Unit 2

Instruction Set and Addressing modes

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 8085 Programming register and
programming model
➢ The register which are programmable and available for the use are six general

purpose register, A, F, PC, SP.

8085 programming model

 Fetching & Execution Cycles
❑ Fetching Cycles
➢ The fetch cycle takes the instruction required from memory,
stores it in the instruction register,and
➢ Moves the program counter on one so that it points to the next
instruction.

❑ Execute cycle
➢ The actual actions which occur during the execute cycle of an
instruction.
➢ Depend on both the instruction itself and the addressing mode
specified to be used to access the data that may be required.

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 Fetching an instruction
Step 1: Instruction pointer (program counter) hold the
address of the next instruction to befetch.

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Fetching an instruction….Cont….
Step 2

5
Fetching an instruction….Cont….
Step 3

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Fetching an instruction….Cont….
Step 4

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Fetching an instruction….Cont….
Step 5

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Fetching an instruction….Cont….
Step 6

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 Data flow from memory toMPU
Steps and data flow, when the
instruction code 01001111 (4FH
– MOV C, A) stored in the
location 2005H, is being fetch.

Fetch Cycle: To fetch the byte,

the MPU needs to identify the
memory location 2005 and
enable the data flow from
memory

Step 1: MPU places the 16 bit memory address from PC on the address bus
Step 2: Control unit send the signal RD to enable memory chip
Step 3: The byte from the memory location is placed on the data bus.
Step 4: The byte is placed on the instruction decoder of the MPU and task is carried
out according to the instruction.
 8085 Instruction
❑Since the 8085 is an 8-bit device it can have up to 28 (256)
instructions.
➢ However, the 8085 only uses 246 combinations that represent a total of 74
instructions.
➢ Most of the instructions have more than one format.

❑ These instructions can be grouped into five different groups

➢ Data Transfer Operations
➢ Arithmetic Operations
➢ Logic Operations
➢ Branch Operations
➢ Machine Control Operations
 Instruction Formats
❑Each instruction has twoparts.

❑Opcode (operation code)- The first part is the task or operation to be

performed.

❑Operand - The second part is the data to be operated on. Data can be
given in variousform.
➢ It can specify in various ways: may include 8 bit/16 bit data, aninternal register,
memory location or 8 bit /16 bitaddress.

❑For Eg.: MVI A,02H

Opcode Operand
 Instruction word Size
➢An instruction is assembled in binary form(0,1) known as machine code or opcode.
Due to different ways of specifying data or operand the machine code are not same for all
the instruction
➢ The size of an instruction signifies how much memory space is required to load an
instruction in the memory.8085 instructions are of following sizes:
✓ One-byte or oneword Instructions: opcode and operand in 8 bits
only i.e. one byte. Operand(s) are internal register and are coded into the
instruction.
e.g. MOV, ADD, ANA, SUB, ORA etc.
MOV A,B Move the content of B inA
01 111 000 = 78H 01 for MOV operation, 111 binary code for
register A and last 000 binary code for register B

Task Op- code Operand Binary Hex

Code Code
Copy the contents of theaccumulator MOV C,A 0100 1111 4FH
in the register C.
Add the contents of register B tothe ADD B 1000 0000 80H
contents of the accumulator.
Invert (compliment) each bit in the CMA 0010 1111 2FH
accumulator.
 Instruction Format or Size….Cont…
✓Two-byte instructions: first byte is opcode in 8 bits and second byte is
operand either 8 bit data or 8 bit address.
e.g. MVI, ADI, ANI, ORI, XRI etc.
MVIB, 05H Move 05 in register B
06,05 MVIB, 05H in the code for m

Task Op- code Operand Binary Hex

Code Code
Load an 8-bit data bytein MVI A, Data 0011 1110 3E (First Byte)
the accumulator.
DATA Data(Second
Byte)

Mnemonics Hex code

MVI A, 32H 3E 32H

 Instruction Format or Size….Cont…
✓Three-byte instructions: first byte is opcode in 8 bits and second and
third byte are operand either 16 bit data or 16 bitaddress.
Operand 1 = lower 8 bit data/address
Operand 2 = Higher 8 bitdata/address
opcode + data byte + data byte
e.g. LXI, LDA, STA, LHLD, SHLD etc.

LXIH , 2500H load HL pair with 2500H

21,00,25 LXIH , 2500H in codeform

Task Op- Operand Binary Hex Hex

code Code Code Code
Transfer the program JMP 2085H 1100 0011 C3 First Byte
sequence to the memory
Location 2085H. 1000 0101 85 Second
Byte
0010 0000 20
Third Byte
 Opcode Format
✓Opcode contains the information regarding about operation, register
used, memory to be usedetc.

