DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025

CS3481 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Certified that this is the Bonafide record of work done by Mr./Ms.………………………………
Reg.No…………………………... Of ………Semester B Tech INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Branch during the Academic year …………………………………in the CS3481 DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Staff In-Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the university practical examination held on.…………………at Sri Ranganathar Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
VISION OF THE INSTITUTE
To be a unique Institution that enables students to become contributing Humans towards
technology business and sustainability of natural world
MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE
Our mission is to facilitate students with harmonious teaching and experiential learning by
integrating industrial and societal needs with curriculum, providing requisite infrastructure
facilities and imbibing ethical values.
VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT
To be a center of excellence in Information Technology education and research, fostering
innovation, leadership, and technological competence in students, empowering them to address
global challenges and contribute to the advancement of society.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

Provide Quality Education: To deliver a comprehensive and industry-relevant curriculum

that equips students with the technical, analytical, and problem-solving skills necessary for a
successful career in IT.

Promote Research and Innovation: To encourage research initiatives, innovation, and

collaboration with industry and academia, enabling students and faculty to develop cutting- edge
technologies and solutions.

Develop Leadership and Teamwork: To nurture leadership qualities, communication skills,

and teamwork among students, preparing them to excel in multidisciplinary and multicultural
environments.

Continuous Learning and Adaptation: To promote lifelong learning and adaptability in a

rapidly evolving technological world, enabling students to remain competitive in their professional
careers.
 Program Outcomes (POs)
Engineering Knowledge:
PO1 Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Problem analysis:

PO2 Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex

engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles
of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/Development of Solutions:
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
PO3
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems:

Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
PO4
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
to provide valid conclusions.
Modern Tool Usage:
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
PO5
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
The Engineer and Society:
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
PO6
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice
Environment and Sustainability:
Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
PO7
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
 Ethics:
PO8 Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and Team Work:
PO9 Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams,
and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication:
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
PO10 community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.
Project Management and Finance:
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management
PO11
principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team,
to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-Long Learning:
Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
PO12
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Have proficiency in programming skills to design, develop and apply
PSO1 appropriate techniques, to solve complex engineering problems

PSO2 Have knowledge to build, automate and manage business solutions using
cutting edge technologies.
PSO3 Have excitement towards research in applied computer technologies.
 Program Educational Outcomes
PEO1 Demonstrate technical competence with analytical and critical thinking to
understand and meet the diversified requirements of industry, academia and
research.
PEO2 Exhibit technical leadership, team skills and entrepreneurship skills to
provide business solutions to real world problems.
Work in multi-disciplinary industries with social and environmental
PEO3 responsibility, work ethics and adaptability to address complex engineering
and social problems.
PEO4 Pursue lifelong learning, use cutting edge technologies and involve in
applied research to design optimal solution

6
 INDEX
Page Faculty
S.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks
No. Signature
1. DDL and DML commands
FOREIGN KEY AND
2. REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY
CONSTRAINT
QUERIES WITH WHERE
3. CLAUSE AND AGGREATE
FUNCTIONS.
4. SIMPLE JOIN OPERATION
AND SUB QUERIES
5. NATURAL JOIN, EQUI JOIN
AND OUTER JOIN
6A. STORED PROCEDURE
6B. FUNCTIONS
7. DCL AND TCL COMMAND
8. CREATION OF DATABASE
TRIGGERS
9. VIEWS AND INDEX
10. XML DATABASE CREATION
AND VALIDATION
11. CREATING DOCUMENT,
COLUMNS & GRAPH USING
NOSQL DATABASE
12. SIMPLE GUI APPLICATION
USING DATABASE

CASE STUDY USING

13. REALTIME DATABASE
APPLICATIONS

CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

CBS1 INVENTORY CONTROL

SYSTEM

CBS2 DATABASE PROGRAMMING

FOR IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT
CURSOR

7
 EX.NO: 1 DDL and DML commands

DATE :

AIM

To execute basic command in MySQL using DDL and DML.

PROCEDURE

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Create a database and use it for basic operations.

Step 3: Create a table with necessary attributes and execute DDL and DML commands.

Step 4: Display the result.

Step 5: Stop

DDL (DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE)

 CREATE
 ALTER
 DROP
 TRUNCATE
 COMMENT
 RENAME

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER (4), ENAME VARCHAR2 (10),
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2 (10), SALARY NUMBER (8,2));
Table created.

SQL: DESC <TABLE NAME>;

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY EMPNO NUMBER (6);

Table altered.

