Unit 7 Worksheet #1

1. What does it mean when it says reaction is reversible?

2. Does reaction stop when it reaches the equilibrium? What happens to the rate of the
forward and reverse reaction when equilibrium is reached?

3. Write down the equilibrium expression of aA + bB ßà cC + dD

4. True or False
a. Concentration of individual reactant/product in equilibrium expression are molar
concentrations or partial pressures at equilibrium (T/F)
b. There is no unit for Keq. (T/F)
c. We include solids and pure liquids in the equilibrium expression (T/F)
d. Coefficients in the balanced equation become exponents (T/F)
e. Products are in the denominator, and reactants are in the numerator. (T/F)

5. Write down the equilibrium expression for the following

6. Calculate the equilibrium constant of the following.
 Unit 7 Worksheet #2

#2 Le Chatelier’s Principle
1) For the reaction below, which change would cause this endothermic reaction in equilibrium to
shift right?
CH4 (g) + 2H2S (g) ↔ CS2 (g) + 4H2 (g)
(a) Decrease the concentration of dihydrogen monosulfide
(b) Increase the pressure on the system
(c) Increase the temperature of the system
(d) Increase the concentration of carbon disulfide
(e) Decrease the concentration of methane

2) What would happen to the position of equilibrium (which direction will it shift) when the
following changes are made to the reaction below?
2SO3 (g) ↔ 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)
(a) Sulfur dioxide is added to the system
(b) Sulfur trioxide is removed from the system
(c) Oxygen is added to the system

3) What would happen to the position of equilibrium when the following changes are made to the
reaction below?
2Hg3O (g) ↔ 6Hg (g) + O2 (g) ΔH= -25kJ/mol
(a) Hg3O is added to the system
(b) The volume of the system decreases
(c) Temperature is increased

4) List all the “stressors” that could be applied to this equilibrium reaction, which would cause
an increase in the concentration of water vapor.
4HCl (g) + O2 (g) ↔ 2H2O (g) + 2Cl2 (g)

5) Predict the direction of the shift caused by decreasing the volume of the container for each
equilibrium reaction…
(a) 2H2O (g) + N2 (g) ↔ 2H2 (g) + 2NO (g)
(b) SiO2 (g) + 4HF (g) ↔ SiF4 (g) + 2H2O (g) ______
(c) CO (g) + H2 (g) ↔ C(g) + H2O(g)
6) Predict the effect of decreasing the temperature on the position of equilibrium for each of the
following…
(a) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ↔ 2HCl (g) + heat
(b) 2NH3 (g) + heat ↔ N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
(c) CO (g) + H2O (g) ↔ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) + heat

7) In general, what needs to be done to the reactants (increase or decrease?) in order to increase
the amount of products produced?

8) In general, what needs to be done to the products (increase or decrease?) in order to reduce
the amount of reactants that are formed?

Reaction Quotient and Equilibrium Constant

1. For the reaction 2CO(g) <==> C(s) + CO2(g), Keq = 7.7 x 10-15. At a particular time,
the following concentrations are measured: [CO]=0.034 M, [CO2] =3.6x10-17 M. Is this
reaction at equilibrium? If not which direction will the reaction proceed?
2. For the reaction N2O4(g) <==> 2NO2(g), Keq = 0.2. At a particular time, the following
concentrations are measured: [N2O4]=2.0 M, [NO2] = 0.2 M. Is this reaction at
equilibrium? If not which direction will the reaction proceed?

3. For the reaction 2ICl(g) <==> I2(g) + Cl2(g), Keq = 0.11. At a particular time, the
following concentrations are measured: [ICl]=2.5 M, [I2] =2.0 M, [Cl2]= 1.2 M. Is this
reaction at equilibrium? If not which direction will the reaction proceed?

4. At 340 °C, Keq = 0.064 for the reaction Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g) <==> 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g)
Given that [H2]=0.45 M and [H2O]=0.37 M, find Q and predict how the reaction will
proceed.
Solubility Product
1) What is the concentration of a saturated silver (I) acetate solution?
Ksp(AgC2H3O2) = 1.94 x 10-3 .

2) What is the concentration of a saturated lead chloride solution?

Ksp(PbCl2) = 1.17 x 10-5 .

3) Solubility product constants are usually specified for 250 C. Why does the Ksp value for
a chemical compound depend on the temperature?

