CHAPTER no 2

Qno.1): What is diversity? Explain Exploiting multipath diversity and

transmit diversity?
Diversity in wireless communication refers to the technique of exploiting
different versions of the same signal, which are transmitted or received via
multiple paths, to improve the reliability of the communication link. The goal
of diversity is to combat the effects of fading (signal degradation due to
obstacles, interference, or atmospheric conditions), which is a major problem
in wireless channels. By using diversity, the system can select the strongest
version of the signal, improving signal quality and reducing the likelihood of
data loss.
There are several types of diversity, but here we'll focus on multipath diversity
and transmit diversity, as they are commonly used in modern communication
systems.
1. Exploiting Multipath Diversity:
Multipath occurs when a transmitted signal reflects off surfaces (e.g.,
buildings, trees, or other obstacles) and arrives at the receiver via multiple
paths. These paths can have different lengths, causing the signal to arrive at
slightly different times.
Multipath diversity exploits the fact that these different paths will experience
different fading conditions due to the environment (e.g., obstacles, weather
conditions). Some of the paths may suffer from deep fading, while others may
have a stronger signal. The idea is to receive multiple versions of the signal,
and by combining them, the receiver can improve the chances of getting a
reliable signal.
How It Works: In a multipath environment, signals from the same transmitter
arrive at the receiver through different paths. These signals might have
different phases, frequencies, or power levels.
The receiver can combine these signals (using techniques like maximal ratio
combining (MRC) or equal gain combining (EGC)) to improve the overall signal
quality. This process reduces the effect of fading and interference from one or
more paths.
Example: Consider a wireless system where a signal sent from the transmitter
bounces off various buildings or obstacles. Some of these reflected signals
might arrive at the receiver with less attenuation (fading), while others might
be more attenuated. By combining all these received signals, the receiver
increases the chances of receiving a strong and clean signal.
2. Transmit Diversity:
Transmit diversity is a technique where multiple antennas are used at the
transmitter to send the same information over different paths to the receiver.
The goal is to create multiple, independent signal copies that arrive at the
receiver at different times or through different paths, reducing the likelihood
of simultaneous deep fading on all copies of the signal.
This can be particularly useful when the wireless environment has severe
fading, and the transmitter wants to increase the probability that at least one
signal will be received correctly.
How It Works: In transmit diversity, the transmitter uses multiple antennas to
send the same data over different paths. These antennas are typically spaced
apart to increase the likelihood of creating independent paths with different
fading characteristics.
Common techniques include Alamouti coding (used in 2 transmit antennas)
and Space-Time Block Coding (STBC), which encode the same signal in a way
that it is transmitted from multiple antennas, allowing the receiver to receive
multiple versions of the same signal with different characteristics.
Example: A base station with two antennas could transmit the same signal to a
mobile device using both antennas at the same time. Due to different signal
paths, one signal might encounter more fading, but the other may be stronger,
improving the chances of successful reception at the receiver.
Qno2): What are Space time codes?
Space-Time Codes (STC) are coding techniques used in wireless communication
systems that exploit both space (multiple antennas) and time (signal
transmission over multiple time slots) to improve signal reliability, capacity,
and performance in fading channels. These codes are designed to be used in
multi-antenna systems (such as MIMO systems) and leverage the spatial and
temporal dimensions to provide diversity and reduce the risk of signal
degradation caused by fading, interference, or multipath propagation.
How Space-Time Codes Work: Space-Time Codes take advantage of the spatial
and temporal dimensions to improve the quality and reliability of the
transmitted signal. The idea is to transmit multiple copies of the same signal
(or related signals) using different antennas and time slots.
These codes are particularly useful in MIMO systems, where multiple antennas
are used both at the transmitter and receiver. They exploit the diversity in the
received signals across different spatial paths and different time slots.
Types of Space-Time Codes:
1 ) Space-Time Block Codes (STBC):
Definition: STBCs are a class of codes where the transmitted signal is arranged
in a block structure, where each symbol is transmitted over several time slots
and possibly across multiple antennas.
Key Features:
Simplicity: STBCs are designed to be decoded efficiently, typically using
techniques like maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) or linear decoding.
Diversity: STBCs provide diversity by transmitting the same or related symbols
across multiple antennas and time slots, which helps to mitigate fading.
