9

Giles Lytton Strachey

C shell

( ) HTML
JavaScript PostScript

Visual Basic

Java
printf

9.1

( )

printf

% printf

C++ iostream Java

 170
java.io

printf

%L %P %R 4

C C++
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8 16 32
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2 1 4

( short long )

printf

c 8 s 16
 9 171
l 32 ( )
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printf %

pack buf

typedef

sprintf strcpy pack

 172

pack stdarg.h 4 eprintf

va_arg va_arg va_list
va_start va_arg ( va_arg
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char short int char short
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pack

unpack
 9 173
scanf unpack

ANSI C
short long
pack 32 long
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unpack

unpack_type2 2
 174

9-1 pack unpack short

long
1 32 long 64 long

9-2 pack unpack

9-3 C C++ C++ pack

unpack receive C++

9-4 printf

9-5 Java DecimalFormat

12345.67 12,345.67 .4
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9.2

pack unpack

Unix
 9 175

( )

.exe

abc
(metacharacter) Unix
^ $ ^x
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. x.y xay x2y xy

xaby ^.$
[] [0123456789]
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| *
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grep
grep

grep

Regexp

Bob
176
( ) grep

grep
regex regexp grep

grep ^ $ . * *

^
matchhere
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.* 0 )
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^ $
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 9 177
x*
matchstar ( x)

do-while x* 0

grep
match

C 0 0
grep Unix
0 1 2( e p r i n t f)
 178
grep match

grep

grep

grep

grep

match grep
( )
aaaaa a*
a match
matchstar

matchstar
 9 179

grep
grep

grep
a *a* a*a* a*b
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grep egrep

match [a-zA-Z]
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9-6 match strstr

9-7 matchhere

9-8 grep -v -i
-n

9-9 match +( ) ?( 0 ) a+bb?

a b

9-10 ^ $ *
match
match

9 - 11 match
[a-z]
[^0-9]

9-12 match matchstar

match gres grep
 180

9-13 match grep Unicode UTF-8 UTF-8

Unicode ASCII
UTF-8

9-14

9.3
grep

Perl

Aw k
3 Aw k
$1 $NF NF
Aw k
Awk

fmt
60
 9 181
fmt 3 Markov

Unix eqn eqn

piover 2 TEX
2
\pi\over 2

Aw k
Aw k
Perl Tc l

Tcl r e g s u b(regular expression substitution )

4
URL h t t p : / /( )
/ lindex ( 0)
[] Tcl $x x

< > HTML

Perl Perl
HTML

Perl

str regexp ( ) repl g

 182
\s ( ) \n
&nbsp; HTML 2

Tc l Perl Aw k

Tc l Perl Aw k

9.4

printf

Awk Perl
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( )

(parser)
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 9 183
( )

2
( Aw k
)
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pack unpack

eval

( )
 9 185

generate code
generate
code

a= max(b,c/2)
 186

0 divop generate

goto pc
pc
code

1 000 addop 1001 pushop

generate
Java Java
(JVM)

9.5

generate
( )

HTML HTML
 9 187
JavaScript Perl C (
)
PostScript

57 000 PostScript

C C
( Modula-3 C++) C
C
C C

Visual Basic Visual Basic

(wizard)

C C++
Plan 9
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.c

Perl

Andy Koenig C++

/// ( )

C++

shell Aw k

PostScript PostScript

E
 9 189
% %%
(bounding box)

Java / ** ** /
(literate programming)

9-15

9.6

C/C++
7 C

Bart Locanthi
bitblt rasterop
Locanthi
 190

9-16 7-7 C++

9-17 7-8 Java Java

( )
Java

9.7

(Just In
Time) JIT

c 2 b
divop
2 0
0

m a x ( 3*3 , 4 / 2 )
9

literal x
 9 191

1967 Ken Thompson IBM7094

7094

code
char int long
int
192

generate genreturn eval

flushcaches

CPU
flushcaches

( v o i d ( *) ( v o i d ) ) c o d e (Cast)

code

popreg
pushreg
addop
( A D D I N S T) (
SHIFT )

cast
 9 193

addop

generate

CPU

grep
(
)
C++

9-18 m a x ( 3 *3, 4/2)

9-19

Brian Kernighan Rob Pike Unix (The Unix Programming

Environment Prentice Hall 1984) Unix
8 yacc

Don Knuth TEX: (TEX: The Program Addison-Wesley 1986)

13 000
Pascal
Chris Fraser David Hanson C
(A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation Addison-Wesley 1995) ANSI C