4) What are the molar concentrations of ions in solution when solid PbI2 is in contact with
pure water? (Ksp for PbI2 = 7.9 x 10^-9)

5) What is the molar concentration of [Ag+ ] in AgCl solution in 0.10 M NaCl ? (Ksp = 1.8
x 10^-10) Remember that in this case the molar solubility of AgCl is equal to the [Ag+ ]
as only the Ag+ reflects the amount of AgCl that dissolved.

Practicing ICE Table

ICE tables automatically set up and organize the variables and constants needed when calculating the
unknown.
• I stands for initial concentration. This row contains the initial concentrations of products and
reactants.
• C stands for the change in concentration. This is the concentration change required for the
reaction to reach equilibrium. It is the difference between the equilibrium and initial rows. The
concentrations in this row are, unlike the other rows, expressed with either an appropriate positive
(+) or negative (-) sign and a variable; this is because this row represents an increase or decrease
(or no change) in concentration.
• E is for the concentration when the reaction is at equilibrium. This is the summation of the initial
and change rows. Once this row is completed, its contents can be plugged into the equilibrium
constant equation to solve for Kc.

1. For the equation: 2 CH2Cl2 (g) <-> CH4 (g) + CCl4 (g), you start with 0.25 M of
CH2Cl2 and is has a Kc value of 0.84. What are the equilibrium concentrations of all
species?
• 2 CH2Cl2 (g) <-> CH4 (g) + CCl4 (g)

2. For the equation: PCl5 (g) <-> PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g), you start with 0.25 atm of each of the
products as well as the reactants. The Kp value is 0.125. Is the reaction at equilibrium?
Prove it. What are the equilibrium pressures of all species?

3. For the equation: H2O (g) + CO (g) <-> CO2 (g) + H2 (g) Kc = 0.235 If 2 moles of each
of H2O and CO are put into a 10 L container, what is the concentration of all species at
equilibrium?
4. For the equation: SO2Cl2 (g) <-> SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g) Kp = 4.8 If enough SO2Cl2 is put
into a container so its pressure is 8 atm, what is the equilibrium pressure of all species.
What is the total pressure?

5. For the equation: COBr2 (g) <-> CO (g) + Br2 (g), you start with 4 moles in a 10 L
vessel of COBr2. The reaction has a Kc = 0.76. What are the equilibrium concentrations
of all species?

6. For the equation: NH4HS (s) <-> NH3 (g) + H2S (g), you start with 100 grams of
NH4HS (s) in a 2.5 L flask at 500 K. The Kp value is 1.45. How many grams of the solid
remain at equilibrium?
7. For the equation: NH4Cl (s) <-> NH3 (g) + HCl (g), you start with some NH4Cl that
decomposes into the products. At equilibrium, there is some solid remaining and the total
pressure in the flask is 1.8 atm. Calculate the value of Kp.
 AP Chemistry Unit 8 Worksheet #1

1. How do you calculate pH? Write down the formula.

2. Explain what it means by neutral, acidic, and basic in terms of [H+], [OH-], and pH

3. Increasing pH means (increasing / decreasing) [H+].

4. More H+ ions floating around means (more / less) acidic.
5. Mg(OH)2 (s) ßà Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) What happens to the solubility of Mg(OH)2
when there are a lot of OH- present in the solution? Explain.

6~15 번까지 11:10 분 검사!!

6. Write down 6 representative examples of strong acids.

7. Write down 5 representative examples of strong bases.

8. Strong acids dissociate (completely / partially) in water.

9. There is a dissociation constant for strong acids and bases (True / False). Write down the
reason for your answer.

10. Conjugate base of a strong acid is (strong / weak).

11. Why does the final concentration of H+ ions is same as the initial concentration of strong
acid?
 12. What is the difference between strong acid and weak acid?

13. Write down the formula for acid dissociation constant.

14. Write down the formula for base dissociation constant.

15. What does greater value of Ka indicate about the extent of dissociation and strength of the
acid?

To investigate the equilibration time of enzyme-mediated PET degradation, a computational

model was developed to simulate the process. through various sensitivity studies of parameters.
We have incorporated environmental and kinetic factors into the model, including temperature
and reaction time, to analyze their impact on the equilibration time.
 Unit 8 Worksheet #2

1) Calculate the pH of 0.50 M H2S.

2) Calculate the pOH of 0.35 M H2CO3.

3) Nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2, is a weak acid found in vitamin B. Calculate the pH of 0.010
M HC6H4NO2 (Ka = 1.4 x 10-5).