ECE 476 Fall 2010: Homework 1 Solutions

Problem 1 With |V| = 100V, the instantaneous power, p(t), into a network N has a maximum value 1707 W and a minimum value of -293 W. 1. Find a possible series RL circuit equivalent to N. 2. Find S = P + jQ into N. 3. Find the maximum instantaneous power into L and compare with Q. Solution 1. The rst step in nding a possible RL is dening v(t), i(t) and p(t): v(t) = i(t) = 2Vcos(t + V ) 2Icos(t + I )

p(t) = 2V I cos(t + V ) cos(t + I ) = V I[cos(V I ) + cos(2t + V + I )] Letting = V + I the above equation becomes: p(t) = V I cos() + V I cos(2t + ) To nd the maximum and minimum values of p(t), take the derivative with respect to time and set equal to zero: d p(t) = 2V I sin(2t + ) = 0 dt

Using the properties of a sine, it is known that the power will be maximized when 2t + = 0 and minimized when 2t + = . Thus two equations with two unknowns can be created: p(t)max = 1707W = V I cos() + V I cos(0) = V I cos() + V I p(t)min = 293W = V I cos() + V I cos() = V I cos() V I Subtracting the equations and solving for I yields: 2V I = 2000 = V I = 1000 I = 10 A

Adding the equations and solving for yields: = cos1 1414 = 45 2V I

Since it is known that an inductive load will yield a current that lags the voltage, = 45 . Now the impedance of the load can be found: 1000 V = 7.07 + j7.07 Z= = 10 45 I
7.07 H.

Thus, R = 7.07 and L =

2. Using the current and voltage found above, the complex power can be found: S = V I = (1000 ) (1045 ) = 707 + j707V A P = 707 W, Q = 707 var 3. The maximum instantaneous power into the inductor is equal to the reactive power absorbed by the circuit: p(t)L,max = 1707 293 = 707 = Q 2

Problem 2 A certain 1 load draws 5 MW at 0.7 power factor lagging. Determine the reactive power required from a parallel capacitor to bring the power factor of the parallel combination up to 0.9. Solution Find the magnitude of the original complex power absorbed by the load: |S original | = And the reactive power consumed by the load: |Qoriginal | = |S original |2 P2 = 7.1432 52 = 5.10Mvar 5 = 7.143MV A 0.7

Now nd the magnitude of the desired complex power, noting that real power will remain unchanged: |S desired | = 5 = 5.556MV A 0.9

And the reactive power consumed by the load and parallel capacitor: |Qdesired | = |S desired |2 P2 = 5.5562 52 = 2.423Mvar

Finally, the reactive power required from the parallel capacitor: Qcap = Qoriginal Qdesired = 2.678Mvar

Problem 3 A 3 load draws 200 kW at a PF of 0.707 lagging from a 440-V line. In parallel is a 3 capacitor bank that supplies 50 kvar. Find the resultant power factor and current (magnitude) into the parallel combination. Solution The rst step is to nd the magnitude of the complex power per phase: |S load,1 | = Next, the reactive power per phase can be found: Qload,1 = |S load,1 | P2 =
2

1 200 = 94.295kV A 3 0.707

94.2952

200 2 = 66.69kvar 3

Now nd the complex power of the parallel combination: 50 S parallel = S load + S capacitor = (66.67 + j66.69) + j = 66.67 + j50.02kV A 3 The power factor angle and power factor can be found using the complex power found above: = tan1 Q 50.02 = tan1 = 36.88 p f = cos() = 0.799 0.8 lagging P 66.67

Finally the magnitude of the current into the parallel combination can be found: |S parallel | = P2 Q 2 = 66.672 50.022 = 83.348kV A

|S parallel | = 109.366A |I parallel | = 3 440

Problem 4 A 1 load draws 10 kW from a 416-V line at a power factor of 0.9 lagging. 1. Find S = P + jQ. 2. Find |I|. 3. Assume that I = 0 and nd the instantaneous power p(t). Solution 1. First, nd the magnitude of the complex power and the reactive power: |S | = The complex power is then: S = 10 + j4.48 kVA P 10 = = 11.11 kV A Q = pf 0.9 |S | P2 = 4.84 kvar
2

2. The current can be found using the complex power: 10000 + j4480 I= 416 3. Assuming I = 0, p(t) is: p(t) = v(t) i(t) = ( 2 416)( 2 26.71) = 22.2kW

= 24.04 j11.63 |I| = 26.71A

Problem 5 A small manufacturing plant is located 2 km down a transmission line, which has a series reactance of 0.5/km. The line resistance is negligible. The line voltage at the plant is 4800 V (rms), and the plant consumes 120 kW at 0.85 power factor lagging. Determine the voltage and power factor at the sending end of the transmission line by using: 1. A complex power approach. 2. A circuit analysis approach. Solution 1. The rst step is to nd the power factor angle and the reactive and complex power absorbed by the load: load = cos1 (0.85) = 31.77 Qload = Pload tan(load ) = 74.374 kvar S load = Pload + jQload = 120 + j74.374kV A = 141.18 31.79 kV A The current into the load can now be found: S load Iload = Vload

141, 180 31.79 480 0

= 294.3 31.79 A

The losses in the line will be strictly reactive: Qline = |I|2 Xline = 294.32 1 = 86.512 kvar The complex power supplied by the source will be: S source = S load + S line = (120 + j74.34) + ( j86.512) = 200.7 53.28 kV A The power factor at the source can be found using S source : pf = cos(53.28 ) = 0.6 lagging

Finally, the voltage at the sending end: S source 200700 53.28 = 682.4 21.5 V(rms) = V source = 294.3 31.79 Iload 2. To solve this problem using a circuit analysis approach, apply KVL to the per-phase equivalent of the circuit: V source = ( j1.0) (294.13 31.79 ) + 480 0 = 682.4 21.5 V(rms) p f source = cos(V I ) = cos(21.5 (31.79 )) = 0.6 lagging