Q1.

Explain various trends in Information and

Communication Technologies.
Answer:- Today is the age of Information Technology. It has
changed the lifestyle of the people. There is hardly any field of
human life that is not affected by the Information Technology.
Various Technological trends like Cloud Computing, Mobile
Computing, Social media, Ubiquitous computing are growing
very fast. Cloud computing enable us to share hardware and
software resources as a service over the internet on the pay per
use basis with any user over the globe. Mobile computing help
us to access and process data on handheld mobile devices like
smart phones, iPads etc. Social media like Facebook, twitter,
Whatsapp, YouTube, LinkedIn help peoples to interact with each
other around the world. Social media is also contributing to
make this world a better place to live by raising issues of social
importance. Internet of Things (IoT), a network of large amount
of objects, computing devices embedded with microchips,
sensors, actuators making this world a smart place to live. In
this paper we will discuss about the various trends of
information and communication technology like Cloud
computing, Mobile computing, Social media and Internet of
Things (IoT) that is evolving very rapidly and also discuss their
role in professional and social life.
1. CLOUD COMPUTING:- Cloud Computing is a recent
advancement in information technology that is emerging
very rapidly. It is a pool of shared resources which
includes server, storage, networks, services and
applications that can be shared with individuals as well as
with organization on pay per use basis in a cost efficient
manner. Cloud computing services are usually owned and
managed by the third party providers who deliver the
services to the user on pay per-use basis.
1.1 Cloud Computing Services:-

Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS is the very

familiar type of cloud service to the customers.
Software as a Service is the topmost layer of cloud
computing architecture which offers complete
application to the customer over the internet. Among
the most familiar software as a Service (SaaS)
applications for businesses are CRM application like
Salesforce, storage solutions like Google Drive, Drop
box and productivity applications suit like Google apps.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): Platform as a Service

is the middle layer of cloud computing architecture
which offers execution environment as a service for the
software without any need of downloading software or
installation of software for the developers or end users.
Examples of PaaS are Microsoft Azure and Google App
Engine.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Infrastructure as

a Service is the bottom layer of cloud computing
architecture which offers sharing of the hardware
resources through virtualization for executing services.
The main motive is to make resources such as storage,
network and servers readily available and accessible by
the operating systems. It provides on demand and pay
on per use basis services. Examples of IaaS are Amazon
EC2, S3

Types of Cloud Computing

Public Cloud: In this type of Cloud Computing no

restrictions on access of services are applied and no
authentication or authorization techniques are
implemented in this model.
These clouds provide the facility of long term data
storage. Examples of public cloud are Google App
Engine and Microsoft Azure. `
Private Cloud: This type of Cloud Computing is
implemented within the firewall of the organization. This
cloud is designed to provide same services and features
as that of public cloud but remove problems related to
security issues. Private cloud provides more control
over the organization’s data which ensures security .

Community Cloud: This type of Cloud Computing

provides the facility of sharing computing infrastructure
among the organizations of same communities. For
Example: Different branches of same company over
geographically different location can work on a same
project by sharing the project on the community cloud.

Hybrid Cloud: It is the combination of one or more

above types of cloud deployment models. It ensures
that an immediate increase in the requirement of
computing resources can be handled efficiently and
gracefully.

Examples of Cloud Computing

E-mail: E-mail is the major service that is provided by
the cloud through which people can communicate with
each other while living at any place in the world. This
service is constantly becoming reliable and faster. We
can access our web based e-mail account anytime and
anywhere. Examples of E-mail providers are Gmail,
Hotmail, Yahoo mail, Rediff mail etc.

Google Drive: This is the major cloud computing

service where all the data and information storage
found online so that it can support cloud apps like
Google Docs, Google Slides and Google Sheets etc.
Drive is also available for mobile devices like smart
phones, iPads and there are different apps like drive,
sheets, slides are available on the Google play store.
Some other services provided by Google are also
 considered cloud computing services like Gmail, Google
Maps, and Google Calendar etc.

