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AWS Administration –
The Definitive Guide
Second Edition

Design, build, and manage your infrastructure on Amazon Web

Services
Yohan Wadia

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
AWS Administration – The
Definitive Guide Second
Edition
Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the
information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without
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and distributors, will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused
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First published: February 2016
Second edition: March 2018

Production reference: 1220318

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B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78847-879-3

www.packtpub.com
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Contributors
About the author
Yohan Wadia is a client-focused evangelist and technologist with
more than 8 years of experience in the cloud industry, focused on
helping customers succeed with cloud adoption.

As a technical consultant, he provides guidance and implementation

services to customers looking to leverage cloud computing through
either Amazon Web Services, Windows Azure, or Google Cloud
Platform by helping them come up with pragmatic solutions that
make practical as well as business sense.

I wish to dedicate this book to my family: mom, dad, sister, and Fred!
Thank you for all your love, support, and encouragement. Also a big
shout out to my fellow mates who have helped me along the way, in
many ways! Mitesh, Murali, Mahesh and Sam. Thank you!
Last but not the least, a special thanks to a dear friend and family,
Rohi. Happy Birthday!

Little by little, one travels far

- J. R. R. Tolkien
About the reviewer
Naveenkumar Vijayakumar (Naveen Vijay) is currently a cloud and
automation architect at Digital Intelligence Systems, LLC (DISYS)
and focuses on presales, solutions engineering, architecture, and
delivery.

Naveen's portfolio includes experience in Azure, AWS, Serverless,

containers, Robotic Process Automation, and chatbots (Alexa).

He earned his master's degree in IT from International Institute of

Information Technology - Bangalore (IIIT-B) and currently lives in
Dallas, Texas. He can be found on Twitter at @navcode.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, What's New in AWS?, contains a brief introduction to some
of the key enhancements and announcements made to the existing
line of AWS services and products.

Chapter 2, Managing EC2 with Systems Manager, provides a brief

introduction to using EC2 Systems Manager to manage your fleet of
EC2 instances. It also covers an in-depth look at how to work with
SSM agents, Run Command, as well as other systems manager
features, such as automation, patching, and inventory management.

Chapter 3, Introducing Elastic Beanstalk and Elastic File System,

explains how to leverage both Elastic Beanstalk and the Elastic File
Systems services to build and scale out web applications and deploy
them with absolute ease.

Chapter 4, Securing Workloads Using AWS WAF, discusses some of

the key aspects that you can leverage to provide added security for
your web applications using AWS WAF and AWS Shield. The chapter
also provides some keen insights into how you can protect your web
applications against commonly occurring attacks such as cross-site
scripting and SQL injections.

Chapter 5, Governing Your Environments Using AWS CloudTrail and

AWS Config, introduces you to the concept and benefits provided by
leveraging AWS CloudTrail and AWS Config. The chapter covers in-
depth scenarios using which you can standardize governance and
security for your AWS environments.

Chapter 6, Access Control Using AWS IAM and AWS Organizations,

takes a look at some of the latest enhancements made to the AWS
IAM service. It also walks you through how you can manage your
AWS accounts with better efficiency and control using AWS
organizations as a Service.

Chapter 7, Transforming Application Development Using the AWS

Code Suite, covers an in-depth look at how you can leverage
CodeCommit, CodeDeploy, and CodePipeline to design and build
complete CICD pipelines for your applications.

Chapter 8, Messaging in the Cloud Using Amazon SNS and Amazon

SQS, provides an in-depth look at how you can effectively develop
modern cloud-ready, decoupled applications, and perform general
housekeeping of your AWS accounts.

Chapter 9, Powering Analytics Using Amazon EMR and Amazon

Redshift, provides practical knowledge and hands-on approach to
process and a run large-scale analytics and data warehousing in the
AWS Cloud.

Chapter 10, Orchestrating Data Using AWS Data Pipeline, covers how
you can effectively orchestrate the movement of data from one AWS
service to another using simple, reusable pipeline definitions.
Chapter 11, Connecting the World with AWS IoT and AWS Greengrass,
provides a quick introduction to the AWS IoT Suite of services, along
with hands-on guides on how you can connect, test, and monitor IoT
devices with utmost ease.
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Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright and Credits

AWS Administration – The Definitive Guide

Second Edition

Packt Upsell

Why subscribe?