✓ Fixed for each instruction.

Register Code
B 000 Register Code
pair
C 001
D 010 BC 00
E 011 DE 01
H 100 HL 10
L 101 A, F, SP 11
M 110
A 111
 Addressing Modes
The various formats for specifying operands/data are called the ADDRESSING MODES. 8085
instructions can be classified in following addressing modes

❑ Register Addressing mode

➢ Data is provided through the registers .e.g. MOV, ADD, SUB, ANA, ORA, XRAetc.
For Ex. MOV A, B move the content of register B to registerA.
78H opcode of MOV A,B

❑ Immediate Addressing mode

➢ Data is present in the instruction. Load the immediate data to the destination provided. e.g. MVI, LXI,
ADI, SUI, ANI, ORI etc.
For Ex. MVI A, 05H move the 05H in registerA.
3E, 05 opcode of MVI A, 05H
❑ Direct Addressing mode
➢ Instructions have their operands in memory and the 16-bit memory address is specified in the
instruction
➢ The address of the operand is given in the instruction. e.g. LDA, STA, LHLD, SHLDetc.
For Ex.
STA 7500 store the content of accumulator in the memory location 7500H
32 , 00, 75 opcode of STA 7500

IN 01 Read data from port 01.

DB,01 opcode of IN 01
 Addressing Modes…..Cont…
❑Indirect Addressing mode
➢ In this address of the operand is specified by the register pair. The address
stored in the register pair points to memory location e.g. LDAX, STAX,
PUSH, POP etc.
LXI H, 7500 load HL pair with 7500H
MOV A, M move the content of memory location,
whose address is in HL pair to the accumulator

❑Implicit or Implied Addressing mode

➢ The operand is not specified in the instruction, specified within the opcode
itself.
➢ Operand is supposed to be present in accumulator. e.g. CMA, CMC, STC
etc.
RAL Rotate the content of accumulator towards left.
 Instruction Set
✓ Since the 8085 is an 8-bit device it can have up to 28 (256)
instructions.
✓ However, the 8085 only uses 246 combinations that represent a
total of 74 instructions.
✓ Most of the instructions have more than oneformat.

These instructions can be grouped into five different groups:

➢ Data Transfer Operations

➢ Arithmetic Operations
➢ Logic Operations
➢ Branch Operations
➢ Machine Control Operations
 Instruction Set…..cont….
(A) Data Transferoperation
➢These operations simply COPY the data from the source to the
destination.
➢ They transfer:
▪ Data between registers.
▪ Data Byte to a registeror memory location.
▪ Data between a memory location and a register.
▪ Data between an I/O Device and the accumulator.
➢ The data in the source is not changed.
➢ Data transfer instructions never affect the flag bits.
e.g. LDA, STA, MOV, LDAX, STAX, MVI, LXI etc.
 Instruction Set…..cont….
(B) Arithmetic Operation
➢ These instruction perform addition, subtraction and compare operations.
➢ These operations are always performed with accumulator as one of the
operands.
➢ The status of the result can be verified by the contents of the flag register.
Addition: Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register or the contents of a
memory location can be added to the contents of the accumulator and the
sum is stored in the accumulator. The instruction DAD is an exception; it adds
16-bit data directly in register pairs. Ex ADD, ADI

Subtraction - Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register, or the contents

of a memory location can be subtracted from the contents of the accumulator
and the results stored in the accumulator. Subtraction is done by 2’s
compliment method and set carry flag to indicate borrow. SUB.SBI

Increment/Decrement - The 8-bit contents of a register or a memory

location can be incremented or decrement by 1. Similarly, the 16-bit contents of
a register pair (such as BC) can be incremented or decrement by 1. INR,DCR.
 Instruction Set… (Cont….)
(C) Logical Operation
➢Perform 8-bit basic logical operations with the content of the
accumulator
➢Logical instructions also modify the flag bits.
➢Op-codes for logical instructions include ANA, ANI, ORA, ORI, XRA,
XRI, CMA, CMC, RAL, RLC, RAR, RRC, CMP, CPI etc.

AND, OR Exclusive-OR - Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register, or of a

memory location can be logically AND, Or, or Exclusive-OR with the contents of the
accumulator. The results are stored in the accumulator.

Rotate- Each bit in the accumulator can be shifted either left or right to the next
position.

Compare- Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register, or a memory location can be
compared for equality, greater than, or less than, with the contents of the accumulator.

Complement - The contents of the accumulator can be complemented.