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(6)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)

~8~
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP ADD (DOB DATE, DOJ DATE);
Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER (7)

ENAME VARCHAR 2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR 2(10)
SALARY NUMBER (8,2)
QUALIFICATION VARCHAR 2(6)
DOB DATE
DOJ DATE

REMOVE / DROP
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP COLUMN DOJ;
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER (7)

ENAME VARCHAR 2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR 2(10)
SALARY NUMBER (8,2)
QUALIFICATION VARCHAR 2(6)
DOB DATE

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP DROP (DOB, QUALIFICATION);

Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER (7)

ENAME VARCHAR 2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR 2(10)
SALARY NUMBER (8,2)

NOT NULL Constraint

MySQL> CREATE TABLE Student (Id INTEGER, Last Name TEXT NOT NULL, FirstName
TEXT NOT NULL, City VARCHAR (35));
MySQL> INSERT INTO Student VALUES(1, 'Hanks', 'Peter', 'New York');
MySQL> INSERT INTO Student VALUES(2, NULL, 'Amanda', 'Florida');

Output

~9~
UNIQUE Constraint
MySQL> CREATE TABLE ShirtBrands(Id INTEGER, BrandName VARCHAR(40) UNIQUE,
Size VARCHAR(30));
MySQL> INSERT INTO ShirtBrands(Id, BrandName, Size) VALUES(1, 'Pantaloons', 38), (2,
'Cantabil', 40);
MySQL> INSERT INTO ShirtBrands(Id, BrandName, Size) VALUES(1, 'Raymond', 38), (2,
'Cantabil', 40);

Output

CHECK CONSTRAINT
CHECK (expr)
MySQL> CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID int NOT NULL,Name varchar(45) NOT NULL, Age
int CHECK (Age>=18) );

MySQL> INSERT INTO Persons(Id, Name, Age)

VALUES (1,'Robert', 28), (2, 'Joseph', 35), (3, 'Peter', 40);

MySQL> INSERT INTO Persons(Id, Name, Age) VALUES (1,'Robert', 15);

Output

In the below output, we can see that the first INSERT query executes successfully, but the second
statement fails and gives an error that says: CHECK constraint is violated for key Age.

PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT

CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Name varchar(45) NO
T NULL, Age int, City varchar(25));
INSERT INTO Persons(Id, Name, Age, City) VALUES (1,'Robert', 15, 'Florida') ,
(2, 'Joseph', 35, 'California'), (3, 'Peter', 40, 'Alaska');
INSERT INTO Persons(Id, Name, Age, City) VALUES (1,'Stephen', 15, 'Florida');

~ 10 ~
Output

RESULT

Thus, the queries were executed successfully.

~ 11 ~
EX.NO:2
FOREIGN KEY AND REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT

DATE:

AIM

To create a set of tables and add foreign key and referential integrity constraints.

PROCEDURE

Step 1:Start

Step 2:Create Table Department and Employee with necessary attributes.

Step 3:Add Foreign Key constraints in department table by altering it.

Step 4:Check referential integrity constraints by perform any operation.

Step 5: Stop

DEPARTMENT

CREATE TABLE Department(

Id INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name NVARCHAR(50));
-- Insert some test data in Department Table
Insert into Department values (10, 'IT');
Insert into Department values (20, 'HR');
Insert into Department values (30, 'INFRA');

EMPLOYEES

CREATE TABLE Employees(Id INT PRIMARY KEY,Name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

DepartmentID INT);

-- Adding the Foreign Key Constraint

ALTER TABLE Employees ADD FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentId) REFERENCES
Department(Id);

-- Insert some test data in Employees Table

INSERT into Employees VALUES (101, 'Anurag', 10);
INSERT into Employees VALUES (102, 'Pranaya', 20);
INSERT into Employees VALUES (103, 'Hina', 30);

Delete from Parent Table

DELETE FROM Department WHERE Id = 10;

~ 12 ~
OUTPUT

SQL> DELETE from Department where Id=10;

ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constrai

nt fails (`db2`.`employees`, CONSTRAINT `employees_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`Departm

entID`) REFERENCES `department` (`Id`))

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

~ 13 ~
 EX.NO: 3 QUERIES WITH WHERE CLAUSE AND AGGREATE FUNCTIONS.

DATE :

AIM

To write queries using WHERE clause and Aggregate Functions.

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Start

Step 2: Write queries using different WHERE Clause

Step 3:Write queries for Aggregate functions like count,avg,min,max

Step 4:stop

MySQL WHERE Clause

Syntax:

Select * from Tablename WHERE conditions;

MySQL WHERE Clause with AND condition

SELECT * FROM officers WHERE address = 'Lucknow' AND officer_id < 5;

~ 14 ~
WHERE Clause with OR condition

SELECT * FROM officers WHERE address = 'Lucknow' OR address = 'Mau';

MySQL WHERE Clause with combination of AND & OR conditions

SELECT * FROM officers WHERE (address = 'Mau' AND officer_name = 'Ajeet')

OR (officer_id < 5);

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

Consider a table named "employees" that contains the following data.

MySQL> SELECT COUNT(emp_name) FROM employees;

~ 15 ~
Output:

MySQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees WHERE emp_age>32;

Output:

Consider our database has a table named employees, having the following data. Now, we are going
to understand this function with various examples:

MySQL> SELECT SUM(working_hours) AS "Total working hours" FROM employees;

Output:

~ 16 ~
MySQL avg() function example

Consider our database has a table named employees, having the following data. Now, we are going
to understand this function with various examples:

MySQL> SELECT AVG(working_hours) Avg_working_hours FROM employees;

Output:

We will get the result as below:

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

~ 17 ~
 EX.NO:4 SIMPLE JOIN AND SUB QUERIES

DATE :

AIM:

To execute and verify the SQL commands for Simple JOIN and sub queries.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table
STEP 4: Execute Commands for JOIN operation and extract information from the table.
STEP 5: Execute Commands for Sub queries operation.
STEP 6: Stop

MYSQL INNER JOIN (SIMPLE JOIN)

Consider two tables "officers" and "students", having the following data.