Virtual Office: Through cloud we can create and

access office documents online without any need to
install heavy software on our computer system. Google
Docs, Microsoft Office Live
is the example of virtual office.
Google App: Google App engine is a Public cloud and
is a Platform as a service that provides services to build
products ranges from simple websites to complex
applications. [4] Dropbox: Dropbox is an internet based
file hosting service [5] which allows the users to store
data and files over the cloud and share it with any user
across the world.

Dropbox: also provides the facility of file

synchronization through which data stored in our
computer can be accessed on any device through the
cloud.
2. MOBILE COMPUTING:- Mobile Computing technology
allows transmission of data, audio-video, voice through
any wired or wireless network enabled device without
having to connect to a particular physical location. With
the increase of the portable computing devices and desire
to continuously connectivity to the internet without
having to connect to a fixed location has increased the
popularity of the mobile computing. Recent advances in
mobile computing like GPS, GPRS, Long Term Evolution
(LTE), 3G, 4G and Wi-Max are becoming very popular

Mobile Computing Devices

Smart Phones: Smart Phone is a mobile device that
provides interactive touch screen user interface to access
various applications.
Personal Digital Assistance (PDAs): Personal Digital
Assistance (PDA) is a handheld mobile device which works
like personal information manager. It provides the
facilities like computing, synchronization, telephone,
internet access etc. PDA also has the facility of audio
capability which makes it portable media player.
Laptops: Laptops are portable computers attached with
keyboard and display. It is used for variety of tasks such
as for playing multimedia, running programs, word
processor, connect to the internet etc.
Wearable Devices: Wearable Devices are small sized
digital computers which are usually used in behavioral
modeling and health monitoring system. These devices
are usually carried or worn on the body. Google Glass,
Apple smart watch, head mounted display are some
examples of wearable devices.

Advantages of Mobile Computing

Increased Productivity: Users can do their work in a
place where they feel comfortable in an effective and
efficient manner. This helps to enhance productivity of
their work.
Saves time: The time consumed by travelling from one
location to other is reduced as now we are able to
access any document from anywhere and anytime on
our network enabled devices.
Flexibility: Users are not restricted to work in a fixed
location. We can get our job done from
any location.
Entertainment: Mobile devices are used for a variety
of entertainment purposes like watching
movies and songs online, listening music, playing
games and much more. We can also access various
entertainment resources from the internet.
Disadvantages of Mobile Computing
Security Issues: Users are usually dependent upon the
Virtual Private Network (VPN) while working with mobile
devices. These networks are not very secure and can be
hacked by some intruder.
 Connectivity: Internet connection is required for
mobile computing. Before starting of any task it is very
necessary to check that whether internet with
appropriate speed is working or
not.
3. SOCIAL MEDIA :-
In many countries media is also considered as fourth
estate or fourth pillar of the democracy [9] [10]. These
days this fourth estate of media is supported by social
media. Social media become a common place to discuss
all issues existed in society today. Social media is playing
a major role in integrating the world. Social media is also
doing their contribution to make this world a better place
to live by raising issues of social importance. Advances in
information technology changing all aspects of doing
things and social media platforms become major tools in
the growth of business marketing. The widespread use of
these social media platforms by the consumers and
businesses all over the world motivate the business
people to market their products on social media
platforms. Social media is a powerful tool for
advertisement and marketing. Almost all business
organizations are using social media to connect with their
customers and serving in a better way. Social media also
help customers to give reviews and feedback regarding
some products which helps to the new customers to know
about the product and also help the company to know the
views of the customers regarding some product. Social
media has emerged from being cyber world geek buzz to
a massive platform for professionals, entrepreneurs,
businesses and organizations that seek greater
identification and recognition at a very low price.
Characteristics of Social Media
A. Social media is easily accessible and is a common place of
meeting of today’s internet audience.
B. Social media provides direct access to clients without any
third party intervention.
C. Social media is less costly as compared with traditional
media.
Benefits of Social Media
Online Advertisement and Marketing: Social media helps
businesses to do online advertisement and marketing of their
products free of cost across the globe. Through
advertisement over social media one can easily reach to the
target customers in the world.
No Geographical Boundaries: Social media is free from
the limitations of geographical boundaries. Social media can
be targeted to any customer over the globe that has online
presence.
Two way communication: Traditional marketing techniques
followed by small businesses are generally one way
communication for marketing like delivering marketing
messages in mail boxes, promotion on television, radio etc.
In these technique customers have no opportunity to provide
their feedback. Only business houses are promoting their
products but by following social media strategy there is a two
way communication between businesses and customers.
Now customers are able to provide feedback about the
product or can dialogue with the company’s representative
over the social media like Facebook. Efforts on Social media
platform also give organizations a digital personality, global
presence and effective branding technique.
4. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT):-

