsum()

print(cumsum)

20) Broadcast a smaller array onto a larger one.

arr1 = np.array([[1, 2, 3]])

arr2 = np.array([[1], [2], [3]])

result = arr1 + arr2

print(result)
21) Perform element-wise multiplication of two 3D arrays.

arr1 = np.random.rand(2, 2, 2)

arr2 = np.random.rand(2, 2, 2)

result = arr1 * arr2

print(result)

22) Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix.

from numpy.linalg import eig

matrix = np.array([[4, 2], [1, 3]])

eigenvalues, eigenvectors = eig(matrix)

print("Eigenvalues:", eigenvalues)

print("Eigenvectors:\n", eigenvectors)

23) Extract the diagonal elements of a matrix.

matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])

diagonal = np.diag(matrix)

print(diagonal)

24) Replace the diagonal elements of a matrix with a specific value.

matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])

np.fill_diagonal(matrix, 0)

print(matrix)

25) Split a 1D array into 3 equal parts.

arr = np.arange(1, 10)

split_arr = np.array_split(arr, 3)

print(split_arr)
26) Find the inverse of a square matrix.

from numpy.linalg import inv

matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

inverse = inv(matrix)

print(inverse)

27) Compute the rank of a matrix.

from numpy.linalg import matrix_rank

28) Perform matrix multiplication without using np.dot.

arr1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

arr2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])

result = arr1 @ arr2

print(result)

29) Generate a Toeplitz matrix from a given array.

from scipy.linalg import toeplitz

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

toeplitz_matrix = toeplitz(arr)

print(toeplitz_matrix)

30) Create a block matrix by stacking smaller matrices.

A = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

B = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])

block_matrix = np.block([[A, B], [B, A]])

print(block_matrix)
31) Perform Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of a matrix.

from numpy.linalg import svd

matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])

U, S, Vt = svd(matrix)

print("U:\n", U)

print("Singular values:", S)

print("Vt:\n", Vt)

32) Solve a system of linear equations.

from numpy.linalg import solve

A = np.array([[3, 1], [1, 2]])

b = np.array([9, 8])

x = solve(A, b)

print(x)

33) Generate a Hilbert matrix of size 4x4.

n=4

hilbert_matrix = 1.0 / (np.arange(1, n+1)[:, None] + np.arange(n))

print(hilbert_matrix)

34) Compute the Frobenius norm of a matrix.

from numpy.linalg import norm

matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

frobenius_norm = norm(matrix, 'fro')

print(frobenius_norm)
35) Find the nearest value to a given number in an array.

arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])

target = 33

nearest = arr[np.abs(arr - target).argmin()]

print(nearest)

36) Remove duplicate rows from a 2D array.

arr = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [1, 2], [5, 6]])

unique_rows = np.unique(arr, axis=0)

print(unique_rows)

37) Pad an array with a specific value.

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])

padded_arr = np.pad(arr, pad_width=2, mode='constant', constant_values=0)

print(padded_arr)

38) Find the indices of non-zero elements in a NumPy array.

arr = np.array([0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0])

indices = np.nonzero(arr)

print(indices)

39) Compute the rolling average of an array with a window size of 3.

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

threshold = 25

arr[arr > threshold] = -1

print(arr)

41) Split a 2D array into multiple sub-arrays along rows.

arr = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]])

split_arrs = np.split(arr, 2, axis=0)

print(split_arrs)

42) Broadcast a scalar value over an array conditionally.

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

arr[arr % 2 == 0] += 5

print(arr)

43) Compute the covariance matrix of two arrays.

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

y = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8])

covariance = np.cov(x, y)

print(covariance)

44) Identify rows in a 2D array with at least one NaN value.

arr = np.array([[1, 2, np.nan], [4, 5, 6], [np.nan, 8, 9]])

rows_with_nan = np.any(np.isnan(arr), axis=1)

print(np.where(rows_with_nan)[0])
45) Count the frequency of each unique value in a 1D array.

arr = np.array([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4])

unique, counts = np.unique(arr, return_counts=True)

frequency = dict(zip(unique, counts))

print(frequency)

46) Efficiently Compute the Determinant of a Large Matrix Without Looping.

from scipy.linalg import lu

matrix = np.random.rand(5, 5) # Replace 5 with larger dimensions for more complexity

P, L, U = lu(matrix)

determinant = np.prod(np.diag(U)) * np.linalg.det(P)

print(determinant)

47) Optimize Memory Usage in a Sliding Window Operation.

arr = np.random.rand(10_000)

window_size = 10

sliding_sums = np.convolve(arr, np.ones(window_size, dtype=arr.dtype), mode='valid')

print(sliding_sums)

48) Find the Most Frequent Subarray of Length kkk.

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 4])

k=3

subarrays = np.lib.stride_tricks.sliding_window_view(arr, k)

unique, counts = np.unique(subarrays, axis=0, return_counts=True)

most_frequent = unique[np.argmax(counts)]

print("Most frequent subarray:", most_frequent)

matrix = np.array([[0, 0, 3], [4, 0, 0], [0, 5, 6]])

row_indices = np.where(matrix != 0)[0]

col_indices = np.where(matrix != 0)[1]

data = matrix[matrix != 0]

print("CSR Representation:")

print("Data:", data)

print("Row indices:", row_indices)

print("Column indices:", col_indices)

50) Solve a Quadratic Optimization Problem.

from numpy.linalg import solve

Q = np.array([[2, 0], [0, 4]]) # Symmetric positive-definite matrix

c = np.array([-1, -2])

x = solve(Q, -c)

print("Optimal solution:", x)