Faculty of Computing and Information Technology

Department of Information Systems Learning Objectives

Chapter 1 • The Internet

• Protocols and standards

Introduction
• Data communications
A network is simply a way for machines / computers to communicate.
• Networks

Dr. Sahar Khalid Badri

E-Mail: [email protected]

The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view “Fun” Internet-connected devices

Tweet-a-watt:
Billions of connected mobile network monitor energy use
computing devices: national or global ISP bikes
▪ hosts = end systems
Pacemaker & Monitor
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”
Amazon Echo Web-enabled toaster +
Packet switches: forward IP picture frame
weather forecaster
local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP Internet
▪ routers, switches refrigerator
home network content Slingbox: remote cars
Communication links provider
network
control cable TV
datacenter Security Camera
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network AR devices
▪ transmission rate: bandwidth sensorized, scooters
bed
Fitbit
Networks mattress

▪ collection of devices, routers,

enterprise
network Gaming devices
Others?
links: managed by an organization Internet phones diapers
Introduction: 1-3 Introduction: 1-4
 The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view The internet
mobile network
Internet: “network of networks”
4G
• national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
▪ protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
Streaming
video
• control sending, receiving of
messages local or
regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4/5G, Ethernet home network content
provider
HTTP network datacenter
▪ Internet standards network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task enterprise
TCP

Force network

WiFi
Introduction: 1-5

How Does the Internet Work?

• Connecting computers
• Scaling computer networks
• Enabling infinite scaling
• Utilizing ubiquitous public infrastructure via a modem
• Sending messages from one network to another (ISP)
• Assigning domain name to IP addresses
• Connected the internet to the web
• Connecting the internet to a private intranet or extranet
 Data Transfer on the Internet The internet

• When two or more networks are connected, they become an

internetwork or internet

• A communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our

fingertips and organized it for our use.

• A structures, organized system.

• A common form of internet is a collection of LANs connected by a WAN.

• Today most end users who want Internet connection use the services of What’s a protocol?
Internet service providers (lSPs).
Human protocols: Network protocols:
• ISP: international service providers, national service providers, regional ▪ “what’s the time?” ▪ computers (devices) rather than humans
▪ “I have a question” ▪ all communication activity in Internet
service providers, and local service providers. governed by protocols
▪ introductions
• NSPs are backbone networks created and maintained by specialized
Rules for:
companies Protocols define the format, order of
… specific messages sent messages sent and received among
• RISPs are smaller ISPs that are connected to one or more national ISPs. … specific actions taken network entities, and actions taken
when message received,
or other events on message transmission, receipt

Introduction: 1-12
What’s a protocol? Protocols and Standard
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction: 1-13

• Standard categories :
Protocols and Standard De facto

• Have not been approved by an organized body but have

been adopted as standards through widespread use

• format of the data De jure

Syntax • Indicate how to read the bits
• Legislated by an officially recognized body
elements of protocols

• the meaning of bits

Semantics • Control information, error handling Standards Creation Committees
• International Standards Organization (ISO)
• International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T,
• how fast the data can be sent
Timing • Speed
formerly CCITT)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
The major protocols (etiquette) and standard of data communication
are as follows: The Importance of Standards
• Sequencing of Data
• Standards allow technology to work seamlessly and establish trust so that markets can operate smoothly.
• Routing of Data They:
• provide a common language to measure and evaluate performance,
• Flow of Information
• make interoperability of components made by different companies possible, and
• controlling of Errors • protect consumers by ensuring safety, durability, and market equity.
• Process of Coding headers, data packets, and handshaking

A standard is a document that provides requirements,

specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used
consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and
services are fit for their purpose. - International Standards
Organization, ISO

• Network communication use variety of standards to ensure that data Network

travels correctly to its destination.

• The two best known standards are: OSI & Internet model.

• OSI: Open Systems Interconnection define the 7-layer network

• Internet model defines 5-layer network

 • These networks are called “LAN”, “WAN”.
• The prime example of data communication is “Internet”.
Data communications Data communications
• The data communications are used in all the latest technology devices such as ships, aeroplanes,
• Terminology satellites, rockets, and the latest navigation system.

• Data communication is a process where data | information is transferred or shared from one device to
• Characteristics another with speed and accuracy using modern networking devices like Hub, wires, modems, etc.