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interrelated

physical computing devices, digital and mechanical
machines, animals, objects, or people that are assigned
with unique identifiers and the ability to exchange data
over the network without any human to computer or
human to human interaction. A thing in the internet of
things (IoT) refers to large amount of computing devices
that can be a biochip transponder in a farm animal,
 automobile with built-in sensor to alert the driver about
some problematic situation and a person with heart
monitor implant. These types of devices are capable to
collect data through sensors and exchange this data
between devices over the network anonymously. When
IoT is augmented with actuators and sensors the
technology become more powerful and can handle variety
of tasks. Applications of IoT include building management,
energy management, healthcare management,
transportation management, environment management
etc.
Q2. State and explain the characteristics of IoT and M2M
and illustrate the difference between IOT and M2M?
Answer:-
1. Internet of Things : IOT is known as the Internet of Things
where things are said to be the communicating devices that
can interact with each other using a communication media.
Usually every day some new devices are being integrated
which uses IoT devices for its function. These devices use
various sensors and actuators for sending and receiving data
over the internet. It is an ecosystem where the devices share
data through a communication media known as the internet or
Iot is an ecosystem of connected physical object that are
accessible through internet. Iot means anything which can be
connected to internet and can be controlled or monitored using
internet from smart devices or PC.
2. Machine to Machine : This is commonly known as Machine
to machine communication. It is a concept where two or more
than two machines communicate with each other without
human interaction using a wired or wireless mechanism. M2M is
an technology that helps the devices to connect between
devices without using internet. M2M communications offer
several applications such as security, tracking and tracing,
manufacturing and facility management.
M2M is also named as Machine Type Communication (MTC) in
3GPP ( 3rd Generation Partnership Project).
M2M is communication could carried over mobile networks, for
ex- GSM-GPRS, CDMA EVDO Networks .
In M2M communication, the role of mobile networks is largely
confined to server as a transport networks.
M2M is only subset of IoT .
Difference between IoT and M2M :

Basis of IoT M2M

Machine to
Abbreviation Internet of Things
Machine

Devices have
Some degree of
objects that are
Intelligence intelligence is
responsible for
observed in this.
decision making

The connection is
via Network and
Connection The connection is
using various
type used a point to point
communication
types.

Traditional
Internet protocols protocols and
Communicati
are used such communication
on protocol
as HTTP, FTP, and technology
used
Telnet. techniques are
used
Basis of IoT M2M

Data is shared
between other Data is shared
applications that with only the
Data Sharing
are used to communicating
improve the end- parties.
user experience.

Internet
Devices are not
connection is
Internet dependent on
required for
the Internet.
communication

Type of It supports point-

It supports cloud
Communicati to-point
communication
on communication.

Involves the usage Mostly hardware-

Computer
of both Hardware based
System
and Software. technology

A large number of
Limited Scope for
Scope devices yet scope
devices.
is large.