SQL> SELECT officers.officer_name, officers.address, students.course_name

FROM officers INNER JOIN students ON officers.officer_id = students.student_id;

Output

~ 18 ~
MYSQL SUBQUERY

SQL>SELECT emp_name, city, income FROM employees WHERE emp_id IN (SELECT e

mp_id FROM employees);

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

~ 19 ~
 EX.NO :5 NATURAL JOIN,EQUI JOIN AND OUTER JOIN

DATE :

AIM

To write a query to perform natural join ,equi join and outer join.

PROCEDURE

Step 1: Start

Step 2:Create table with necessary attributes .

Step 3: Perform natural join,equi join and outer join operations with queries

Step 4: Stop

Syntax:
SELECT [column_names | *] FROM table_name1 NATURAL JOIN table_name2;

/* -- Table name: customer -*/

CREATE TABLE customer ( id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
customer_name VARCHAR(55), account int, email VARCHAR(55) );

/* -- Table name: balance -*/

CREATE TABLE balance ( id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
account int, balance FLOAT(10, 2) );

/* -- Data for customer table -*/

INSERT INTO customer(customer_name, account, email) VALUES('Stephen', 1030, 'stephen
@javatpoint.com'), ('Jenifer', 2035, '[email protected]'), ('Mathew', 5564, 'mathew@java
tpoint.com'), ('Smith', 4534, '[email protected]'), ('David', 7648, '[email protected]');

/* -- Data for balance table -*/

INSERT INTO balance(account, balance)
VALUES(1030, 50000.00), (2035, 230000.00), (5564, 125000.00), (4534, 80000.00),
(7648, 45000.00);

NATURAL JOIN:

MySQL> SELECT cust. customer_name, bal.balance FROM customer AS cust NATURAL

JOIN balance AS bal;

~ 20 ~
MYSQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN

Syntax:

SELECT columns FROM table1 RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.co
lumn;

Consider two tables "officers" and "students", having the following data.

MySQL>SELECT officers.officer_name, officers.address, students.course_name,

students.student_name FROM officers RIGHT JOIN students ON officers.officer_id =
students.student_id;
Output

~ 21 ~
EQUI JOIN

SELECT column_name (s) FROM table_name1, table_name2, ..... , table_name

WHERE table_name1.column_name = table_name2.column_name;

Consider two tables named customer and balance

MySQL> SELECT cust. customer_name, bal.balance FROM customer AS cust, balance AS bal
WHERE cust.account = bal.account_num;

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

~ 22 ~
 STORED PROCEDURE
EX.NO:6
DATE :

AIM :
To write a SQL block to display the student name, marks whose average mark is above
60%.

ALGORITHM

STEP 1:Start

STEP 2:Create a table with table name stud_exam

STEP 3:Insert the values into the table and Calculate total and average of each student

STEP 4: Execute the procedure function the student who get above 60%.

STEP 5: Display the total and average of student

STEP 6: End

SETTING SERVEROUTPUT ON:

SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON

PROGRAM:

PROCEDURE USING POSITIONAL PARAMETERS:

SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE PROC1 AS
2 BEGIN
3 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hello from procedure...');
4 END;
5/

Output

Procedure created.

SQL> EXECUTE PROC1

Hello from procedure...

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> create table student(regno number(4),name varchar2)20),mark1 number(3), mark2

number(3), mark3 number(3), mark4 number(3), mark5 number(3));

Table created
SQL> insert into student values (101,'priya', 78, 88,77,60,89);

~ 23 ~
1 row created.

~ 24 ~
SQL> insert into student values (102,'surya', 99,77,69,81,99);

1 row created.
SQL> insert into student values (103,'suryapriya', 100,90,97,89,91);

1 row created.
SQL> select * from student;

regno name mark1 mark2 mark3 mark4 mark5

101 priya 78 88 77 60 89
102 surya 99 77 69 81 99
103 suryapriya 100 90 97 89 91

SQL> declare
2 ave number(5,2);
3 tot number(3);
4 cursor c_mark is select*from student where mark1>=40 and mark2>=40 and
5 mark3>=40 and mark4>=40 and mark5>=40;
6 begin
7 dbms_output.put_line('regno name mark1 mark2 mark3 mark4 mark4 mark5 total
8 average');
9 dbms_output.put_line(' ');
10 for student in c_mark
11 loop
12 tot:=student.mark1+student.mark2+student.mark3+student.mark4+student.mark5;
13 ave:=tot/5;
14 dbms_output.put_line(student.regno||rpad(student.name,15)
15 ||rpad(student.mark1,6)||rpad(student.mark2,6)||rpad(student.mark3,6)
16 ||rpad(student.mark4,6)||rpad(student.mark5,6)||rpad(tot,8)||rpad(ave,5));
17 end loop;
18 end;
19 /

OUTPUT

regno name mark1 mark2 mark3 mark4 mark5 total average

101 priya 78 88 77 60 89 393 79

102 surya 99 77 69 81 99 425 85
103 suryapriya 100 90 97 89 91 467 93

RESULT

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

~ 25 ~
 EX NO: 6b FUNCTIONS

DATE :

AIM

To write a Functional procedure to search an address from the given database.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Create the table with essential attributes.