PacktPub.com

Contributors

About the author

About the reviewer

Packt is searching for authors like you

Preface

Who this book is for

What this book covers

To get the most out of this book

 Download the example code files

Conventions used

Get in touch

Reviews

1. What's New in AWS?

Improvements in existing services

Elastic Compute Cloud

Availability of FPGAs and GPUs

Simple Storage Service

Virtual Private Cloud

CloudWatch

Elastic Load Balancer

Introduction of newer services

Plan of attack!

Summary

2. Managing EC2 with Systems Manager

Introducing EC2 Systems Manager

Getting started with the SSM agent

Configuring IAM Roles and policies for SSM

Installing the SSM agent

 Configuring the SSM agent to stream logs to

CloudWatch

Introducing Run Command

Working with State Manager

Simplifying instance maintenance using System Manager

Automation

Working with automation documents

Patching instances using automation

Triggering automation using CloudWatch

schedules and events

Managing instance patches using patch baseline and

compliance

Getting started with Inventory Management

Planning your next steps

Summary

3. Introducing Elastic Beanstalk and Elastic File System

Introducing Amazon Elastic Beanstalk

Concepts and terminologies

Getting started with Elastic Beanstalk

Creating the Dev environment

Working with the Elastic Beanstalk CLI

Understanding the environment dashboard

 Cloning environments

Configuring the production environment

Introducing Amazon Elastic File System

How does it work?

Creating an Elastic File System

Extending EFS to Elastic Beanstalk

Planning your next steps

Summary

4. Securing Workloads Using AWS WAF

Introducing AWS Web Application Firewall

Concepts and terminologies

Getting started with WAF

Creating the web ACL

Creating the conditions

Creating rules

Assigning a WAF Web ACL to CloudFront

distributions

Working with SQL injection and cross-site

scripting conditions

Automating WAF Web ACL deployments using

CloudFormation

Monitoring WAF using CloudWatch

 Planning your next steps

Introduction to AWS Shield

Summary

5. Governing Your Environments Using AWS CloudTrail and AWS

Config

Introducing AWS CloudTrail

Working with AWS CloudTrail

Creating your first CloudTrail Trail

Viewing and filtering captured CloudTrail

Logs and Events

Modifying a CloudTrail Trail using the AWS

CLI

Monitoring CloudTrail Logs using CloudWatch

Creating custom metric filters and alarms for

monitoring CloudTrail Logs

Automating deployment of CloudWatch alarms

for AWS CloudTrail

Analyzing CloudTrail Logs using Amazon

Elasticsearch

Introducing AWS Config

Concepts and terminologies

Getting started with AWS Config

 Creating custom config rules

Tips and best practices

Summary

6. Access Control Using AWS IAM and AWS Organizations

What's new with AWS IAM

Using the visual editor to create IAM

policies

Testing IAM policies using the IAM Policy

Simulator

Introducing AWS Organizations

Getting started with AWS Organizations

Planning your next steps

Summary

7. Transforming Application Development Using the AWS Code Suite

Understanding the AWS Code Suite

Getting Started with AWS CodeCommit

Working with branches, commits, and triggers

Introducing AWS CodeDeploy

 Concepts and terminologies

Installing and configuring the CodeDeploy

agent

Setting up the AppSpec file

Creating a CodeDeploy application and

deployment group

Introducing AWS CodePipeline

Creating your own continuous delivery

pipeline

Putting it all together

Planning your next steps

Summary

8. Messaging in the Cloud Using Amazon SNS and Amazon SQS

Understanding the AWS messaging services

Getting started with Amazon Simple Notification

Service

Sending text messages using SNS

Using Amazon SNS as triggers

Monitoring Amazon SNS using Amazon CloudWatch

metrics

Introducing Amazon Simple Queue Service

Creating your first queue

 Creating a FIFO queue using the AWS CLI

Integrating Amazon SNS and Amazon SQS

Planning your next steps

Summary

9. Powering Analytics Using Amazon EMR and Amazon Redshift

Understanding the AWS analytics suite of services

Introducing Amazon EMR

Concepts and terminologies

Getting started with Amazon EMR

Connecting to your EMR cluster

Running a job on the cluster

Monitoring EMR clusters

Introducing Amazon Redshift

Getting started with Amazon Redshift

Connecting to your Redshift cluster

Working with Redshift databases and tables

Planning your next steps

Summary

10. Orchestrating Data using AWS Data Pipeline

Introducing AWS Data Pipeline

 Getting started with AWS Data Pipeline

Working with data pipeline definition Files

Executing remote commands using AWS Data

Pipeline

Backing up data using AWS Data Pipeline

Planning your next steps

Summary

11. Connecting the World with AWS IoT and AWS Greengrass

IoT – what is it?