Business 2
Business Type Business(B2B) and Business 2
used Business 2 Business (B2B)
Consumer(B2C)

Open API Supports Open API There is no

Basis of IoT M2M

support for Open

support integrations.
APIs

Generic commodity Specialized

It requires
devices. device solutions.

Communication
Information and
Centric and device
service centric
centric.

Vertical system
Approach Horizontal enabler
solution
used approach
approach .

Device, area
Devices/sensors,
networks,
connectivity, data
Components gateway,
processing, user
Application
interface
server.

Smart wearables, Sensors, Data

Examples Big Data and and Information,
Cloud, etc. etc.

Q3. Explain layered architecture of IoT?

Answer:-
Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide range of
applications and the use of the Internet of Things is growing so
faster. It is the networking of physical objects that contain
electronics embedded within their architecture to communicate
and sense interactions amongst each other or to the external
environment.
Architecture of IoT
 Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of
the Internet of Things architecture and is responsible for
collecting data from different sources. This layer
includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the
environment to gather information about temperature,
humidity, light, sound, and other physical parameters.
Wired or wireless communication protocols connect these
devices to the network layer.
 Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture
is responsible for providing communication and
connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It includes
protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect
and communicate with each other and with the wider
internet. Examples of network technologies that are
commonly used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and
cellular networks such as 4G and 5G technology.
Additionally, the network layer may
include gateways and routers that act as intermediaries
between devices and the wider internet, and may also
include security features such as encryption and
authentication to protect against unauthorized access.
 Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT
architecture refers to the software and hardware
components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing,
and interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is
responsible for receiving raw data from the devices,
processing it, and making it available for further analysis
or action. The data processing layer includes a variety of
technologies and tools, such as data management
systems, analytics platforms, and machine
learning algorithms. These tools are used to extract
meaningful insights from the data and make decisions
 based on that data. Example of a technology used in the
data processing layer is a data lake, which is a centralized
repository for storing raw data from IoT devices.
 Application Layer: The application layer of IoT
architecture is the topmost layer that interacts directly
with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-
friendly interfaces and functionalities that enable users to
access and control IoT devices. This layer includes various
software and applications such as mobile apps, web
portals, and other user interfaces that are designed to
interact with the underlying IoT infrastructure. It also
includes middleware services that allow different IoT
devices and systems to communicate and share data
seamlessly. The application layer also includes analytics
and processing capabilities that allow data to be analyzed
and transformed into meaningful insights. This can include
machine learning algorithms, data visualization tools, and
other advanced analytics capabilities.
Q.4 What is role of Cloud Computing and Big Data in
Internet of Things?
Answer:-
Big Data
In its basic form, big data refers to larger, more complex data
collections, particularly those originating from new data
sources. These data sets are so big that conventional data
processing software couldn't handle them. However, you may
utilize these enormous volumes of data to find solutions to
business issues that you previously could not.
The Four V's are ?
 Volume
 Velocity
 Variety
 Veracity

IoT
It is a collection of devices or products that can communicate with one
another online (IoT). For the gadgets to make decisions, recall
particular types of information, and conduct actions that don't require
human intervention, a center for the gathering, or "counts," may offer
and collect information located above the Internet. The Web of Things'
main objective is to integrate technology into society. Home appliances
that require connection, such as automation and true device control,
are examples of such equipment.