Java Tim Lindholm Frank Ye l l i n Java (The Java V i r t u a l

 194
Machine Specification 2 Addison-Wesley 1999)
Ken Thompson ( )
(Regular Expression Search Algorithm Communications of The ACM 11 6
pp419~422 1968) Jeffrey E. F. Friedl (Mastering Regular Expression
O Reilly 1997)
Rob Pike Bart Locanthi John Reiser Blit /
(Hardware/Software Tr a d e o ffs for Bitmap Graphics on the Blit Software-Practice and
Experience 15 2 pp131~152 1985 1 )
1

William Strunk E. B. White

 2

C (The C Programming Language) Java C++

( )

#define TWENTY

1.1

( )

n npoints
numberOfPoints
i j p q
s t
 1 3

p
nodep Global
CONSTANTS
pch strTo strFrom
npending
numPending num_pending

C++ Java

Java

(queue) Q Queue queue

UserQueue

items users

( )
 4

isoctal

getIndex 0 nTable 1
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1-1

1-2

1-3

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 1 5

(< < = = = ! = > = ) > (&& ||)

C

(& |) ( ==)
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C C++ Java

bitoff 3 3
0 bitoff bitoff 3 3
subkey

?:

?: 4 if-else 1
 1 7

++

C C++

str i
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i 3 3 4
I/O

yr
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scanf
&profit[yr] yr

1-4

1-5
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1-6

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for

if

if

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else

if
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2000 1900 2100

C C++ Java n

n 0 n 1
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C++ Java

C
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do-while for while

getchar

putchar
do-while

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 1 11

C C++

gets
6 fgets
strlen ‘\ 0’ strcpy
strcpy

C++

+1
Java
Java
C C++ strdup malloc strcpy
strdup ANSI
C
malloc
malloc
realloc strdup
else-if if ... else if ...
else

(condition)

else
else
12
else else if

if

if
( )

else

case break

case break case

 1 13

else-if

case

1-7 C/C++
 14
1-8 Java

1.4

C
I/O getchar isdigit
C
( )

C++ Java
C

<ctype.h>

c isupper

A Z
C isupper

ctype
getchar

ROUND_TO_INT
(C++
)
 1 15
square

C++

1-9

1.5

(1) 0 1

24 80

20 21 22 23 27
24
80 26
 16
3 (80 1)/26 let 26 27 ( (off-by-one)
1 )

0 NLET
( ) draw MAXROW MINCOL

C #define C

C
C++ C++
const

Java final

C const enum C
<ctype.h>

C C
 1 17

C C++

Java

0
0
(v o i d *) 0 NULL C ‘\ 0’ 0

0
C++ 0( N U L L)
Java null

s i z e o f (i n t ) 2 4 sizeof(array[0])
sizeof(int)
sizeof

Java length

C C++ .length ( )
 18

1-10

1.6

i++ i 1
 1 19

(inverse discrete cosine transform

DCT) JPEG
 20

result matchfound

ctime

C
 1 21
strcmp

(
above )

1-11
 22

1.7

Strunk
White (The Elements of Style Allyn & Bacon)

Brian Kernighan P. J. Plauger (The Elements of

Programming Style McGraw-Hill 1978) Steve Maguire
(Writing Solid Code Microsoft Press 1993) Steve
McConnell (Code Complete Microsoft Press 1993) Peter van der Linden
C C (Expert C Programming: Deep C Secret Prentice Hall
1994)
 2

Raymond Fielding

2.1

(Java )

NULL
24

C C++ char *array[] char **array

strchr strstr C C++

Java String indexOf C++ find

HTML

(
)
1 NELEMS
 2 25

htmlchars

1
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n 2 l o g 2n
1000 1000 10
1 20
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2.2

(quicksort) 1960 C. A. R. Hoare

( )

( )

quicksort
 26

swap swap quicksort

( ) ( l a s t)
( i) last=0 i=1 n-1

for 1 last last+1 i-1

i n-1 v[i]>=v[0]
v[i]

0 last
 2 27

• n n/2
• n/2 n/4 4
• n/4 4 n/8 8
•
log2n n
+2 n/2+4 n/4+8 n/8 (log 2n ) nlog2n
2 nlogn

n2

n2

2.3

C C++

C
qsort qsort
v o i d*
(
)
scmp
strcmp
28
strcmp qsort
&str[i]( char**) str[i]( char*)

str[0] str[N-1]
( ) qsort

icmp

v1 v2

qsort

ANSI C bsearch qsort bsearch

( qsort ) bsearch
bsearch NULL bsearch HTML
 2 29

qsort key
Nameval
nvcmp Nameval strcmp

scmp
bsearch ey qsort
bsearch
bsearch

C++ sort O(nl o gn)

C++

2-1
(Hoare )

2.4 Java

Java
Java sort Comparable

Java
quicksort
qsort
 30
Java C C++

Object

Cmp cmp
Object

Integer

Object
int double
Integer int
C quicksort Java
Cmp left right
Java
 2 31

Quicksort.sort cmp swap

left right ( )