STEP 3: Initialize the Function to carryout the searching procedure..

STEP 4: Frame the searching procedure for both positive and negative searching.

STEP 5: Execute the Function for both positive and negative result .

STEP 6: Stop

SQL> create table phonebook (phone_no number (6) primary key,username

varchar2(30),doorno varchar2(10),
street varchar2(30),place varchar2(30),pincode char(6));

Table created.

SQL> insert into phonebook values(20312,'vijay','120/5D','bharathi street','NGO

colony','629002');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into phonebook values(29467,'vasanth','39D4','RK bhavan','sarakkal

vilai','629002');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from phonebook;

PHONE_NO USERNAME DOORNO STREET PLACE PINCODE

20312 vijay 120/5D bharathi street NGO colony 629002

29467 vasanth 39D4 RK bhavan sarakkal vilai 629002

SQL> create or replace function findAddress(phone in number) return varchar2 as

address varchar2(100);

begin
select username||','||doorno ||','||street ||','||place||','||pincode into address from phonebook
where phone_no=phone;
return address;
exception
when no_data_found then return 'address not found';
end;
/
Function created.

~ 26 ~
SQL>declare
2 address varchar2(100);
3 begin
4 address:=findaddress(20312);
5 dbms_output.put_line(address);
6 end;
7/

OUTPUT

Vijay,120/5D,bharathi street,NGO colony,629002

RESULT

Thus the PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

~ 27 ~
 EX.NO:7 DCL AND TCL COMMANDS
DATE :

AIM

To write a query to perform DCL and TCL commands.

PROCEDURE

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Create table with necessary attributes.

Step 3: Perform DCL query like GRANT and REVOKE

Step 4: Perform TCL like SAVEPOINT,ROLLBACK and COMMIT.

Step 5: Stop.

DCL COMMANDS

GRANT

GRANT privilege_name ON object_name TO {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name}

[WITH GRANT OPTION];

MySQL> GRANT SELECT ON employee TO

user1;Command Successfully Completed

REVOKE

REVOKE privilege_name ON object_name FROM {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name}

MySQL> REVOKE SELECT ON employee FROM

user1;Command Successfully Completed

TCL(TRNSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

SQL> SAVEPOINT S1;

Savepoint created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(105,'PARTHASAR','STUDENT',100);

1 row created.

~ 28 ~
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

105 PARTHASAR STUDENT 100

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000
102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

ROLL BACK

SQL> ROLL BACK S1;

Rollback complete.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

COMMIT

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

~ 29 ~
 EX.NO:8 CREATION OF DATABASE TRIGGERS
DATE :

AIM
To create database triggers using PL/SQL code

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Creates a trigger for insertion of each row.

STEP 2: Declare a cursor which contains the roll number field
STEP 3: Before insertion check of the roll number already exists in the table
STEP 4: If it exists raise an application error and display “roll no exists”.
STEP 5: Else perform insertion

SYNTAX
create or replace trigger trigger name [before/after] {DML
statements} on [table name] [for each row/statement] begin

exception
end;

PROGRAM
SQL>create table poo(rno number(5),name varchar2(10));Table created.
SQL>insert into poo values (01.‟kala‟);
1 row created.
SQL>select * from poo;

RNO NAME
------ ----------
1 kala
2 priya

SQL>create or replace trigger pool before insert on poo for each row
2 declare
3 rno poo.rno%type
4 cursor c is select rno from poo;
5 begin
6 open c;
7 loop;
8 fetch c into rno;
9 if:new.rno=rno then
10 raise_application_error(-20005,‟rno already exist‟);
11 end if;
12 exit when c%NOTFOUND
13 end loop;
14 close c;
15 end;
16 /
Trigger created.

~ 30 ~
OUTPUT
SQL>insert into poo values(01,‟kala‟)
Insert into poo values (01,‟kala‟)
*
ERROR at line1:
ORA-20005:rno already exist
ORA-06512:”SECONDCSEA.POOL”,line 9
ORA-04088:error during execution at trigger “SECONDCSEA.POOL”

RESULT
Thus the PL/SQL blocks are developed for triggers and the results are verified.

~ 31 ~
 EX.NO:9 VIEWS AND INDEX

DATE :

AIM
To execute and verify the SQL commands for Views and Indexes.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.

STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.

STEP 4: Create the view from the above created table.

STEP 5: Execute different Commands and extract information from the View.