 Instruction Set… Cont….
(D) Branch Operation
These instructions are used to transfer the program control:
➢ To jump from one memory location to any other memory location within a
program
➢ From one program to another program called as a subroutine.
➢ Alters the sequence of program execution either conditionally or
unconditionally
➢ Unconditional branch instructions- Transfer the program to the specified label or
address JMP unconditionally i.e. without satisfying anycondition.
Unconditional Program control instructions are

▪ Call & RET

➢ Conditional branch instructions -Transfer the program to the specified label or

address when certain condition issatisfied.
▪ JNC, JC, JNZ, JZ, JP, JM, JPE, JPO
▪ CNC, CC, CNZ, CZ, CP, CM, CPE, CPO
▪ RNC, RC, RNZ, RZ, RP, RM, RPE, RPO
 Instruction Set… Cont….
(E) Machine Control Operation
These instructions include special instructions such as I/O data
transfer, perform machine related operation
➢ HLT – To halt the CPU
➢ NOP – To perform nooperation
➢ SIM – To set the masking of hardware interrupts and serial
output data
➢ RIM – To read the status of interrupt mask and serial input
data
➢ EI – Enable Interrupt
➢ DI – Disable Interrupt
How to Write the AssembleProgram
Write the instructions to load two hexadecimal
number 32H and 48H in registers A and B
respectively. Add two numbers and display the sum at
the LED output port PORT1.

Divide the program into smallsteps.

➢ Load the numbers in register
➢ Add the number
➢ Display the sum at the LED output port PORT 1.

The steps listed in the problem, the sequence can be

represented in the block diagram, called flowchart

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Write the Assemble Program..cont..
Start

Load Hex Block 1: MVI A, 32H Load A with 32 H

Numbers MVI B, 48H Load B with 48 H
1

Add Numbers
Block 2: ADD B Add two bytes and save sum inA
2

Display Sum Block 3: OUT 01H Display accumulator contentat

port 01H
3

End Block 4: HALT End

4
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Write the Assemble Program..cont..

Mnemonics Hex Code

MVI A, 32H 3E 2 Byte Instruction

32
MVI B, 48H 06 2 Byte Instruction
48
ADD B 80 1 Byte Instruction
OUT 01H D3 2 Byte Instruction
01
HALT 76 1 Byte Instruction

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 Storing in Memory and converting from Hex
code to binary Code
To store the program in R/W memory, assume the
memory ranges from 2000 H to 20FFH. Now to enter
the Program
1. Reset the system by pushing the RESET key.
2. Enter the first memory address using the HEX keys, where the program
should be written.(2000H)
3. Enter each machine code by pushing Hex keys. For Ex, to enter the first
machine code, push 3E and store keys. Store key, store the program in
memory location 2000H and upgrade the memory address t0 2001.
4. Repeat step 3 until the last machine code 76H. Check the keys and convert
5. Reset the system. Hex code into binarycode

Flowchart
8085 Manual Monitor Binary ToMemory
Hex Code
Mnemonics lookup Program Code for Storage
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 Program Stored in memory as
Mnemonics Hex Code Memory Content Memory Address

MVI A, 32H 3E 0011 1110 2000

32 0011 0010 2001
MVI B, 48H 06 0000 0110 2002
48 0100 1000 2003
ADD B 80 1000 0000 2004
OUT 01H D3 1101 0011 2005
01 0000 0001 2006
HALT 76 0111 1110 2007

Eight Machine code, require eight memory location. MPU can only understand
binary code; everything else(Mnemonics, Hex code, comments) for the convenience
of human being.

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 Executing the Program
To execute the program, we need to tell the MPU
where the program begins by entering the memory
address 2000H.
➢ Push the execute Key, soMPU loads 2000H in PC.
➢ PC is transferred from the monitor program to our program.
➢ MPU begin to read the one machine cycle at a time, when it
fetches the complete instruction, it execute that instruction.
➢ For Eg. When it fetches the machine code stored in 2000 and
2001H and execute the instruction MVI A, 32H , thus load 32H in
register A.
➢ Continue to execute the instruction until it fetches the HLT
instruction.

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How Does a MPU differentiatebetween data
and instruction code
MPU is a sequential machine. When the system is turns on, it
begins the execution of the code in memory. Now the question
is that how does the MPU differentiate between code and
data when both are binarynumbers.
➢ MPU interprets the first byte , it fetches as an opcode.
➢ When the MPU is reset its PC is reset to 0000H. fetches the first
code from the location 0000H but in our example the memory
location is 2000H.
➢ From the previous program it fetches the 3EH .when it decode that
code it know that it is a two byte instruction. so it assume that
second code 32H isdata.
➢ But if we forget to enter 32H and enter the next code 06H, instead
it , so MPU load 06H in the accumulator and interpret the next
code 48H as an opcode. And continue the execution in sequence.
We may get a totallyunexpected result.
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END OF LECTURE