Math.abs Java
sort swap rand rgen Quicksort

Quicksort.sort String

sort

2-2 Java ( Integer)

Object Quicksort.sort

2.5 O

n( )
n l o gn
n 2
nlogn
 32
CPU ( )

O
n n O
(order) O( l o gn) l o gn
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O(n )
2
O(nl o gn)
O(n2) n
O(nl o gn) n

O(n2)
O(nlogn) ( O(n2) )
0 (O(nlogn)

O(1)
O(logn)
O(n)
O(nlogn) nlogn
O(n 2)
O(n 3)
O(2 n)

O( 1 )
O( l o gn) strcmp n
O(n) O(n )
3
n
n2
n 2n
O( 2n) n
(
)

2-3

2-4 n
 2 33
( n )

2.6

HTML n
n O(2 )n
n

C++ Java
C struct
Nameval

Java C++
 34
addname 1
realloc
NULL realloc
realloc
O(2n )2

(NVINIT=1)

realloc C void*
C++ (
) ( )
C C++ C

memmove memmove

ANSI C memcpy
memmove

memmove
memmove
 2 35
memmove

memmove

NULL

O( 1 )

2-5 delname realloc

2-6 addname delname

2.7
( )
Lisp C++
Java C
C

( )
 36
C List HTML
Nameval

newitem

emalloc malloc
4 emalloc

addfront

addfront

O(n)
 2 37

addend O(1)

next

O(n)

apply
apply apply
apply

apply void

fn void fn
void fn
Nameval* void* fn

apply
38

listp
listp->next (n e x t)

listp->next free
freeall listp->name Nameval name

newitem freeall

Java
4
 2 39

freeall delitem name

eprintf
4
eprintf

C++
(STL)
O( 1 )

(LIFO) ( )

2-7

2-8 reverse

2-9 C List void*

C++ Java Object

2-10 6

2.8
 40
0

left
right

Nameval

lesser greater

Nameval
ASCII

O(n) O( l o gn)

( )
Nameval
 2 41

insert
(c m p = = 0)
O( 1 ) O(n)

weprintf eprintf
warning eprintf

O( l o gn)

right

lookup insert
42

lookup insert

lookup
lookup

goto while

( )
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 2 43

( 1)
( )

2-11 lookup nrlookup

2-12

2-13

2.9

( ) ( )

Internet
IP
44
Java
C C++ ( )

n n/ ( )
O(1)

2.7
( )
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create lookup

O( 1 )
 2 45

O( 1 )

hash

ASCII
31 37

C C++ char

Java

16 8 9
 46
( .j a v a .c l a s s ) URL
h t t p : / / w w w. .h t m l
Java
( 37)

( ) (
URL)

(O ( )) (
O(xsize ysize zsize)
Gerand Holzman
Supertrace Supertrace

Supertrace
( )
Supertrace ( 0 Supertrace
) Supertrace

O( 1 )

O(n)

2-14
NHASH

2-15

2-16 lookup x y

2-17

2.10
 2 47

( )

O(n)

Bob Sedgewick (Algorithms Addison-Wesley)

C++ (Algorithms in C++) 3
Don Knuth (The Art of Computer
Programming Addison-Wesley) 3 ( 2
1998)
Gerard Holzman (Design and Validation of Computer
Protocols Prentice Hall 1991) Supertrace
Jon Bentley Doug McIlroy Engineering a sort function ( S o f t w a r e—P r a c t i c e
and Experience, 23, 1, pp.1249~1265, 1993)
 3

Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.,

Brooks

C C++ Aw k Perl

( )

3.1
 3 49

( )

w1 w2
w1 w2

w3 w1w2
w3
w1 w2 w2 w3

Show your flowcharts

table your flowcharts
and will tables and

words words.
( )
 50

3.2

n=100 000
100 000 n

100 000 1000

( )

might appear twice

 3 51
might appear once
might appear twice
2

3.3 C

(N P R E F ) (N H A S H)
(M A X G E N) NPREF

NHASH=4093 10 000 ( )

S t a t e( )
Suffix( )
52

2
 3 53

lookup sp->pref[]
lookup
I/O lookup

sprintf fscanf
fscanf %s fscanf

100 (
) % 9 9 s( ‘\ 0’ )
fscanf 99

( )
sprintf

build prefix NPREF

FILE prefix add

memmove 1 NPREF-1
 54
0 NPREF-2

addsuffix

add
addsuffix add
build addsuffix add

3.4

NONWORD

NONWORD

NONWORD
NONWORD
 3 55

generate
9
fmt
NONWORD generate

nmatch

nmatch 1/nmatch
1 1/2 3 1/3
k 1/k
prefix
suffix
lookup prefix

NONWORD
NONWORD memmove

main
 56

C C

C
C

3-1

3-2

3-3 NONWORD generate

0 1 2 3 4

3.5 Java
Java Java

( )
Java C
Vector Object
Hashtable
Vector

Java State Hashtable ( )