The Cloud
Determining whether a person is accountable for their acts is what is
meant by the phrase "contribution." The unified web application makes
the entrance to many apps and documents easier. Because analytics
and storage do not require on-site equipment, the public cloud is a
financially advantageous goal. Due to the benefits of networking, your
agency's technological and analytical skills will advance along with it.
 The relationship between Big Data, IoT, and Cloud Computing
 There are various opportunities for businesses to grow quickly as a
result of interconnections in both the ideas of Iot systems, Big Data,
and Cloud Technology. In layman's words, Big System is a system with
an existing platform, the Network of All Things (IoT) is the data source,
and Azure is the location for preservation, scale, and access speed.
 Several service providers and customer terminals are commonly
utilized in a cloud computing environment. The user gets data from
receiving devices by employing enormous statistics approaches. On
the other hand, the expert co-op cleanses, saves, and stores huge
amounts of data.
 Because of the worldwide accessibility of huge amounts of data for
information processing, it is prohibitively expensive for a corporation to
host such large computers in many locations. Cloud computing reduces
the cost of large-scale data computing by storing information on
virtualization technologies distributed across several sites.
 To stay ahead of the game, one of Net of Things' requirements is to
make data mixing easier. It is based on the conviction that we cannot
make the most of the Network of Things (IoT) if applications and data
are separated. As a result, collecting data from various sources is the
most ecologically responsible way to gain insights and make decisions.

Q.5 Explain with example MQTT Protocol. What is role of MQTT

protocol in IOT?

Answer:- MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry

Transport. MQTT is a machine to machine internet of things
connectivity protocol. It is an extremely lightweight and
publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol. This protocol is
useful for the connection with the remote location where the
bandwidth is a premium. These characteristics make it useful in
various situations, including constant environment such as for
communication machine to machine and internet of things
contexts. It is a publish and subscribe system where we can
publish and receive the messages as a client. It makes it easy
for communication between multiple devices. It is a simple
messaging protocol designed for the constrained devices and
with low bandwidth, so it's a perfect solution for the internet of
things applications.
A common example is a smart home system where a sensor
might publish temperature readings to a central broker, and
other devices, like a smartphone app, can subscribe to that
topic to receive the data, enabling remote monitoring and
control.
Example: Smart Home Automation:
 Sensor: A temperature sensor in the living room
publishes its readings to the topic
"livingroom/temperature".
 Smart Home App: A smartphone app subscribes to the
topic "livingroom/temperature".
 Broker: When the sensor publishes, the broker forwards
the data to the app, allowing the user to view the
temperature remotely.

Lightweight Communication: MQTT is designed for low-bandwidth and high-latency

environments, making it ideal for IoT devices with limited resources2.

Publish/Subscribe Model: This model allows devices to either publish data to a central
broker or subscribe to specific topics to receive information. It decouples communication,
enhancing scalability and efficiency2.

Central Broker: The MQTT broker acts as the hub for routing messages, managing
subscriptions, and ensuring reliable data delivery.

Real-Time Data Exchange: MQTT supports real-time communication, which is crucial for
applications like smart homes, industrial automation, and healthcare.

Security Features: MQTT includes mechanisms for authentication and encryption, ensuring
secure communication between devices.

Here's a more detailed breakdown of MQTT's roles in IoT:

1. Enabling Efficient Communication:

 Lightweight Protocol:MQTT is designed to be lightweight, consuming

minimal bandwidth and processing power, making it ideal for resource-
constrained IoT devices.
 Publish/Subscribe Model:Devices can publish messages to specific
topics, and other devices can subscribe to those topics to receive relevant
information. This allows for efficient and scalable data exchange.
 Bidirectional Communication:MQTT supports both sending data from
devices to a central server (e.g., sensor readings) and receiving
 commands or updates from the server to devices (e.g., controlling an
actuator).

2. Facilitating Real-Time Data Exchange:

 Low Latency:MQTT is well-suited for applications requiring low

latency, such as real-time monitoring, control, and feedback.
 Scalability:MQTT can handle a large number of devices and messages,
making it suitable for large-scale IoT deployments.
 Reliable Communication:MQTT offers features like Quality of Service
(QoS) levels to ensure reliable message delivery.

3. Supporting IoT Applications:

 Sensors and Actuators: MQTT is used to transmit data from sensors and
control actuators in applications like smart homes, industrial automation,
and agriculture.
 Monitoring and Control: MQTT enables real-time monitoring of
devices and systems, as well as remote control and management.
 Smart Cities: MQTT is used in smart city applications for managing
infrastructure, monitoring traffic, and optimizing resource usage.
 Healthcare: MQTT facilitates communication between medical devices,
healthcare providers, and patients, enabling remote monitoring and
telemedicine.
 Transportation: MQTT is used for vehicle tracking, traffic management,
and other transportation-related applications.