Example: The Alamouti code is one of the most famous STBCs for 2 transmit
antennas. It is a 2x2 system that uses 2 transmit antennas and 2 time slots to
send 2 symbols with a very simple decoding process at the receiver.
2 ) Alamouti Code (2x2 system):
A simple example of STBC is the Alamouti Code used for 2 transmit antennas:
First time slot (T1): Transmit symbols
S1 and S2 from antennas 1 and 2.
Second time slot (T2): Transmit symbols
−𝑠2*and 𝑠1* from antennas 1 and 2.
The receiver can then combine these two received signals in a way that
maximizes the signal quality using simple decoding.
3) Space-Time Trellis Codes (STTC):
Definition: STTCs are more advanced than STBCs and use a trellis-based
structure to encode the data. These codes provide more coding gain compared
to STBCs but at the cost of increased decoding complexity.
4 ) Space-Time Coding in Higher Dimensions (e.g., 4x4 systems):
More antennas at the transmitter and receiver (e.g., 4 transmit and 4 receive
antennas) lead to larger space-time block codes, which further increase
capacity and reliability by sending more symbols across more time slots and
antennas.
These higher-dimensional codes can exploit even more spatial and temporal
diversity, improving the system’s robustness against fading and interference.
Advantages of Space-Time Codes:
1) Diversity Gain
2) Improved Performance in Fading Channels:
3) Increased Capacity:
4) Simplified Decoding (for certain codes):
Applications of Space-Time Codes:
4G and 5G Networks: STBCs and STTCs are used to enhance the performance
of MIMO systems in advanced wireless standards like LTE and 5G.
Wi-Fi: Space-Time Coding is used in modern Wi-Fi standards like
802.11n/ac/ax, which employ multiple antennas to improve data rates and
reliability.
Satellite Communication: Space-Time Codes are also used in satellite systems
where high reliability is critical, and fading due to atmospheric conditions is a
significant issue.
Qno3): What are the Alamouti scheme?
The Alamouti scheme is a space-time block code (STBC) designed for MIMO
(Multiple Input Multiple Output) communication systems. It was introduced by
Siavash Alamouti in 1998 and is one of the most famous and simplest space-
time coding techniques, especially for 2x2 MIMO systems (two transmit
antennas and one or more receive antennas). The Alamouti scheme provides
diversity gain and improves the reliability of wireless communication by using
two transmit antennas and two time slots.
Alamouti Code for 2x2 MIMO System:
In a 2x2 MIMO system, where there are 2 transmit antennas and 1 or more
receive antennas, the Alamouti scheme encodes two symbols over two time
slots.
Here's how it works:
Encoding:
Let the two data symbols be
𝑠1and 𝑠2 , which need to be transmitted.
At Time Slot 1:
Transmit symbol
𝑠1 from Antenna 1 and 𝑠2 from Antenna 2.
At Time Slot 2:
Transmit
−𝑠2∗ (complex conjugate of 𝑠2 ) from Antenna 1 and 𝑠1∗(complex conjugate of
𝑠1 ) from Antenna 2.
The space-time block code matrix for the Alamouti scheme is:
[
s
1
𝑠
2
−
𝑠
2
∗
𝑠
1
∗
]

[
s
1

−s
2∗
s
2
s
1
∗ ]
Where: 𝑠1 and 𝑠2 are the data symbols to be transmitted,
The asterisk (∗ ) denotes the complex conjugate of a symbol.
Transmission Scheme:
Time Slot 1:
Antenna 1: Transmits 𝑠1 ,
Antenna 2: Transmits 𝑠2
Time Slot 2:
Antenna 1: Transmits −𝑠2∗ ,
Antenna 2: Transmits 𝑠1∗
This encoding scheme ensures that both transmit antennas send different
versions of the signal over time. The key advantage of this scheme is that if one
of the transmitted signals suffers from deep fading due to the environment
(e.g., blockage or multipath), the other antenna might still have a strong signal,
providing diversity and robustness.
Decoding:
The receiver with one or more antennas can decode the transmitted symbols
by combining the received signals. The Alamouti scheme uses a technique
called Maximum Likelihood Detection (MLD) or Linear Detection to combine
the received signals and extract the transmitted symbols
𝑠1and s 2
In a system with one receive antenna, the receiver simply combines the signals
received during the two time slots using a simple algorithm.