STEP 6: Stop

CREATION OF TABLE

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE ( EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(10),

EMPLOYEE_NONUMBER(8), DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10),DEPT_NO NUMBER
(5),DATE_OF_JOIN DATE);

Table created.

TABLE DESCRIPTION
SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;

NAME NULL? TYPE

EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
EMPLOYEE_NO NUMBER(8)
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO NUMBER(5)
DATE_OF_JOIN DATE

CREATION OF VIEW
SQL> CREATE VIEW EMPVIEW AS SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME,EMPLOYEE_NO,
DEPT_NAME,DEPT_NO,DATE_OF_JOIN FROMEMPLOYEE;
view created.

DESCRIPTION OF VIEW

SQL> DESC EMPVIEW;

NAME NULL? TYPE

EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
EMPLOYEE_NO NUMBER(8)
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO NUMBER(5)

~ 32 ~
DISPLAY VIEW

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

RAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67

INSERTION INTO VIEW

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPVIEW VALUES ('SRI', 120,'CSE', 67,'16-NOV-1981');

1 ROW CREATED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO
RAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67
SRI 120 CSE 67

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO DATE_OF_J

RAVI 124 ECE 89 15-JUN-05
VIJAY 345 CSE 21 21-JUN-06
RAJ 98 IT 22 30-SEP-06
GIRI 100 CSE 67 14-NOV-81
SRI 120 CSE 67 16-NOV-81

DELETION OF VIEW

DELETE STATEMENT
SQL> DELETE FROM EMPVIEW WHERE EMPLOYEE_NAME='SRI';

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

RAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67

UPDATE STATEMENT:

SQL> UPDATE EMPKAVIVIEW SET EMPLOYEE_NAME='KAVI' WHERE

EMPLOYEE_NAME='RAVI';

1 ROW UPDATED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPKAVIVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

KAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67

~ 33 ~
DROP A VIEW:

SQL>DROP VIEW EMPVIEW;

VIEW DROPED

CREATE INDEX
MySQL> CREATE DATABASE
indexes;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01
sec)

USE indexes;

Database changed

MySQL>CREATE TABLE

employees (employee_id int,

first_name varchar(50),

last_name varchar(50),

device_serial varchar(15), salary int );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

INSERT INTO employees VALUES

(1, 'John', 'Smith', 'ABC123', 60000), (2, 'Jane', 'Doe', 'DEF456', 65000),

(3, 'Bob', 'Johnson', 'GHI789', 70000), (4, 'Sally', 'Fields', 'JKL012', 75000),

(5, 'Michael', 'Smith', 'MNO345', 80000), (6, 'Emily', 'Jones', 'PQR678', 85000),

(7, 'David', 'Williams', 'STU901', 90000), (8, 'Sarah', 'Johnson', 'VWX234', 95000),

(9, 'James', 'Brown', 'YZA567', 100000);

Query OK, 9 rows affected (0.010 sec)

Records: 9 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

MySQL>CREATE INDEX salary ON employees(salary);

Mqsql>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary = 100000;

+ + + + + + + + + + +

| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered
| 1 | SIMPLE | employees | NULL | ref | salary | salary | 5 | const | 1 | 100.00 |
+ + + + + + + + + + +

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

RESULT

Thus views and indexes created successfull

~ 34 ~
 EX.NO:10 XML DATABASE CREATION AND VALIDATION
DATE :

Aim

To create a XML database file and Validate the Schema

Algorithm

Step 1: Start

Step 2:Open MySQL command

prompt(version.5.5) Step 3:Create new database as

bookstore and use it.

Step 4:Create XML Schema for data values and load values

Step 5:Validate XML using ExtractValue function.

Step 6:Stop

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE person (

person_id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

fname VARCHAR(40) NULL,

lname VARCHAR(40) NULL,

created TIMESTAMP

);

XML FILE PERSON.XML

<list>
<personperson_id="1"fname="Kapek"lname="Sainnouine"/>
<personperson_id="2"fname="Sajon"lname="Rondela"/>
<personperson_id="3"><fname>Likame</fname><lname>Örrtmons</lname></person>
<personperson_id="4"><fname>Slar</fname><lname>Manlanth</lname></person>
<person><fieldname="person_id">5</field><fieldname="fname">Stoma</field>
<fieldname="lname">Milu</field></person>
<person><fieldname="person_id">6</field><fieldname="fname">Nirtam</field>
<fieldname="lname">Sklöd</field></person>
<personperson_id="7"><fname>Sungam</fname><lname>Dulbåd</lname></person>
<personperson_id="8"fname="Sraref"lname="Encmelt"/>
</list>

INSERT VALUES USING LOADXMLDATAFILE

LOAD XML LOCAL INFILE 'c:/db/person.xml' //this is ths location of the xml data file

INTO TABLE person

ROWS IDENTIFIED BY '<person>';

~ 35 ~
OUTPUT

MySQL>Select * from person;

VALIDATE XML USING EXTRACTVALUE FUNCTION

MySQL> SELECT

ExtractValue('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

Result

Thus the XML Database is created and Validated

~ 36 ~
 EX.NO:11
CREATING DOCUMENT, COLUMNS & GRAPH USING NOSQL
DATE :

Aim

To Create Document,column and Graph using NOSQL Tools.