Q5. Explain challenges and requirements of IOT device?

Answer:- The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnectivity of

physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to
connect and exchange data.

The challenges and requirements of IoT devices, as outlined in the surrounding

page content, focus on several key aspects:

1. **Security Concerns**: IoT devices are vulnerable to cyber threats, such as

malware and unauthorized access. Ensuring robust security measures, like
strong passwords and encryption, is critical. and securing them is complex due
to their diverse nature and limited resources.

2. **Interoperability**: IoT devices often struggle to communicate effectively

due to diverse standards and protocols. Standardization efforts aim to improve
compatibility. Ensuring seamless communication and interaction between
different IoT devices and platforms is a significant challenge.

3. **Data Management**: IoT devices generate vast amounts of data,

requiring efficient storage, processing, and analysis systems. Managing and
analyzing the massive volume of data generated by IoT devices poses
significant challenges in terms of storage, processing, and extracting meaningful
insights.

4. **Scalability**: As IoT networks grow, devices must be able to scale

without compromising performance. As the number of IoT devices grows,
managing and scaling IoT infrastructure becomes increasingly complex.

5. **Energy Efficiency**: IoT devices need to operate efficiently to conserve

power, especially in remote or battery-powered applications.

The requirements of IoT devices, as outlined in the surrounding page

content, include:

1. **Connectivity**: IoT devices must be able to connect to the internet, either

through wired or wireless connections, to enable communication with other
devices and systems.

2. **Sensors**: These devices require sensors to gather data from their

environment, such as temperature, humidity, motion, or sound, which can then
be processed for actionable insights.

3. **Intelligence**: IoT devices need the capability to process and analyze

collected data, either onboard or through cloud computing, to make informed
decisions and trigger appropriate actions.

Q6. What effect will the internet of things (IOT) have on our daily lives?
Explain with any one example of smart device?

Answer:- The Internet of Things is still in its infancy as a phenomenon.

Despite this, its rate of expansion, adaptability, ingenuity and scope
is startling. Companies are developing more and more ways for us to
connect. Within the next five years, sensors will likely have
permeated every aspect of our lives, from our refrigerators to our
shoes. The world's IT infrastructure will be supporting a trillion
devices, big and small.
The challenges we face in this area are still great - security being at
the top of the list. Supporting the billions of connected devices
through a stable network infrastructure is another. Soon enough, if
all goes well, the phenomenon will be more than a trending hashtag
- it will be a way of being in the world. With that bright future in
mind, let's look at some of the aspects of your daily life that the Internet of
Things may influence.
First and foremost, the home. Smart, connected appliances are what
people think of when they hear IoT. They imagine an intelligent house,
programmed to save energy and make your life a more convenient one. Alarm
clocks will be synced with traffic apps; heating systems will be synced with
external temperature sensors, which will be synced with cost evaluations;
lighting will react as we enter a room, as might our coffee makers. It all sounds
so alien to us, but there are plenty such homes that already exist.
Next, IoT will have a drastic effect on waste management. With the
seamless integration of light, heat and air conditioning that reacts to
you, a lot of money could be saved on those bills. For food, anything
you don't eat in your fridge will be recorded so you can examine
trends and patterns.
Thirdly, we have our daily commute. Imagine you left your home
without your house key - your house would tell you this. Our cars will
anticipate our approach and open themselves via a sensor in our
phones. Intelligent traffic detection will allow our device to direct us
to the shortest route to work/ home. Taxi services for business
meetings will be planned according to your calendar - synced with
your smartphone.
For personal health, the possibilities are even more extensive. 3d-
printed wristbands for reading vital signs are already in
development. With the long list of wearables already in circulation,
we can track even more: sleeping patterns, nutritional balance, GP
visits and check-up schedules, exercise programmes, etc. To keep
you safe, sensors around your city will also alert you to any potential
dangers including traffic accidents, proximity alerts around your
vehicle, bad weather, and more.
In sport, IoT devices and wearables will be all about performance
efficiency. You'll be able to track your progress, errors, power, agility,
overall cariovascular fitness level and any variable you can imagine.
Whether for cycling, tennis, or football, all can make use of sensors -
and they will use them to their full effect.