Introducing the AWS IoT suite of services

Getting started with AWS IoT Core

Connecting a device to AWS IoT Core

Getting started with AWS IoT Device SDK

Working with IoT rules

Introducing AWS Greengrass

Connecting a device to Greengrass Core

Running Lambda functions on AWS Greengrass

Monitoring AWS IoT devices and services

Summary
Other Books You May Enjoy

Leave a review - let other readers know what you

think
Preface
Amazon Web Services has been the go-to cloud for customers and
enterprises for a long time now. The cloud provider has evolved from
just an Infrastructure as a Service provider to everything and anything
as a service that helps in the development of applications, game
development, IoT, big data analysis, customer engagement services,
AR-VR, and much more! However, with so many services and
products coming up each year, it tends to get difficult for beginners to
know where and how exactly to start using these services.

This book is a one-stop shop where you can find all there is to getting
started with AWS services, which includes EC2 Systems Manager,
Elastic Beanstalk, EFS, CloudTrail, EMR, IoT, and a whole lot more!
If you are a sysadmin or an architect or someone who just wants to
learn and explore various aspects of administering AWS services,
then this book is the right choice for you! Each chapter of this book is
designed to help you understand the individual services' concepts and
gain hands-on experience by practicing simple and easy-to-follow
steps. The book also highlights some key best practices and
recommendations that you ought to keep in mind when working with
AWS.
Who this book is for
This book is intended for any and all IT professionals who wish to
learn and implement AWS for their own environment and application
hosting. Although no prior experience or knowledge is required, it
will be beneficial for you to have basic Linux knowledge and some
understanding of networking concepts and server virtualization.
To get the most out of this
book
To start using this book, you will need the following software
installed on your local desktop:

An SSH client such as PuTTY, a key generator such as

PuTTYgen, and a file transferring tool such as WinSCP

Any modern web browser, preferably Mozilla Firefox

 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 in birds, 195
in fish, 196
furrow, primitive, 22
glandular apparatus in lower vertebrates, 195
groove, primitive, 22
juice, function of, 194
mucous membrane of Cervicapra, 196
of Echelus conger, 197
Lophius, 197
lymphoid tissue, 196
of Phocæna, 196
of Thalassochelys, 197
rotation, 58
arrest of development, 60
demonstration in cat, 67
spiral fold, function of, 193
vascular supply, 63
in cases of non-rotation, 67
villi of Carnivora, 195
of Casuarius, 195
of Ophidia, 195
of Ursus maritimus, 195
Intestine in early human embryo, 52
general consideration of, 51
large, and cæca of Hyrax, 234
functions of, 198
length of, 199
of monkeys, 199
of rodents, 199
width of, 199
small, 192
absorbing apparatus, 195
divisions of, 194
length of, 192
secretory apparatus, 194
 structure of, 194
villi, 195
Isthmus, duodeno-colic, 57

Jejuno-ileum, development of, 54

Labrus, stomach of, 44

Lagomys pusillus, colon and cæcum of, 232
Lagothrix humboldtii, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 215
Lamellirostra, ileo-colic junction and cæca of, 203
Lateral vein in Selachian, 155
Lemur macaco, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 213
mongoz, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 213
Lemuroidea, ileo-colic junction of, 213
Lepus cuniculus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 211
saccus lymphaticus of, 211
Lesser curvature, first appearance of, 41
Ligament, colico-lienale, 109
of ductus venosus, 152
gastro-lienale, 110
lieno-renale, 109
phrenico-lienale, 109
Ligamenta coli, 199
Liver in Chelonians, 144
comparative anatomy of, 144
derivation of, 34
development of, 141
function of, 195
lobation of, 144
in Ophidia, 144
 peritoneal lines of reflection in embryo, 167
in fœtus at term, 171
peritoneal relations of, 167
of Petromyzon, 141
unilobar type, 144
Lophius, biliary ducts in, 145
piscatorius, mucosa of midgut, 197
pyloric appendices in, 120
stomach of, 46
Lungs, derivation of, 34
Lutra, biliary ducts in, 145
stomach of, 48
Lymphoid tissue of intestinal mucosa, 196