If there are multiple receive antennas, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) or
other combining techniques can be applied to further enhance performance.
Advantages of the Alamouti Scheme:
1) Diversity Gain:
2) Simple Encoding/Decoding:
3) No Channel State Information at the Transmitter:
4) Improved Link Reliability:
5) Robustness in Fading Channels:
Applications of Alamouti Scheme:
1) LTE (4G) and 5G
2) Wi-Fi (802.11n/ac/ax)
3) Wireless Communication in Challenging Environments
Qno4): What is delay diversity?
Delay Diversity is a technique used in wireless communication to improve the
reliability of a signal by exploiting delays in the propagation of the transmitted
signal through multiple paths in the wireless channel. This technique is
particularly useful in environments where multipath propagation (multiple
signal paths due to reflections, diffraction, etc.) is present.
In simple terms, delay diversity takes advantage of the fact that different
copies of a transmitted signal may arrive at the receiver at different times due
to multipath propagation. By strategically exploiting these time delays, delay
diversity can mitigate the effects of fading (signal degradation) and improve
the overall reliability of the communication system.
How Delay Diversity Works:
Transmission of delayed signals:
A transmitter can send the same signal at different time instances, effectively
creating multiple copies of the signal that are separated by delays. These
copies can arrive at the receiver at different times due to the different path
lengths or propagation conditions.
Combining Received Signals:
At the receiver, the signals received at different time slots (with different
delays) can be combined using techniques such as Maximum Ratio Combining
(MRC) or Equal Gain Combining (EGC) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) and enhance reliability.
Time Diversity:
By transmitting the same information at different time instants, the receiver
can take advantage of time diversity, meaning that the signals will undergo
different fading conditions at each time, improving the overall reception
probability.
Types of Delay Diversity:
1) Transmit Delay Diversity:
In this case, the transmitter sends the same signal at multiple time instances
with controlled delays. The goal is to create copies of the signal that will arrive
at the receiver at different times, improving the chances that at least one
signal is not affected by fading.
2) Receive Delay Diversity:
Here, the receiver uses multiple antennas to receive signals at different time
instants. These signals may be delayed due to multipath propagation. The
receiver can then combine these delayed signals for improved detection and
error correction.
3) Hybrid Delay Diversity: A combination of both transmit and receive delay
diversity can be used. For example, the transmitter sends delayed versions of
the signal, and the receiver uses multiple antennas to capture different time-
delayed versions of the signal, allowing for both spatial and temporal diversity.
Advantages of Delay Diversity:
1) Increased Reliability
2) Enhanced Signal Quality
3) Simple Implementation:
4) Improved Performance in Fading Environments
Applications of Delay Diversity:
1) MIMO Systems
2) 4G and 5G Networks
3) Wi-Fi
Qno5): What is cyclic delay diversity ?
Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) is a technique used to exploit the spatial and
temporal diversity in wireless communication systems, specifically designed to
improve the performance of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems.
CDD is a form of delay diversity that introduces a cyclic shift in the transmitted
signal across multiple antennas, creating diversity in both time and space. This
helps to mitigate the effects of fading and interference, particularly in
environments with multipath propagation, such as urban areas with buildings
and obstacles.
How Cyclic Delay Diversity Works:
In a MIMO system, where multiple antennas are used at both the transmitter
and receiver, CDD works by introducing a cyclic shift to the signals transmitted
from the antennas.
Step-by-Step Process:
Transmission from Multiple Antennas:
Suppose we have two transmit antennas. The transmitter sends the same
signal (or a similar signal) on both antennas. However, the signal sent from
each antenna is delayed by different cyclic amounts. This introduces time
diversity by shifting the signal in time at each antenna.
Cyclic Delay on Each Antenna:
Let’s say that the signal
x(t) is transmitted from Antenna 1 without any delay. The signal transmitted
from Antenna 2 will be a cyclically delayed version of
x(t) by a delay of τ, i.e., the signal transmitted from Antenna 2 is x(t−τ).
If there are more than two antennas, similar cyclic delays can be applied to
each antenna to create more diversity. For example, Antenna 3 might transmit
x(t−2τ), and so on.