Algorithm

Step 1:Start

Step 2:Create Database in MongoDB

Step 3:Create Collection and Document in MongoDB

Step 4:Display all document

Step 5:Stop

Create database in mongodb

>Install Mongodb shell

>Connect with localhost

>Connection string:

mongodb://localhost:27017

output:

~ 37 ~
Create collection in mongodb

use <database_name> command

OUTPUT:

Create document in mongodb

mydbnew>db.details.insertOne({"website":"mywebsite"})
Output:

Display all documents

Db.details.find()

~ 38 ~
 Output

CREATING CHART USING SAMPLE DATA

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Log into MongoDB Atlas.

To access the MongoDB Charts application, you must be logged into Atlas

Step 2: Select your desired Atlas project, or create a new project.

If you have an Atlas Project with clusters containing data you wish to visualize,

Step 3: Select the project from the Context dropdown in the left navigation pane.

Step 4: Create an Atlas cluster. The MongoDB Charts application makes it easy to connect

Collections in your cluster asdata sources. Data sources reference specific collections and

charts views that you can access in the Chart Builder to visualize the data in those collections

or charts views.

Step 5: Launch the MongoDB Charts application. In Atlas, click Charts in the navigation bar.

Step 6: Choose data from clusters

~ 39 ~
OUTPUT

Result

Thus the Document and Graph is created.

~ 40 ~
 EX.NO:12
DATE : SIMPLE GUI APPLICATION USING DATABASE

Aim

To develop a program in python to implement the GUI based application

Algorithm

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Import necessary files to perform database operations

Step 3:Design Login Screen with User Name and Password fields.

Step 4: Check with appropriate conditions to login.

Step 5: Stop

PROGRAM
import tkinter as tk
import
MySQL.connectorfrom
tkinter import *
def submitact():
user = Username.get()
passw = password.get()

print(f"The name entered by you is {user} {passw}")

logintodb(user, passw)

def logintodb(user, passw):

# If password is enetered by the

# user
if passw:
db = MySQL.connector.connect(host ="localhost",
user = user,
password = passw,
db ="College")
cursor = db.cursor()

# If no password is enetered by the

# user
else:
db = MySQL.connector.connect(host ="localhost",
user = user,
db ="College")
cursor = db.cursor()

# A Table in the database

savequery = "select * from STUDENT"

try:
cursor.execute(savequery)
myresult = cursor.fetchall()

~ 41 ~
 # Printing the result of the
# query
for x in myresult:
print(x)
print("Query Executed successfully")
except:
db.rollback()
print("Error occurred")
root = tk.Tk()
root.geometry("300x300")
root.title("DBMS Login Page")

# Defining the first row

lblfrstrow = tk.Label(root, text ="Username -", )
lblfrstrow.place(x = 50, y = 20)

Username = tk.Entry(root, width = 35)

Username.place(x = 150, y = 20, width = 100)

lblsecrow = tk.Label(root, text ="Password -")

lblsecrow.place(x = 50, y = 50)

password = tk.Entry(root, width = 35)

password.place(x = 150, y = 50, width = 100)

submitbtn = tk.Button(root, text ="Login",

bg ='blue', command = submitact)
submitbtn.place(x = 150, y = 135, width = 55)

root.mainloop()

Output:

Result

Thus the GUI application program executed successfully.

~ 42 ~
 EX.NO:13 CASE STUDY USING REALTIME DATABASE APPLICATIONS

DATE :

ER diagram of Bank Management System

ER diagram is known as Entity-Relationship diagram. It is used to analyze to structure of the
Database. It shows relationships between entities and their attributes. An ER model provides a
means of communication.

ER diagram of Bank has the following description:

 Banks are identified by a name, code, address of main office.

 Bank have Customer

 Banks have branches.

 Branches are identified by a branch_no., branch_name, address.

 Customers are identified by name, cust-id, phone number, address.

 Customer can have one or more accounts.

 Accounts are identified by account_no., acc_type, balance.

 Customer can avail loans.

 Loans are identified by loan_id, loan_type and amount.

 Account and loans are related to bank’s branch.

Entities and their Attributes are:

 Bank Entity: Attributes of Bank Entity are Bank Name, Code and Address.

Code is Primary Key for Bank Entity.

 Customer Entity: Attributes of Customer Entity are Customer_id, Name, Phone Number

and Address.
Customer_id is Primary Key for Customer Entity.
 Branch Entity : Attributes of Branch Entity are Branch_id, Name and Address.

Branch_id is Primary Key for Branch Entity.

 Account Entity: Attributes of Account Entity are Account_number, Account_Type and

Balance.
Account_number is Primary Key for Account Entity.
 Loan Entity: Attributes of Loan Entity are Loan_id, Loan_Type and Amount.

Loan_id is Primary Key for Loan Entity.