• Components • The data communication system or process uses both hardware and software devices and services for
better communications and data sharing features for better performance

• Data Flow • In data communications, two or more computers or devices transfer digital or analog data using
communications channels.

• In computer networks, computers, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones are connected in a network where
data and information are shared via cables and wires.

Data Communication
 The Data Communication Characteristics

Timeline – real
Delivery Accuracy time transmission Jitter
(RTT)

Speed Cost-Effective. Efficient.

Data Communications Components

Protocol Protocol

Message

Sender Receiver
Medium
 A protocol can be extremely simple or highly complex, depending on its function. Although the

Data communications tasks ! various protocols are often drastically different, many protocols commonly address the
following issues:
• Connection initiation:
• Addressing • Is it the client or server initiating the connection?
• Routing • What information must be exchanged prior to communication?
• Recovery • Negotiation of connection characteristics
• Message formatting • Is the communication of the protocol encrypted?
• Security • How are encryption keys transmitted between communicating hosts?

• Network management • Data formatting

• Transmission system utilization • How is the data contained in the packet ordered?
• In what order is the data processed by the devices receiving it?
• Interfacing
• Error detection and correction
• Synchronization
• What happens in the event that a packet takes too long to reach its destination?
• Flow control • How does a client recover if it cannot establish communication with a server for a short duration?
• Exchange management • Connection termination
• Signal generation • How does one host signify to the other that communication has ended?
• What final information must be transmitted in order to gracefully terminate communication?

Direction of Data Flow Simplex

Types of Data Communication

Transmission
Modes

Simplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex

 Alternating connection, Full-Duplex
Half-Duplex Semi-duplex

Networks

• Terminology
• What are the Advantages of Data Communication System?
• Distributed Processing

• Network Criteria

• Physical Structure

• Categories of Network
 Networks Distributed Processing
• Network is a set of devices connected by communication links for the purpose of sharing
data. • Most networks use distributed processing, in which a task is divided among multiple computers.

• A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving • Instead of one single large machine being responsible for all aspects of a process, separate computers
(usually a personal computer or workstation) handle a subset
data generated by other nodes on the network.
• Networks follow protocols, which define how communications are sent and received.

What are the advantages?

Network Criteria Performan

1) Performance
ce

• Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time and response time.

• Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another.
Reliability
• Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.
A network must be able to meet certain
number of criteria. Because it helps to • The performance of a network depends on a number of factors, including:

improve network functionality. Security • The number of users

• The type of transmission medium
• Connected hardware
Scalability • Software

• Jitter
• Evaluated by Transit, Response, Bandwidth,throughput and delay.
Sharing
resources
 2) Reliability 3) Security
• Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access and
• Measured by:
viruses.
- Frequency of failure • Protection can be accomplished at a number of levels. At the lowest level are user
identification codes and password. At a higher level are encryption techniques.
- Recovery time from a failure
• Network is accessible from many points, it can be susceptible to computer viruses.
- Network’s robustness in a catastrophe

“Catastrophe” – Network must be protected from

catastrophic events such as fire, earthquake, or theft.

Physical Structures Line configuration

Five general concepts that provide the basis for this relationship:
• the way two or more communication devices attached to a
Topology
Line
Configuration link

• Link: physical communication pathway that transfers data

from one device to another.
Transmission
Internetworks
• For communication to occur, two devices must be connected
Mode

Categories of
in same way to the same link at the same time.
Network
 Point to Point Line Configuration
Line Configuration
• Provide dedicated link between two devices

Type of • The entire capacity of the channel is reserved for

transmission between those two devices
connection

Point-to-
Multipoint
Point

Multipoint Configuration

• Also known as Multidrop Line Configuration.

• One or more than two specific devices share a single link

capacity of the channel is shared. • How is the synchronization between the transmitter and the
receiver?
• In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is • How is the bits are sent simultaneously in the network?
shared, either Spatially or Temporally
 Physical Topology
Computer networks topologies

Physical Topology • Topology: refers to the way in which the end points or
stations/computer systems, attached to the networks, are
• describes the way in which the computers or nodes are
connected interconnected.

• Topology is essentially a stable geometric arrangement of

Logical Topology
computers in a network
• describes the way, data flow from one computer to Why Is Network Topology Important?
another

Mesh
Star

Topology
Bus
Ring
Tree
 Bus Advantages:
1.It is cost effective.
2.Cable required is least compared to other network
topology.
3.Used in small networks.
• Is a multipoint connection. 4.It is easy to understand.
5.Easy to expand joining two cables together.