Q7. Demonstrate the IOT components with neat, diagram?

Answer:- Internet of Things (IoT) is an ecosystem of connected physical
objects that are accessible through the Internet (formal definition). So, in simple
terms IOT means anything that can be connected to internet and can be
controlled / monitored using Internet from our smart devices or PCs.

Major Components of IOT

These are explained as following below.

Things or Devices
The key physical items being tracked are Things or Devices. Smart sensors are
connected to things/devices which further continues to collect data from the
device and send it to the next layer, which is the portal or also called as the
gateway Small smart sensors for a variety of applications are now possible
because of new advancements in microelectronics.
Some commonly used sensors are:
 Temperature sensors and thermostats
 Pressure sensors
 Humidity / Moisture level
 Light intensity detectors
 Moisture sensors
 Proximity detection
 RFID tags

User Interface:- User interface also termed as UI is nothing

but a user-facing program that allows the user to monitor
and manipulate data.The user interface (UI) is the visible, tangible
portion of the IoT device that people can interact with. Developers must
provide a well-designed user interface that requires the least amount of
effort from users and promotes additional interactions.
Cloud:- Cloud storage is used to store the data which has
been collected from different devices or things. Cloud
computing is simply a set of connected servers that
operate continuously(24*7) over the Internet.
IoT devices, applications, and users generate massive
amounts of data, which must be managed efficiently. Data
collection, processing, management, and archiving are
among the responsibilities of IoT clouds. The data can be
accessed remotely by industries and services, allowing
them to take critical decisions at any time.
In the simplest terms, an IoT cloud is a network of servers
optimized to handle data at high speeds for a large number
of different devices, manage traffic, and analyze data with
great accuracy. An IoT cloud would not be complete
without a distributed management database system.

Analytics:- After receiving the data in the cloud, that data

is processed. Data is analyzed here with the help of various
algorithms like machine learning and all.
Analytics is the conversion of analog information via
connected sensors and devices into actionable insights that
can be processed, interpreted, and analyzed in depth.
Analysis of raw data or information for further processing is
a prerequisite for the monitoring and enhancement of the
Internet of things (IoT).
Among the most significant benefits of a well-designed IoT
system is real-time smart analysis, which enables
designers to spot anomalies in gathering information and
respond quickly to avoid an undesirable situation. If
information is collected correctly and at the right moment,
network operators can plan for the next steps.
Gateway :- Gateway provides a bridge between different
communication technologies which means we can say that
a Gateway acts as a medium to open up connections
between the cloud and controller(sensors/devices)
in Internet of Things (IoT). With the help of gateways, it is
possible to establish device-to-device or device-to-cloud
communication. A gateway can be a typical hardware
device or software program. It enables a connection
between the sensor network and the Internet along with
enabling IoT communication, it also performs many other
tasks such as this IoT gateway performs protocol
translation, aggregating all data, local processing, and
filtering of data before sending it to the cloud, locally
storing data and autonomously controlling devices based
on some inputted data, providing additional device
security.
Key functionalities of IoT Gateway :
 Establishing communication bridge
 Provides additional security.
 Performs data aggregation.
 Pre processing and filtering of data.
 Provides local storage as a cache/ buffer.
 Data computing at edge level.
 Ability to manage entire device.
 Device diagnostics.
 Adding more functional capability.
 Verifying protocols.