C State
State
Hashtable put get
 3 57
Prefix

Chain

main Chain

Chain NPREF NONWORD

build StreamTokenizer

add ( )
58

suf add Prefix prefix

Hashtable
C

Prefix
Prefix n
NPREF NONWORD

Prefix hashCode equals Hashtable

Hashtable
Prefix Vector
hashCode hashCode
 3 59

equals

Java C Vector Hashtable

Hashtable
hashCode equals Java
C Java Java
Vector C

lookup State Suffix

3-4 Java markov ( Vector) Prefix

3.6 C++

C++ C++ C C
C markov C++
C++
Java
C++ Standard Template Library( ) STL STL
ISO C++ STL
STL
 60
C++ STL
( ) C++
STL vector
vector<int> vector<string> vector

STL vector ( Java vector ) deque

d e q u e( d e c k)
NPREF O( 1 ) STL
deque

STL map map

map O( l o gn) map
O( 1 ) (
C++ hash hash_map )

STL deque deque<string> deque

typedef Prefix

map statetab C
Java equal
main ( C++ i o s t r e a m c i n)

build iostream
 3 61

buf
add STL

map ([] )
statetab[prefix] statetab
prefix
vector deque push_back
deque pop_front deque

3-5 STL C++

3-6 C++ string

STL

3.7 Awk Perl

(Awk Perl)
 62

Aw k Perl

Awk Perl 2

Aw k

BEGIN END
Aw k BEGIN

Awk ( ) $1 $NF
NF

nsuffix n s u f f i x [ w 1 , w2]
statetab statetab[w1,
w2, 1] statetab[w1, w2, 2]
END nsuffix
statetab
Perl (
) Perl
$ @ [] {}
 3 63

statetab

statetab{$w1}{$w2}
$statetab{$w1}{$w2} $suf->[$r] r
Aw k Perl
C++ STL ( add g e n e r a t e)

3-7 Aw k Perl

3.8

42 685 (5 238 22 482 )

( Blessed is the ... ) 400

10 000 250 MHz

MIPS R10000 Irix 6.4 400 MHz Pentium II 128 M
Windows NT
 64

C C++ Java Irix

C C++ Sun SPA R C DEC Alpha
C Perl

Wi n d o w s STL d e q u e deque

deque ( STL )
Irix ( )h a s h
Wi n d o w s deque
list map hash STL
STL C++
STL Java

3.9

Don P. Mitchell Bruce

Ellis 80 (deconstructionist)

Perl Aw k
 3 65
C++ Java
( )

C++
STL

STL

C++
Brooks

Awk Perl

( )

3-8 Scheme Tc l Prolog

Python Generic Java ML Haskell

Matthew Austern STL

 66
(Generic Programming and the STL Addison-Wesley 1998) C++
Bjarne Stroustrup C++ (C++ Programming Language 3 Addison-
We s l e y 1997) Java Ken Arnold James Gosling Java
(The Java Programming Language 2 A d d i s o n - We s l e y 1998) Perl
Larry Wall Tom Christiansen Randal Schwartz Perl (Programming Perl 2
O’Reilly 1996)

1
Erich Gamma Richard Helm
Ralph Johnson John Vlissides (Design Pattern:
Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software Addison-Wesley 1995)
Markov shaney 1989 6
A. K. Dewdney (The Magic Machine W.
H. Freeman 1990)
 4

Robert Frost

2
3

4.1

(comma-separated value) CSV

CSV
68

( ) We b
We b

We b

CSV (
)

HTML

Tcl Web CSV

& f= printf
s l1
c1

getquotes
 4 69
CSV
CSV
CSV

CSV

4.2

Fred Brooks
Brooks

CSV

csvgetline CSV

CSV scanf C
strtok strtok(p, s) p s
strtok
strtok
NULL
strtok
 70
unquote

csvgetline

printf

getquotes.tcl

( HTTP )

We b
(\ r)
 4 71

•
•
•
•

• ( f i e l d) csvgetline

• csvgetline

csvgetline
 72

4.3

csvgetline

3
char *csvgetline(FILE *) CSV
char *csvfield(int n) n
int csvnfield(void)
csvgetline

csvgetline
NULL
csvgetline

CSV "x" "y" x"

y ""
0 csvfield(-1)
csvfield(100000) "" ( )

NULL C

( ) fgets

CSV
csvgetline
csvgetline
csvfiled(n) n csvnfield
 4 73
csv

csvgetline
( ) (
) ( )

csvgetline
csvgetline
csvfield

csvgetline FILE

csvgetline NULL

ferror csvgeterror

csvgetline
 74
"..."