This bank ER diagram illustrates key information about bank, including entities such as
branches, customers, accounts, and loans. It allows us to understand the relationships between
entities.

~ 43 ~
ER Diagram of Bank Management System :

Relationships are:

 Bank has Branches => 1 : N

One Bank can have many Branches but one Branch can not belong to many Banks, so
the relationship between Bank and Branch is one to many relationship.

 Branch maintain Accounts => 1 : N

One Branch can have many Accounts but one Account can not belong to many
Branches, so the relationship between Branch and Account is one to many
relationship.

 Branch offer Loans => 1 : N

One Branch can have many Loans but one Loan can not belong to many Branches, so
the relationship between Branch and Loan is one to many relationship.

 Account held by Customers => M : N

One Customer can have more than one Accounts and also One Account can be held by
one or more Customers, so the relationship between Account and Customers is many
to many relationship.

~ 44 ~
  Loan availed by Customer => M : N
(Assume loan can be jointly held by many Customers).
One Customer can have more than one Loans and also One Loan can be availed by one
or more Customers, so the relationship between Loan and Customers is many to many
relationship.

NORMALIZATION PROCESS
Database normalization is a stepwise formal process that allows us to decompose
database tables in such a way that both data dependency and update anomalies are minimized. It
makes use of functional dependency that exists in the table and primary key or candidate key in
analyzing the tables. Normal forms were initially proposed called First Normal Form
(INF), Second Normal Form (2NF), and Third Normal Form (3NF). Subsequently, R, Boyce, and
E. F. Codd introduced a stronger definition of 3NF called Boyce-Codd Normal Form. With the
exception of 1NF, all these normal forms are based on functional dependency among the attributes
of a table. Higher normal forms that go beyond BCNF were introduced later such as Fourth Normal
Form (4NF) and Fifth Normal Form (5NF). However, these later normal forms deal with situations
that are very rare.

~ 45 ~
TRIGGERS

CREATE TRIGGER update_account AFTER INSERTON transactionsBEGIN

UPDATE accounts a SETa.balance=
(CASE WHEN new.withdrawal=1 THEN a.balance-new.amount ELSE
a.balance+new.amountEND) WHERE a.id = new.accountID;
END;
pseudocode, Represents

 If the transaction is a deposit, add the money

 If the transaction is a withdrawal, check if it is discretionary
 If it is discretionary, remove from the balance and the allowance remaining
 If it is not, remove only from the balance.

ACID properties in DBMS

To ensure the integrity and consistency of data during a transaction (A transaction is a unit of
program that updates various data items, read more about it here), the database system
maintains four properties. These properties are widely known as ACID properties.

Atomicity

This property ensures that either all the operations of a transaction reflect in database or none.
The logic here is simple, transaction is a single unit, it can’t execute partially. Either it executes
completely or it doesn’t, there shouldn’t be a partial execution.

Let’s take an example of banking system to understand this:

Suppose Account A has a balance of 400$ & B has 700$. Account A is transferring 100$ to
Account B.

This is a transaction that has two operations

a) Debiting 100$ from A’s balance
b) Creating 100$ to B’s balance.

Let’s say first operation passed successfully while second failed, in this case A’s balance would
be 300$ while B would be having 700$ instead of 800$. This is unacceptable in a banking system.
Either the transaction should fail without executing any of the operation or it should process both
the operations. The Atomicity property ensures that.

There are two key operations are involved in a transaction to maintain the atomicity of the
transaction.

Abort: If there is a failure in the transaction, abort the execution and rollback the changes made
by the transaction.

Commit: If transaction executes successfully, commit the changes to the database.

Consistency

Database must be in consistent state before and after the execution of the transaction. This
ensures that there are no errors in the database at any point of time. Application programmer is
responsible for maintaining the consistency of the database.

Example:
A transferring 1000 dollars to B. A’s initial balance is 2000 and B’s initial balance is 5000.

~ 46 ~
Before the transaction:
Total of A+B = 2000 + 5000 = 7000$

After the transaction:

Total of A+B = 1000 + 6000 = 7000$

The data is consitendct before and after the execution of the transaction so this example
maintains the consistency property of the database.

Isolation

A transaction shouldn’t interfere with the execution of another transaction. To preserve the
consistency of database, the execution of transaction should take place in isolation (that means no
other transaction should run concurrently when there is a transaction already running).

For example account A is having a balance of 400$ and it is transferring 100$ to account B & C
both. So we have two transactions here. Let’s say these transactions run concurrently and both
the transactions read 400$ balance, in that case the final balance of A would be 300$ instead of
200$. This is wrong.

If the transaction were to run in isolation then the second transaction would have read the correct
balance 300$ (before debiting 100$) once the first transaction went successful.
Durability

Once a transaction completes successfully, the changes it has made into the database should
be permanent even if there is a system failure. The recovery-management component of
database systems ensures the durability of transaction.