Signal Reception: At the receiver, the signals from each antenna will arrive
with different delays, depending on the cyclic shift introduced at the
transmitter. The receiver can then combine these different signals using
techniques like Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) or Equal Gain Combining
(EGC) to improve the overall received signal quality.
Diversity Gain:
Because the signals arrive at different times and experience different fading
conditions, the receiver can take advantage of time diversity and spatial
diversity. This makes the system more robust to fading, interference, and other
impairments in the wireless channel.
Example of Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD):
Let’s consider a 2x2 MIMO system with two transmit antennas and one
receiver antenna.
Antenna 1: Transmits signal x(t) (no cyclic shift).
Antenna 2: Transmits signal x(t−τ) (cyclically delayed version of x(t)).
After transmission, the signals from both antennas will be received by the
receiver at different times due to the cyclic delay
τ. The receiver combines these two received signals, which helps to improve
the chances that at least one of the signals is received without severe fading.

Advantages of Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD):

1) Improved Link Reliability
2) No Need for Channel State Information (CSI)
3) Simplicity and Low Complexity:
4) Increased Capacity and Throughput:
Applications of Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD):
1) 4G LTE and 5G Systems
2 (Wi-Fi (802.11n/ac/ax)
3) Broadcasting and Cellular Networks
Qno6): What are space - frequency codes?
Space-Frequency Codes (SFC) are a class of coding techniques used in wireless
communication systems, particularly in MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
systems, to exploit both spatial diversity (through multiple antennas) and
frequency diversity (through the use of different subcarriers in frequency).
These codes are specifically designed to combat the challenges posed by
frequency-selective fading and interference in wireless channels.
Space-frequency codes aim to improve the reliability and capacity of the
communication system by using both space (multiple antennas) and frequency
(multiple frequency subcarriers) resources. These codes allow the system to
transmit the same or related data over different subcarriers and antenna
elements, thus mitigating the effect of fading and interference over both
dimensions (space and frequency).
How Space-Frequency Codes Work:
Space-frequency codes can be viewed as an extension of space-time block
codes (STBC), which are designed to exploit spatial diversity, but with the
added advantage of exploiting frequency diversity as well. The data symbols
are mapped to both time and frequency, with the symbols spread across
multiple antennas and subcarriers.
Step-by-Step Process:
Transmission:
The data is encoded using space-frequency coding schemes, where each
symbol is assigned to multiple transmit antennas and multiple frequency
subcarriers.
The signals are transmitted over multiple antennas and are spread across
different frequencies, ensuring that each antenna transmits a different copy
(or delayed version) of the data at different frequencies.
Reception:
The receiver has multiple antennas (if it's a MIMO system) and receives the
signals with different delays and fading conditions for each antenna and
frequency subcarrier.
The receiver combines the signals from different antennas and frequency
subcarriers using techniques like Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) or Equal
Gain Combining (EGC) to increase the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and mitigate
the effects of fading.
Decoding:
The receiver decodes the transmitted symbols by processing the combined
signals from the multiple antennas and frequency subcarriers. This leads to
enhanced performance in terms of data reliability, especially in environments
with multipath fading.
Example:
Consider a MIMO system with 2 transmit antennas and 4 frequency
subcarriers. The data is split across the antennas and subcarriers as follows:
Antenna 1: Transmits symbol 𝑠1 on frequency subcarrier 𝑓1 , symbol 𝑠2 on
frequency subcarrier 𝑓2
Antenna 2: Transmits symbol 𝑠1 on frequency subcarrier 𝑓3 , symbol 𝑠2 on
frequency subcarrier 𝑓4
These symbols are sent simultaneously but spread across the two antennas
and four frequency subcarriers, providing diversity in both space (multiple
antennas) and frequency (multiple subcarriers).
At the receiver, the system can combine the received signals from both
antennas and frequency subcarriers to decode the symbols more accurately,
even if certain frequencies or antennas experience fading.
Types of Space-Frequency Codes:
1) Space-Frequency Block Codes (SFBC):
These are the most common type of space-frequency codes. SFBCs use a block
structure to encode the symbols, transmitting them over multiple antennas
and frequency subcarriers.
SFBCs are designed to provide diversity gain and improve reliability by ensuring
that the symbols are spread across both space and frequency.
2) Space-Frequency Trellis Codes:
These are more complex than SFBCs and use a trellis structure to encode the
data. They provide a higher level of error correction and are used in more
advanced systems.