" ""
""

char *csvgetline(FILE *f);

f
\r \n \r\n EOF
EOF NULL
NULL

char *csvfield(int n);

0
csvgetline n
n<0 NULL

"..."
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NULL

csvgetline
int csvnfield(void);
csvgetline
csvgetline
csvfield csvnfiled
csvgetline EOF

csvgetline
csv.h csv.c
csv.h csv.c

EOF NULL E O F( EOF

) C EOF
 4 75

split static
C

line sline
line field sline
ab, cd , e f ,, g,h

csvgetline
76

line realloc
2.6 sline line csvgetline
split field

reset
csvgetline

endofline
EOF

strtok
 4 77
split
strtok

split

advquoted
strcspn(p,s)
p s
advquoted

"abc"def
Microsoft
 78
Excel

csvfield csvnfield

( )

4-1
 4 79

4-2 (a) (b)

(c) ( 9 )

4-3 C
NULL

reset

4-4 CSV
printf
9

4.4 C++
C++ CSV C
C C++
C++

Csv
Csv
CSV

Csv

C++ string vector C

80
string 0
NULL Csv::getline

+=
endofline

split
 4 81

C++ strcspn split advquoted

advquoted C++ find_first_of
s.find_first_of(fieldsep,j) s j fieldsep

for fld

find_first_of advplain
strcspn C++

Csv::getfield
 82

C 30 000 25
C++ C 40% 4 markov
C++ 20%

4-5 C++ operator[] csv[i]

4-6 Java CSV

4-7 C++ CSV STL

4-8 C++ Csv

C
csvnew

4.5

CSV

C I/O
I/O FILE*
( <stdio.h> )
 4 83

I/O sdtin stdout

FILE

sdtin stdout stderr

_ _i o b ANSI C

C++ Java
3

(Application Program Interface) API

C
I/O

stdout

memcpy memmove

strtok
 84

C (
4-8)

C C++

C str...

C I/O FILE*
STL

C mem...
str... I/O fread
fwrite read w r i t e( ) Unix

* ( *.exe )
We b

( _ _ i o b)

4.6

( )
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CSV

reset

C++ Java

Csv

C
csvgetline ( )

(
) csvgetline
csvgetline

C++
Java ( i n t)
Java markov
C
Java

( ) C
C C++ atexit

CSV
 86
C++

Java

Java Java

0 C
C++

Java

( strtok C
)

Java

4.7

eprintf estrdup
eprintf fprintf(stderr, ...)
<stdarg.h>
vprintf ... stdarg
va_start va_end 9
 4 87

eprintf C strerror
( ) weprintf eprintf
printf

estrdup eprintf

emalloc malloc

eprintf.h
88

setprogname progname eprintf

 4 89
NULL
csvgetline
NULL
csvgetline

C C++ Java
( )
getchar char
char EOF

log IEEE
N a N( not a number)

Perl Tc l
C++ STL
pair
( )

Unix C 1(
) errno strerror

errno errno 0
 90

Java

read 1
null C
C++ try I/O
IOException

C setjmp longjmp

CSV reset

4.8
 4 91

estrdup

s y n t a xe r r o (r ) estrdup
failed(estrdup )

Abandon ( ) control-Z
 92

Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. (The Mythical Man Month A d d i s o n - We s l e y

1975 1995 )

John Lakos C++ ( L a rge-Scale C++

Software Design Addison-Wesley 1996) C++
David Hanson C (C Interfaces and Implementation Addison-Wesley 1997)
C
Steve McConnell (Rapid Development Microsoft Press 1996)
( )
Kevin
Mullet Darrell Sano (Designing Visual Interfaces:
Communication Oriented Techniques Prentice Hall 1995) Ben Shneiderman
(Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-
Computer Interaction 3 A d d i s o n - We s l e y 1997) Alan Cooper
(About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design IDG 1995) Harold
Thimbleby (User Interface Design Addison-Wesley 1990)
 5
bug.
b.
1889 Pall Mall 3 11 1/1
bug

(bug) bug

I/O
goto
 94
6

5.1

( )
 5 95

5.2

printf scanf

Sun SPA R C
( )

scanf double %lf %f

scanf printf
GNU gcc gcc printf
96

malloc realloc new

-o

-f123
0 case

1997 7
 5 97

2
icmp qsort

scmp

dbx ( )

strcmp strcmp

badqs.c 13
 98

5.3

3 Markov

undo

1023
1024
1024
 5 99

c a n ’t get here
got here

g r e p(g r e p 9
) C C++
%x %p

A B

check C abort
check
check

check

check
 100

We b

( )

I/O printf

C fflush
C++ Java fflush
I/O
setbuf setvbuf s e t b u f (f p , N U L L) fp
(stderr cerr System.err)

