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Chapter 03

The document covers the principles of particle equilibrium in engineering mechanics, focusing on free-body diagrams and the conditions for equilibrium in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems. It explains how to analyze forces acting on particles, including the use of Newton's laws and the application of equations of equilibrium. Examples illustrate the process of determining forces in various scenarios, including the use of springs and cables.

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14 views22 pages

Chapter 03

The document covers the principles of particle equilibrium in engineering mechanics, focusing on free-body diagrams and the conditions for equilibrium in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems. It explains how to analyze forces acting on particles, including the use of Newton's laws and the application of equations of equilibrium. Examples illustrate the process of determining forces in various scenarios, including the use of springs and cables.

Uploaded by

naem87
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Engineering Mechanics:

Statics in SI Units, 12e

3 Equilibrium of a Particle

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Chapter Objectives

• Concept of the free-body diagram for a particle


• Solve particle equilibrium problems using the equations
of equilibrium

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Chapter Outline

1. Condition for the Equilibrium of a Particle


2. The Free-Body Diagram
3. Coplanar Systems - 2D
4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems – 3D

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.1 Condition for the Equilibrium of a Particle

• Particle at equilibrium if
- At rest
- Moving at a constant velocity (zero acceleration)

• Newton’s first law of motion


∑F = 0
where ∑F is the vector sum of all the forces acting on
the particle

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.1 Condition for the Equilibrium of a Particle

• Newton’s second law of motion


∑F = ma

• When the force fulfill Newton's first law of motion,


ma = 0
a=0
therefore, the particle is moving in constant velocity or
at rest

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.2 The Free-Body Diagram

• Best representation of all the unknown forces (∑F)


which acts on a body
• A sketch showing the particle “free” from the
surroundings with all the forces acting on it
• Consider two common connections in this subject –
– Spring
– Cables and Pulleys

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.2 The Free-Body Diagram

• Spring
– Linear elastic spring: change in length is directly
proportional to the force acting on it
– spring constant or stiffness k: defines the elasticity
of the spring
– Magnitude of force when spring
is elongated or compressed
➔ F = ks

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.2 The Free-Body Diagram

• Cables and Pulley


– Cables (or cords) are assumed negligible weight and
cannot stretch
– Tension always acts in the direction of the cable
– Tension force must have a constant magnitude for
equilibrium
– For any angle θ, the cable
is subjected to a constant tension T

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.2 The Free-Body Diagram

Procedure for drawing a FBD


1. Draw outlined shape
2. Show all the forces
- Active forces: cause particle to move
- Reactive forces: prevent particle from moving
3. Identify each force
- Known forces with proper magnitude and direction
- Letters are used to represent magnitude and
directions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 3.1

The sphere has a mass of 6kg and is supported. Draw a


free-body diagram of the sphere, the cord CE and the
knot at C.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Solution

FBD at Sphere
Two forces acting, weight and the
force on cord CE.
Weight of 6kg (9.81m/s2) = 58.9N

Cord CE
Two forces acting: sphere and knot
Newton’s 3rd Law:
FCE is equal but opposite FEC
FCE and FEC pull the cord in tension
For equilibrium, FCE = FEC
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution

FBD at Knot
3 forces acting: cord CBA, cord CE and spring CD
Important to know that the weight of the sphere does not
act directly on the knot but subjected to by the cord CE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.3 Coplanar Systems

• A particle is subjected to coplanar forces in the x-y


plane
• Resolve into i and j components for equilibrium
∑Fx = 0
∑Fy = 0
• Scalar equations of equilibrium
require that the algebraic sum
of the x and y components to
equal to zero

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.3 Coplanar Systems

• Procedure for Analysis


1. Free-Body Diagram
- Establish the x, y axes
- Label all the unknown and known forces

2. Equations of Equilibrium
- Apply F = ks to find spring force (if spring connection)
- Apply the equations of equilibrium
∑Fx = 0 ∑Fy = 0

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 3.4

Determine the required length of the cord AC so that the


8kg lamp is suspended. The undeformed length of the
spring AB is l’AB = 0.4m, and the spring has a stiffness of
kAB = 300N/m.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Solution

FBD at Point A
Three forces acting, force by cable AC, force in spring AB
and weight of the lamp.
If force on cable AB is known, stretch of the spring is
found by F = ks.
+→ ∑Fx = 0; TAB – TAC cos30º = 0
+↑ ∑Fy = 0; TAcsin30º – 78.5N = 0
Solving,
TAC = 157.0kN
TAB = 136.0kN

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Solution

TAB = kABsAB; 136.0N = 300N/m(sAB)


sAB = 0.453N
For stretched length,
lAB = l’AB+ sAB
lAB = 0.4m + 0.453m
= 0.853m

For horizontal distance BC,


2m = lACcos30° + 0.853m
lAC = 1.32m

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.4 Three-Dimensional Force Systems

• For particle equilibrium


∑F = 0
• Resolving into i, j, k components
∑Fxi + ∑Fyj + ∑Fzk = 0
• Three scalar equations representing algebraic sums of
the x, y, z forces
∑Fx= 0
∑Fy = 0
∑Fz = 0

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


3.4 Three-Dimensional Force Systems

• Procedure for Analysis


Free-body Diagram
- Establish the x, y, z axes
- Label all known and unknown force
Equations of Equilibrium
- Apply ∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0 and ∑Fz = 0
- Negative results indicate that the sense of the force is
opposite to that shown in the FBD.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 3.7

Determine the force developed in each cable used to


support the 40kN crate.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Solution

FBD at Point A
To expose all three unknown forces in the cables.
Equations of Equilibrium
Expressing each forces in Cartesian vectors,
FB = FB(rB / rB)
= -0.318FBi – 0.424FBj + 0.848FBk
FC = FC (rC / rC)
= -0.318FCi + 0.424FCj + 0.848FCk
FD = FDi
W = -40k

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Solution

For equilibrium,
∑F = 0; FB + FC + FD + W = 0
(-0.318FBi – 0.424FBj + 0.848FBk) + (-0.318FCi
+ 0.424FCj + 0.848FCk) +( Fdi) + (-40k) = 0

∑Fx = 0; -0.318FB - 0.318FC + FD = 0


∑Fy = 0; – 0.424FB + 0.424FC = 0
∑Fz = 0; 0.848FB + 0.848FC - 40 = 0

Solving,
FB = FC = 23.6kN
FD = 15.0kN
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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