STORED PROCEDURE

CREATE PROCEDURE [bank].[GetTransactions]

-- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here
@AccountID int = 0,
@StartDate datetime = 0,
@EndDate datetime = 0
AS
BEGIN
-- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from
-- interfering with SELECT statements.
SET NOCOUNT ON;

-- Insert statements for procedure here

SELECT * from bank.Transactions
WHERE AccountID = @AccountID AND [Date] BETWEEN @StartDate AND @EndDate
END

Second, here's the EXEC statment:

EXEC bank.GetTransactions
@AccountID = 100000,
@StartDate = '4/1/2007',
@EndDate = '4/30/2007'

~ 47 ~
Conclusion:
The case study was analyzed and find out problem statement of banking System, It
is used to analyze to structure of the Database. It shows relationships between entities and their
attributes. An ER model provides a means of communication among the various modules in
banking system with database connectivity was established.

~ 48 ~
Ex.No : CBS1 Case Study Using Real Life Database Applications
Date :

INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM.

AIM:

To develop a Inventory Control System using Oracle as s back end(data base) and Microsoft Visual basic
as a front end.

TABLE CREATION:

TABLE NAME:SUPPLIER

SQL> create table supplier (supno number(10), supname varchar2(20),supdate date, price
number(20),quantity number(10),ITEM_NAME VARCHAR2(20));

Table created.

SQL> insert into supplier values(1,'pit','12-jan-2014',8000,2,'MONITOR');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into supplier values(2,'PEC','6-MAR-2014',4000,1,'KEYBOARD');

1 row created.

TABLE NAME:ITEM

SQL> CREATE TABLE ITEM(ITEMNO NUMBER(10),ITEM_NAME VARCHAR2(10),PRICE

NUMBER(10),QUAT_AVAILABLE NUMBER(10));

Table created.

SQL> INSERT INTO ITEM VALUES(101,'MONITOR',80000,3);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into ITEM VALUES(102,'MOUSE',70000,10);

1 row created.

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

CODING

FORM1:

Private Sub Item_Click()

Form3.Show

End Sub

Private Sub Supplier_Click()

Form2.Show

End Sub

FORM2:

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("supno") = Text1.Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("supname") = Text2.Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("supdate") = Text3.Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("price") = Text4.Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("quantity") = Text5.Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("item_name") = Text6Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
MsgBox "Data Added"
End Sub
Private Sub Command10_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Delete
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub
Private Sub Command4_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Command5_Click()
If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = False Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext
Else
MsgBox "END OF FILE!", vbOKOnly, "Warning"
End If

End Sub
Private Sub Command6_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.MoveFirst
End Sub
Private Sub Command7_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveLast
End Sub
Private Sub Command8_Click()
If Adodc1.Recordset.BOF = False Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
Else
MsgBox "BEGIN OF FILE!!", vbOKOnly, "Warning"
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Command9_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
FORM3:
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("itemno") = Text1.Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("item_name") = Text2.Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("price") = Text4.Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Fields("quat_available") = Text5.Text
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
MsgBox "Data Added"
End Sub
Private Sub Command10_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Delete
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub
Private Sub Command4_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub

Private Sub Command5_Click()

If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = False Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext
Else
MsgBox "END OF FILE!", vbOKOnly, "Warning"
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Command6_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveFirst
End Sub
Private Sub Command7_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveLast
End Sub
Private Sub Command8_Click()
If Adodc1.Recordset.BOF = False Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
Else
MsgBox "BEGIN OF FILE!!", vbOKOnly, "Warning"
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Command9_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
SCREEN SHOTS:

HOME PAGE
SUPPLIER FORM

ITEM FORM

RESULT:
Thus the Inventory Control System Mini project has been implemented and executed successfully.
Ex.No : CBS2 Database Programming for Implicit and Explicit Cursor
Date:

Aim :
To develop a database application for Implicit and Explicit Cursor.

Table Creation :
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25),
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

Table Created

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500.00 );
Select * from customers;

+ + + + + +
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+ + + + + +
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
+ + + + + +
PL/SQL Implicit Cursor

Create procedure:

DECLARE
total_rows number(2);
BEGIN
UPDATE customers
SET salary = salary + 5000;
IF sql%notfound THEN
dbms_output.put_line('no customers updated');
ELSIF sql%found THEN
total_rows := sql%rowcount;
dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' customers updated ');
END IF;
END;
/
6 customers updated
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

select * from customers;

+ + + + + +
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+ + + + + +
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 7000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 6500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 7000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 11500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 13500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 9500.00 |
+ + + + + +

PL/SQL Explicit Cursors

Create procedure:

DECLARE

c_id customers.id%type;

c_name customers.name%type;

c_addr customers.address%type;

CURSOR c_customers is

SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;

BEGIN

OPEN c_customers;

LOOP
 FETCH c_customers into c_id, c_name, c_addr;

EXIT WHEN c_customers%notfound;

dbms_output.put_line(c_id || ' ' || c_name || ' ' || c_addr);

END LOOP;

CLOSE c_customers;

END;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

1 | Ramesh| Ahmedabad
2 | Khilan| Delhi
3 | kaushik| Kota
4 | Chaitali| Mumbai
5 | Hardik| Bhopal
6 | Komal| MP

Result :
Thus the database program is developed for implicit and explicit cursor and executed successfully.