3 C markov x
y x
( 42685 22482 )
31 37 128
15 16 5 6
187 20

31 37 128
 5 101
diff

grep

RCS

5.4

& | = =
!=

shell script UNIX DOS

102

p
 5 103

Unix PC

16 32
ctype.h
isprint

( 40 '' ) (
) getchar

1994 Pentium

1/2 0.5
0.7432

5.5

C
 104
C++
( ) 0

printf

msg
malloc static
2
freeall

p->next
malloc free

malloc free

5-1 malloc free

malloc free
 5 105
5.6

strings

strings
ASCII ( zip )
strings
Unix strings

-a
strings ASCII

strings MINLEN=6

printf %.*s (i) (b u f)

do-whilet EOF
getc printf
106
getc
printf printf
(
)
do-while
strings strings

strings

strings Unix
Windows 95

( ) 8
getchar Wi n d o w s getchar
0x1A control-Z EOF
 5 107
Unix
rb sdtin
( fdopen setmode C )

Wi n d o w s Unix Wi n d o w s

5-2 strings MINLEN

strings

5-3 vis
ASCII \Xhh hh strings
vis

5-4 \X0A vis vis

5-5 vis

5.7

(
)

grep
( )
 108

0 ( ) ( )
C C++

4.0b1
4.0b2

5.4 isprint

5.8
 5 109

( )

Steve Maguire ( Writing Solid Code Microsoft Press 1993) Steve

McConnell (Code Complete Microsoft Press 1993)
 6

Norbert Wiener( )

Edsger Dijkstra

SUM(A1:A50)

6.1
 6 111

fgets

i 0 i 1
s[-1]

i 0
‘\ 0’ s[0]

i MAX-1
getchar EOF

‘\ n’

( ) ( )
n n
0
112

n 0 avg
avg
n 4
n 0 0

1998 11
0

C C++ <assert.h> /

n 0
avg

(
) avg 0
 6 113

( )

( fread fscanf) ( fopen)

( fprintf f w r i t e)
fclose EOF
0

6-1 1

(a)

(b)

(c) src dest

(defensive programming) programming

 114

(d) s n t

(e)

(f)

6-2 1998 2000

(a) 2000
2000 1 1
(b) ctime

ctime
(c)

(d)

6.2
 6 115

4 CSV

( )

•
•

•
•

1
 116
3 5

(
) ( ) (
)

w c(
) s u m( )

(c m p) (d i f f)

freq
 6 117

( )

(Profiler)

6-3 freq
 118
6-4 freq 32

6.3

( )
( )

Unix cmp diff

sort grep wc sun freq

ka
(o l d _ k a) (n e w _ k a)
Unix shell Perl

-s cmp cmp
!cmp cmp
 6 119

Aw k

Aw k (n e w a w k) Aw k
echo

Awk 1

( try )
1
yes 7 yes no
Aw k ( ) Aw k

( 9
)
Aw k
 120

Awk

6-5 printf

6.4

m e m s e t(C/C++ m e m... )
mem

memset(s, c, n) s n c s
 6 121
32 64

memset
n 0 1 2 2
2 16
16
2 memset

c 0 0 x 7 F( 8
) 0x80 0 x F F( )
( )
memset
n c

memset

s0 s1
n

0 16 i n 2i 1 2i 2i 1

memset
3500

memset
 122
( )
memset
memset
0x7F c memset

memset
memmove

memset

(tile)

6-6 memset

6-7 mem...
 6 123
6-8 math.h sqrt sin

6-9 C s t r... strcmp

mem... strtok strcspn

6.5

Microsoft Visual C++ Version5.0

C++ STL

1420

1594 ( )
255

( )

gets
fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) scanf( %s , buf)
 124
scanf( %20s ,buf)
3.3

gets

10 num 0
gets

if

1998 7

1988 Internet
HTML

1024 gets
 6 125

x y z malloc
p[x] int 16 x y z 41
x*y*z 68921 2 16
3385 malloc 3385

1996 7

64 16

7 ASCII (
)

Steve Bourne Unix ( Bourne )

254 ‘\ 0’
( Unix )
( )

6-10

6.6

( )

2 4 CSV
 126

10 NULL

0
0xDEADBEEF

8
7

6.7

)
 6 127
Don
Knuth TEX

Beta
Beta

( )

6.8

2
( )
( )
 128
Aw k

10000 42685 6~7

Java

abc abd c
d freq
Java d
20 c Java
2

c
 6 129

6.9

Don Knuth
(Software: Practice and Experience19 7 pp607~685, 1989)
The Errors of TEX TEX
TEX TRIP Perl

MakeMaker TestHarness Perl

Jon Bentley (Communications of the ACM)

(Programming Pearls) (More
Programming Pearls) Addison-Wesley 1986 1988
 7

( )
( )
2

7.1

performence
 7 131
Internet
Internet
( )
(spam)

Make millions in your spare time XXX-rated

grep

( )