• One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.
Disadvantages:

• Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop line and taps. 1.Cables fails then whole network fails.
2.If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the
performance of the network decreases.
3.Cable has a limited length. Features of Bus Topology
4.It is slower than the ring topology 1.It transmits data only in one direction.
2.Every device is connected to a single cable

Ring Advantages:
1.Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by
adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can
transmit data.
• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the 2.Cheap to install and expand

two devices on either side.

• A signal is passes in one direction, Uni-direction Disadvantages:

1.Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
• Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater 2.Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network
activity.
3.Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network
• Repeaters

• Fault isolation
Dual Ring Topology.
 Star Advantages:
1.Fast performance with few nodes and low network
traffic.
2.Hub can be upgraded easily.
• Dedicated point-to-point link only to the central controller 3.Easy to troubleshoot.
4.Easy to setup and modify.
5.Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of
• Cables run from every computer to a centrally located device called a HUB the nodes can work smoothly.

• Require a central point of connection between media segment.

• Hubs are special repeaters that overcome the electromechanical

Disadvantages:
1.Cost of installation is high.
2.Expensive to use.
limitations of a media. 3.If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped
Features of Star Topology
because all the nodes depend on the hub.
1.Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
• The controller act as a exchange. 4.Performance is based on the hub that is it depends
2.Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
on its capacity
3.Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial
cable.

Type of Hubs Mesh

• Use external power
• Regeneration
• Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device.
• Diagnostic features to aid
trouble shooting • Dedicated: the link carries traffic only between the two devices it connects.

• Expensive. • There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are :
1. Routing
• Control the traffic 2. Flooding
• Types of Mesh Topology
1. Partial Mesh Topology : In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology
but some devices are only connected to two or three devices.
2. Full Mesh Topology : Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other.

• Connect computers in a broadcast network.

• No regeneration or amplification
• No external power
 Hybrid
Advantages:
1.Each connection can carry its own data load.
2.High Reliability.
3.Fault is diagnosed easily.
4.Provides security and privacy.
5.Ease of Scalability • Network can be hybrid. For example, we can have a main star

Disadvantages:
topology with each branch connecting several stations in a bus
1.Installation and configuration is difficult.
2.Cabling cost is more. topology.
3.Bulk wiring is required.
4.Increased Power Consumption
• fully connected Mesh has [n(n-1)/2] Advantages of Hybrid Topology
physical channels to link n device in a
Features of Mesh Topology duplex –mode and we remove the 2 in the 1.Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
1.Fully connected. simplex 2.Effective.
2.Robust. • I/O Ports = (n-1) 3.Scalable as size can be increased easily.
3.Not flexible. 4.Flexible.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
1.Complex in design.
2.Costly.

connects computers at different sites via telecommunications

media such as phone lines, satellites, and microwaves.

MAN spans a larger area like a city or region

• LAN lets people at one site exchange data and share the use of hardware and
software.
• LANs offer companies a more cost-effective way to link computers than linking
terminals to a mainframe computer.
• The most common uses of LANs at small businesses, for example, are office
automation, accounting, and information management.
• LANs can be set up with wired or wireless connections.
 Categories of Networks Categories of Networks
• PAN
• LAN
Based on Size and Coverage • WAN
• CAN
• MAN

• SAN
Based on Scale and Purpose
• CDN

• Extranet
• Intranet
Specialized Networks
• VPN

Type
Uses
Example
Advantages vs disadvantages
Characteristics

LAN WAN MAN PAN

Arranged within an
Short distance High speed
individual person
Long distance

Used for connecting

Privet owned DSL the computer
devices

Complex or simple
Limit transmission Two types : wired,
Cable TV network
medium & topology wireless
 • A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission of
• LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared between personal
data, image, audio, and video information over large geographic areas
computers.
that may comprise a country
• LANs are distinguished from other type of networks by three
characteristics: size, transmission media and topology. • A complex WAN connects the end system and called switched WAN,

• LANs are linked to the WAN. which usually comprise a router.

• To connect LANs connecting devices are used, such as repeaters, hubs, • A simple WAN connects home or small LAN to an Internet service
bridges and switches. (Ch. ,16) provider (ISP) and called point-to-point WAN, which is a line leased

• Metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network with a size between a

LAN and a WAN. It normally covers the area inside a town or a city.

• MAN can be a single network, such as TV network or connect LAN-to-

LAN.