Space-frequency trellis codes offer better performance in terms of error rates,
especially in systems with high SNR.
3) Space-Frequency Turbo Codes:
These codes combine space-frequency techniques with turbo coding to further
improve the error correction capability of the system. Turbo codes are used to
achieve near Shannon limit performance.
4(Orthogonal Space-Frequency Block Codes (OSFBC)
These codes are designed to have an orthogonal structure, making them easier
to decode at the receiver. They provide both space diversity and frequency
diversity, ensuring robust communication in environments with fading.
Advantages of Space-Frequency Codes:
1) Improved Reliability
2) Mitigation of Frequency-Selective Fading
3) Increased Data Rates
4) Low Complexity at Transmitter
5) Robustness to Interference
Applications of Space-Frequency Codes:
1) 4G LTE and 5G Systems
2) Wi-Fi (802.11n/ac/ax)
3) Broadcasting Systems
4) Satellite Communications:
Qno7): What is Receive diversity?
Receive Diversity is a technique used in wireless communication to improve
the reliability and quality of the received signal by employing multiple
antennas at the receiver side. The core idea behind receive diversity is to
exploit the multipath propagation phenomenon, where a transmitted signal
can arrive at the receiver through multiple paths due to reflections,
diffractions, and scattering. By using multiple antennas to receive these
different copies of the signal, the receiver can combine them to improve the
overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and mitigate the impact of fading and
interference.
How Receive Diversity Works:
1) Multiple Antennas at the Receiver:
The receiver is equipped with multiple antennas (for example, a 2x2 or 4x4
MIMO system), each receiving a different version of the transmitted signal.
These antennas are spaced apart, so each antenna may receive the signal
through a different propagation path, with variations in fading.
2) Signal Reception:
Each antenna will receive the signal with different amplitudes, phases, and
fading effects. The signals may arrive at different times due to multipath
propagation.
3) Signal Combination:
The received signals are then combined at the receiver to improve the overall
quality. The most common techniques for combining signals from multiple
antennas are:
4) Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC): The receiver gives more weight to the
signals that have better SNR. This technique maximizes the total SNR by taking
into account the strength and phase of the signals from each antenna.
5) Equal Gain Combining (EGC): The receiver adds the signals from each
antenna with equal weights but without considering the strength or phase.
This method is simpler than MRC but typically offers less performance.
6) Selection Combining: The receiver selects the signal with the highest SNR
and ignores the others.
7) Improved Signal Quality:
By combining the signals, the receiver can improve the signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR), which leads to more accurate demodulation of the signal. This results in
improved communication reliability and potentially higher data rates.
Types of Receive Diversity Techniques:
1) Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC):
MRC is a popular and effective technique where each received signal is
weighted by its strength and phase before combining. The signals that have
higher SNR are given higher weights, and the receiver sums them together to
maximize the overall SNR. This results in the best possible performance, but it
requires accurate knowledge of the channel at the receiver.
2) Equal Gain Combining (EGC):
EGC is a simpler method where all signals received by the different antennas
are added with equal weight, regardless of their individual SNRs. It requires
less complex processing than MRC but still provides some diversity gain.
3) Selection Combining (SC):
SC involves selecting the signal from the antenna with the highest received
SNR and using that signal for demodulation. This technique is simple but may
not fully utilize all available signals from the multiple antennas, especially in
environments with significant fading.
4) Switch-and-Stay Combining:
This is a technique where the receiver switches between antennas based on
which one has the best signal. It is similar to selection combining but typically
involves switching between antennas at different times rather than
continuously using the best signal.
Benefits of Receive Diversity:
1) Improved Signal Quality and Reliability:
2) Higher Data Rates:
3) Robustness to Multipath Fading:
4) Reduced Interference:
5) Simplicity in Implementation:
Applications of Receive Diversity:
1) Cellular Networks (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G)
2) Wi-Fi Networks (802.11n/ac/ax):
3) Satellite Communications:
4) MIMO Systems:
5) Broadcast Systems.
Qno8): What is rake receiver and its combining techniques?
A Rake Receiver is a type of receiver used in wireless communication systems
to combat multipath fading by exploiting the multipath components of a
signal. In a multipath propagation environment, a transmitted signal can arrive
at the receiver through multiple paths due to reflections, scattering, and
diffraction from various objects like buildings, trees, and other obstacles. These
different versions of the signal may have different delays, phases, and fading
characteristics.