C strstr

( ) strstr
strstr
( )
strstr
 132

strchr
strcmp
strstr

strncmp strlen

strncmp
\0
( strncmp ) \0

strchr
\0 isspam \0

strstr strchr strncmp

strstr

strstr

strstr

e x
e x

strstr 30%

strstr
 7 133

npat
npat strlen(mesg)*npat

j
mesg[j]
52 strlen(mesg)*npat/52
s x
52

isspam

starting[c][] c starting[c]
c nstarting[c] c
0 npat
0 20 patlen[k] strlen (pat[k])
134
b

strstr 5~10
7~15 52

strstr

7-1
isspam
(t r i e)
 7 135
7.2

Unix time

real( )
user CPU system (
)CPU

( 20% )

time
C C++ clock
CPU clock
CPU

CLOCKS_PER_SEC clock

Java Date CPU

getTime
 136

1971 Don Knuth

Unix -p prof

217
10 000 250MHz MIPS R10 000
strstr
(217 ) (10 000)

( )
 7 137
strchr strncmp( strstr )
Knuth
50%

strstr spamtest 99.8%

strstr

isspam
spamtest memcmp
isspam isspam strstr
strlen strchr memcmp
strncmp memcmp

strlen 652 memcmp strncmp

isspam strchr
strchr

Aw k

50%
MAXFLD 200 Aw k
2 3

25%

C markov
( 42 685 22 482 ) 2
 138
2 16 384 2

( )

1000
2

7-2 time clock getTime

7-3 strchr 48 350 000 strncmp

46 180 000

7.3

spam
O(n2)
O(nlogn) 2

s n strlen n
n

C C++
( )
 7 139

8.1 5.9
25% strstr
strstr

(
)

7.1 isspam

6.6
(n s t a r t i n g [ c ])

5.9 10%
starting[c]
 140
memcmp
3%

50%

isspam
( )

10%( ) 10%

7.4

1 sqrt
 7 141

2
C C++

sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy)

grep
 142

We b
Internet
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1

drawchar show(lookup(c))

malloc free

malloc

C
alloca
alloca

C printf
 7 143

Inferno
draw
( )

strlen(pat[i]) patlen[i]

360 ( )

isdigit

float double
IEEE

0
sin cos

C++ Java C

memset memmove
6
memset

7-4 memset
4 8
 144
memset

7-5 C smalloc
malloc struct
smalloc malloc

7.5

19
(
)

short int 2-D 16

float double float
6 7
printf
( )scanf

C C++

C++
 7 145

5%
m[i][j] m(i,j)

( 100 200 100 )

PPM
GIF 50K
GIF
GIF 500 PPM
10 GIF PPM
GIF

7.6
146

C C++

250 MHz MIPS 10 000

 7 147

malloc free

I/O

CPU
CPU

400 MHz
200 MHz 100 MHz

7-6

7-7 C++
iostream STL

7-8 Java

7.7
 148

Aw k
20

10 2
6

Bob Flandrena Ken Thompson

( )
Knuth F O RT R A N (An Empirical Study of
FORTRAN Programs) (Software: Practice and Experience 1
2 pp105~133 1971)

Jon Bentley (Programming Pearls

More Programming Pearls Addison-Wesley 1986 1988)

Rick Booth (Inner Loops Addison-Wesley 1997) PC

John Hennessy David Patterson

/ (Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface
Morgan Kaufman 1997)
 8

Robert Venturi

8.1

(
)
150

C C++ char
8

C ANSI/ISO 1988 ISO C++

1998
Java

C C++

x char
( x
)

C C++

C // complex
near far

C C++
C
C++

C
 8 151
C sqrt

ANSI C

ANSI C

func func
func 3 C

C++
STL

C C++

char 8 short int 16 long 32

int

64

PC
 152
PC
far near

sdtdef.h
size_t sizeof (
strlen) ( malloc)
Java byte
8 char short 16 int 32 long 64

IEEE

C C++

getchar

count ptr

( )

errno log

&& ||
( )
?: ( )
Java

Java C C++ C C++

char char C C++

char int g e t c h a r()
int

char c 0 255 char 2

8 c 128 127
 8 153
EOF (E O F stdio.h 1)
6.1
char s[i]==EOF

getchar EOF s[i] 255( 0xFF -1 unsigned

char ) char EOF 255

char EOF
0xFF EOF
char getchar int
EOF

Java unsigned 16 char

>> (
) ( 0) C
C++ Java >> >>>
short int long

i 2 4 8 int
n n double
8 8
 154
struct X

s i z e o f(s t r u c tX)
sizeof(char)+sizeof(int)

char EOF sizeof

C++ C

C
(Unix Plan 9 Wi n d o w s ) C C++

8.2

C stdio
C++ iostream Java java.io

C
 8 155
ANSI C strdup
strdup

stdio.h C ANSI C C++

#if #ifdef

( )