Macacus cynomolgus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 214

descending mesocolon of, 140
lesser omentum of, 176
mesosigmoidea in, 140
nemestrinus, cheek-pouches of, 48
ochreatus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 214
peritoneum of infra-colic compartment, 136
pileatus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 214
relations of spleen and great omentum, 139
rhesus, abdominal viscera, 77
ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 214
Mammalia, ileo-colic junction of, 204
pancreatic ducts in, 117
Manatus americanus, ileo-colic junction and bifid cæcum of, 208
stomach of, 48
Manis longicauda, ileo-colic junction of, 208
Manidæ, colic bend of, 234
Marsupalia, ileo-colic junction of, 204
types of ileo-colic junction and cæcum in, 218
Meckel’s diverticulum, 35
serous folds connected with, 262, 263
Medullary canal, 21
groove, 21
plates, 21
Membrane, cloacal, 24
Mesenchyma, 30
Mesenteric peritoneum, definition of, 32
Mesentery, absorption of, 33
definition of, 101
jejuno-ileal, line of attachment, 86
of umbilical loop, development of, 56
relation to adult mesocolon and mesentery, 72
Mesoblast, 21
Mesocola in cat, 86
Mesocolic fossa, 97
Mesocolon, ascending, adhesion of, 82
in monkeys, 83
relation of, to right kidney, 83
definition of, 101
descending, adhesion of, 82
in fœtus, 83
line of attachment of, 83
in lower mammals, 83
in Macacus, 140
in monkeys, 83
transverse, root of, 85
Mesoderm, 21
derivatives of, 28
Mesoduodenum, adhesion of, 67
definition of, 101
Mesorectum, definition of, 101
Mesosigmoidea, definition of, 101
in Macacus, 140
Mesothelium, 21
Metanephros, 24
Midas geoffrei, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 214
ursulus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 214
Midgut, 192
extent of, 38
Monodon, ileo-colic junction of, 209
Monotremata, ileo-colic junction of, 204
Monotreme, structure of penis, 26
Monotremes, biliary ducts in, 145
Morphology, general, of vertebrate intestine, 190
of human cæcum and appendix, 237
Morula, 20
Moschus, stomach of, 49
Muscular stomach of birds, 50
Musculo-cutaneous vein in Anure Amphibian, 158
Mustela, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Mycetes cobaya, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 214
fuscus, ileo-cæcal folds of, 264
ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 215
Myoxus, alimentary canal of, 211, 212
stomach of, 46
Myrmecophaga jubata, ileo-colic junction of, 207
Myxinoids, pancreas in, 117

Nasua rufa, duodenal fold of, 92

ileo-colic junction of, 212
pancreatico-gastric folds of, 181
Necturus, alimentary canal of, 40
maculatus, alimentary tract of, 52
ileo-colic junction of, 201
stomach of, 43
venous system of, 158
Neuro-enteric canal, 23
Non-vascular ileo-cæcal folds, 262
Nucleolus, 19
Nucleus, 19
Nutritive yolk, 19
Nycticebus tardigradus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 213
spiral colon of, 234
Nyctipithecus commersonii, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 214

Œsophageal gutter of ruminants, 49

Œsophageo-gastric junction, 45
Omega loop, development of, 77
Omental bursa, 107
early stages of, 104
Omentum, great, 107
layers of, 107
peritoneal adhesions in adult, 131
relation of, to transverse colon, transverse colon and duodenum,
129
lesser, as part of ventral mesogastrium, 165
divisions of, 172
in Macacus, 176
Omnivora, gastric diverticula of, 48
Omphalo-mesenteric arteries, 64, 146
artery, persistence of rudiments of, 65
duct, 22
veins, 146
Ophidia, intestinal villi of, 195
liver in, 144
stomach of, 44, 46
Oral pouches, 48
Ornithorhynchus anatinus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 204
Orycteropus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 208
Oryx leucoryx, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 210
spiral colon of, 233
Otolicnus crassicaudatus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 213
Ovis aries, spiral colon of, 233
Ovum, structure of, 19
Owl, stomach of, 50