The Rake Receiver works by “capturing” and combining these multiple delayed
copies (or multipath components) of the transmitted signal to improve the
overall signal quality and reliability of the communication system. This
technique is particularly useful in systems like CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access), where multipath propagation is prevalent.
How the Rake Receiver Works:
1) Multipath Reception:
In a multipath environment, the transmitted signal arrives at the receiver
through different paths, each with a different delay. Each of these paths can be
viewed as a separate version of the original signal, with a unique time delay
and fading characteristic.
2) Rake Receiver Structure:
A Rake Receiver has multiple branches, each dedicated to a different multipath
component. Each branch corresponds to one of the multipath signals, with the
receiver attempting to capture the delayed versions of the signal as they
arrive.
3) Signal Demodulation:
Once the multipath signals are captured, they are demodulated (i.e., the
transmitted information is extracted from each version of the signal). The Rake
Receiver uses different algorithms to combine these demodulated signals to
improve the overall signal quality.
4) Combining Signals:
After capturing the different signals, the Rake Receiver combines them in such
a way as to enhance the overall Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and mitigate
fading. The combination of these signals allows the receiver to make use of the
diversity introduced by the multipath signals.
Combining Techniques in Rake Receivers:
There are different ways to combine the multipath components, and the
choice of technique determines the effectiveness of the Rake Receiver. The
most common combining techniques are:
1. Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC):
MRC is the most optimal and widely used combining technique in Rake
receivers. The idea is to weight each received multipath component according
to its Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) before combining them. The component with
the strongest SNR will have the largest weight, while components with weaker
SNR will have smaller weights.
Process:
The received signals are aligned in time.
Each signal is scaled (weighted) by its corresponding SNR.
The weighted signals are then summed together to create a single, stronger
output signal.
Advantages:
a) Maximizes the overall SNR and provides the best possible performance.
b) Reduces the impact of noise and interference, improving the overall quality
of the received signal.
Disadvantages:
a) Requires knowledge of the channel state (SNR) for each multipath
component, which may be difficult to obtain in real-time.
2. Equal Gain Combining (EGC):
EGC is a simpler technique than MRC, where all the received multipath
components are combined with equal weight. It does not take the individual
SNR of each component into account.
Process:
The received signals are aligned in time.
Each signal is given the same weight (equal gain).
The signals are summed together without considering the SNR of each path.
Advantages:
a) Simpler to implement than MRC because it does not require knowledge of
the individual SNRs.
b) Works reasonably well when there is not a large difference in the SNRs of
the multipath components.
Disadvantages:
a) Less optimal than MRC, as it does not maximize the SNR from each
multipath component.
3. Selection Combining (SC):
Selection Combining involves selecting the multipath component with the best
SNR and ignoring the others. Essentially, the receiver chooses the strongest
signal path at any given time.
Process:
The receiver compares the SNRs of the different multipath components.
The signal from the branch with the highest SNR is selected for use.
Advantages:
a) Simple and does not require complex processing.
b) Works well in systems where one or more of the paths are always stronger
than others.
Disadvantages:
a) It may not fully exploit the available multipath diversity since weaker paths
are discarded.
b) The system performance is heavily reliant on the quality of the best path.
4. Post-Detection Combining:
In this method, signals are first demodulated (detected) separately on each
multipath component before combining the detection results. The decision-
making process happens after the signals have been processed individually.
Process:
Each received multipath component is demodulated independently.
The decoded data from each path is combined (usually using majority voting or
another algorithm).
Advantages:
a) This method works well when the data on each path is not heavily
corrupted.
Disadvantages:
a) Requires complex detection and decoding algorithms.
b) May not fully exploit the diversity if the signals are not sufficiently separated
in time.
Advantages of Rake Receiver:
1) Improved Signal Quality
2) Higher Reliability
3) Multipath Exploitation
4) Increased Data Throughput
Disadvantages of Rake Receiver:
1) Complexity
2) Need for Channel Estimation
3) Synchronization Challenges
4) Power Consumption
Applications of Rake Receiver:
1) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
2) Wireless Communication Systems
3) Satellite Communication Systems
4) Mobile Communication Networks