ANSI C strdup

weprintf wprintf C
stdio.h

wprintf stdio_wprintf
wprintf
wprintf
 156
wprintf
#ifdef
weprintf

ANSI C
6 signal POSIX 19 Unix 32
ANSI

POSIX Microsoft
Windows API

8.3

stdlib.h

stdlib
malloc realloc
free u n s i g n e d int s i z e _ t( malloc realloc )
STDC_HEADERS _LIBC
 8 157

#ifdef

malloc realloc free ANSI C

#ifdef

#endif #endif

#ifdef

( #ifdef )
158
#ifdef

DEBUG 0
#ifdef #ifdef

#ifdef

#ifdef

#ifdef
#ifdef
#ifdef

_MAC
 8 159

( )
make

#ifdef

8-1

8.4

Sam Unix Windows

Sam
unix.c Unix
windows.c Wi n d o w s
Sam
C

Sam
(
X Window Sam )
 160

Sam OpenGL Tc l / T k Java

I/O
/

Sam

Java
Java
Java

Java (
)

8.5

Aw k Perl
grep

PostScript

Macintosh binhex Unix

uuencode uudecode
MIME 9

PC ‘\ r’ ‘\ n’
Unix
 8 161
(CR)
(LF)
PC
( CRLF c u r l i ff )

PC
HTTP CRLF
CRLF ( PC
) \r ( Unix )

8-2

8.6

( 16 ) ( )
( )

0
4 0x11223344
0x44332211
162

32

P D P - 11 (
)

64 long

( )
/

i n t( short l o n g)

x x 0x1000
0x0010

short
 8 163

I/O
X Window

X Wi n d o w
Plan 9 ( )

I/O
Java C C++ Java
Serializable
C C++
#ifdef 8

( CRLF
)
printf scanf

I/O

b Unix Wi n d o w s
 164
control-Z ( 032 1 A)
( 5 strings )
\r

8.7

( ) Unix
echo

echo shell
echo printf

shell
echo

echo
( DOS Wi n d o w s ) ec h o
printf(str) p r i n t f ( " % s " ,str)
str
echo

echo

Unix sum
 8 165
sum sum
sum
sum

sum
sum

sum

( )

8.8

ASCII $
24
 166
ASCII ASCII ctype.h

a z
isalpha

ASCII 0x7F (7 )
Latin-1 ASCII
80 FF E7 Ç
boy ASCII( Latin-1) 62 6F 79 garÇon
Latin-1 67 61 72 E7 6F 6E
ASCII 128
80 FF
8
16

Unicode
Unicode ISO 10646 16 16
00FF Latin-1 garÇon 16 0067 0061
0072 00E7 006F 006E 0401 04FF
3000 Unicode

Unicode Unicode Internet

Java Unicode Plan 9
Inferno Unicode Microsoft Windows
Unicode Wi n d o w s ASCII
Unicode
Unicode Unicode
Unicode
UTF-8 16 1 2 3
ASCII 00 7F UTF-8
UTF-8 ASCII 80 7FF
800 garÇon UTF-8 67
61 72 C3 A7 6F 6E Unicode E7 Ç UTF-8 C3 A7
UTF-8 ASCII
Unicode UTF-8 3
 8 167
Markov
ASCII

C C++ 16
Unicode L ". . ."

UTF-8 C

mm/dd/yy

8.9
 168
Brian Kernighan Dennis Ritchie C
(The C Programming Language Prentice Hall 1988)
Sam Harbison Guy Steele C (C: A Reference Manual
Prentice Hall 1994) 4
C C++ ISO( ) Java James
Gosling Bill Joy Guy Steele Java (Java Language Specification Addison
Wesley 1996)
Rich Stevens Unix (Advanced Programming in the Unix Evironment
Addison We s l e y 1992) Unix Unix

POSIX( Portable Operating System Interface) Unix

I/O IEEE
1726 Jonathan Swift Danny Cohen
(On holy wars and a plea for peace IEEE Computer 1981 10 )

Plan 9
#ifdef Unicode Sam
sam (The Text Editor sam) (Software Practice
and Experience) 17 11 pp813~845 Unicode
Rob Pike Ken Thompson Hello World or Kαληµ έρακοσµε or
(Proceedings of the Winter 1993 USENIX Conference 1993 USENIX
1993 pp43~50 ) 16 Unicode UTF-8
Plan 9 Sam

Inferno Java Plan 9

(Limbo)
Unicode
Inferno (The Inferno Operating System) Sean
Dorward Rob Pike David Leo Presotto Dennis M. Ritchie Howard W. Tr i c k e y Philip
Wi n t e r b o t t o m (Bell Labs Technical Journal) 2 1
1997
 René Descartes

else-if
198
 199

ASCII
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
196