Pancreas, adhesion of, 67

adhesion of mesoduodenal segment, 123
in Ammocœtes, 117
in Chelydra, 117
comparative anatomy of, 116
concealed, of Teleosts, 117
derivation of, 34
development of, in Amphibia, 115
 of, in cat, 115
of, in chick, 115
of, in fish, 115
of, in lower vertebrates, 115
of, in man, 111, 115
of, in sheep, 115
in fœtal pig, 123
function of, 195
in Myxinoids, 117
peritoneal relations, 122
vascular and visceral relations of adult, 125
in Protopterus, 117
relation to dorsal mesogastrium, 123
to mesoduodenum, 122
to omental bursa, 123
in Selachians, 116
Pancreatic ducts in Mammalia, 117
normal arrangement, 113
secondary, 111
variations, 114
Pancreatico-gastric folds in man, 187
in Nasua rufa, 181
Papilla Vateri, 114
Paradoxurus typus, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Paralichthys, pyloric appendices in, 120
Parietal mesoderm, 21
peritoneum, definition of, 32
Pelamys, pyloric appendices in, 120
Pelvic vein in Anure Amphibian, 158
Perameles nasuta, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 206
Perca, pyloric appendices in, 120
Perennibranchiates, stomach of, 44, 46
Perissodactyla, ileo-colic junction of, 210
Peritoneal cavity, lesser, summary and development of structure, 180
relations and position of appendix, 250
of appendix, variations of, 258
sac, lesser, of cat, 128
Peritoneum, arrangement in infra-colic compartment, 78
of cat, compared with human arrangement, 73
of infra-colic compartment in adult human subject, 88
lesser cavity of, in relation to liver, 174
of liver, in relation to lesser sac, 174
secondary lines of reflection, 73
of supra-colic compartment, general considerations, 99
Petromyzon, alimentary canal of, 200
liver of, 141
spiral intestinal valve of, 119
Peyer’s patches, 196
Phascolarctos cinereus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 205
colic loop in, 234
Phascolomys wombat, ileo-colic junction, cæcum and appendix of,
206
Pteropus medius, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Phoca, biliary ducts in, 145
vitulina, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 212
stomach of, 45
Phocæna communis, ileo-colic junction of, 209
intestinal folds, 196
Phylogeny of types of ileo-colic junction and cæcum, 217
Physeter, ileo-colic junction of, 209
Physiology of vertebrate intestine, 190
Pickerel, pyloric valve of, 45
stomach of, 44
Pinnipedia, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Pipa, stomach of, 46
Piscivorous divers, cæca of, 203
Pithecia satanas, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 215
Placental circulation, 146
Placentalia, definition of, 36
Plates, medullary, 21, 28
Platypus anatinus, male genito-urinary tract and cloaca, 26
Pleuronectes maculatus, ileo-colic junction of, 201
pyloric appendices in, 120
Pleuro-peritoneal cavity, 28
Plicæ coli, 199
Polypterus, pyloric appendix in, 120
Portal circulation, development of, 147
vein, development of, 148
Position and peritoneal relations of appendix, 250
Post-anal gut, 23
Post-cardinal veins in Urodele Amphibian, 157
Post-cava in Anure Amphibian, 158
in Iguana, 159
in Urodele Amphibian, 157
Post-caval vein, 151
Pre-cava in Anure Amphibian, 158
Primates, ileo-colic junction of, 213
types of ileo-cæcal folds in, 265
Primitive aortæ, 63
common dorsal mesentery, 33
dorsal mesentery after rotation, 79
mesentery, effect of intestinal rotation on, 59
mesenteric segment, 72
mesocolic segment, 72
jugular veins, 147
Proboscidea, ileo-colic junction of, 210
Proctodæum, 24, 26
in human embryos, 27
Protoplasm, 19
Protopterus, pancreas in, 117
Proteus, alimentary canal of, 40
anguineus, stomach of, 43
Proteles lalandii, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 212
Proventriculus, 50
Psalterium, 49
Pseudemys elegans, alimentary canal of, 55
ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 201
Pyloric appendices, 119
function of, 221
in Accipenser, 120
in Gadus, 120
in Lophius, 120
in Paralichthys, 120
in Pelamys, 120
in Perca, 120
in Pleuronectes, 120
in Rhombus, 120
in Scomber, 120
in Thynnus, 120
 relation to pancreas, 121
significance of, 120
appendix in Ammodytes, 120
in Echelus, 120
in Polypterus, 120
cæca, 119
function of, 221
stomach, 50
valve, 44
in fishes, 45
of loon, 45

Rana, alimentary canal of, 55

catesbiana, ileo-colic junction of, 201
esculenta, venous system of, 158
Ratitæ, ileo-colic junction and cæca of, 203
Rectal gland of Selachians, 201
Rectangular ileo-colic junction, 225
Recto-coccygeal muscles, 33
Recto-uterine muscles, 33
Rectum, development of, 54
separation from genito-urinary sinus, 27
Renal-portal circulation in Urodele Amphibian, 156
system in Selachian, 154
in Iguana, 159
Reptilia, abdominal vein, 167
biliary ducts in, 145
ileo-colic junction of, 201
Retro-gastric peritoneal space, boundaries of, 175
space, rudimentary form of, 105
Retro-peritoneal hernia, 92
Reticulum, 49
Rhombus, pyloric appendices in, 120
Rodentia, cæcal pouch of, 229
compound stomach of, 49
ileo-colic junction of, 211
spiral colic valve of, 231
Rodents, saccus lymphaticus of, 196
Round ligament of liver, 152
Rumen, 49
Ruminantia, structure of stomach in, 49

Saccus lymphaticus of Lepus cuniculus, 211

of Rodents, 196
Salamandra maculosa, venous system of, 158
Salivary glands, derivation of, 34
Saurians, stomach of, 44, 46
Sciatic vein in Iguana, 160
Scincus ocellatus, stomach of, 45
Scomber, pyloric appendices in, 120
Segmental veins in Iguana, 160
Segmentation, 20
Segmentation-cavity, 20
Selachian, caudal vein in, 154
digitiform gland of, 201
duct of Cuvier, 155
hepatic portal system of, 155
lateral vein of, 155
pancreas in, 116
 rectal gland of, 201
renal portal system of, 154
spiral intestinal valve in, 119
venous system, 154
Semnopithecus, stomach of, 47
Septum urogenitale, 27
transversum, 142
Serous folds in cases of Meckel’s diverticulum, 262, 263
membrane, derivation of, 31
Shape of cæcum and origin of appendix, 245
of embryonic cæcum, 245
Sheep, biliary ducts in, 145
development of pancreas, 115
Sigmoid flexure, development of, 54, 77
Simia satyrus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 216
Sinus venosus, 146
Sirenia, ileo-colic junction of, 208
Soft palate, 42
Somatic mesoderm, 21
Somatopleure, 22, 29
Spigelian lobe, boundaries of, 170
development of, 169
recess of lesser sac, 177
Spiral coil of colon, 233
colic valve of Rodentia, 231
colon of Bos indicus, 233
of Cervus sika, 233
of Dasyprocta agouti, 234
development of, 233
of Nycticebus tardigradus, 234
 of Oryx leucoryx, 233
of Ovis aries, 233
fold of intestinal mucous membrane, function of, 220
intestinal valve in Ceratodus, 119
in Cyclostomata, 119
in Dipnœans, 119
in Petromyzon, 119
valve of gastric diverticulum in Sus, 48
Splanchnic mesoderm, 21
Splanchnopleure, 22, 29
Spleen, development and relation to dorsal mesogastrium, 108
and great omentum in Macacus, 139
pancreas and great omentum in cat, 127
peritoneal relations, 110
vascular connections, 108
Splenic artery, 65, 108
flexure, development of, 54, 76
vessels, peritoneal relations, 109
Stomach of Alligator, 51
assumption of special functions modifying form of, 48
of Anguilla anguilla, 47
of Batrachians, 44, 46
of Bradypus, 51
cæcal diverticula of, 47
of Carnivora, 46, 47
of carnivore birds, 50
of Castor, 46
cellular structures connected with, 47
of Cetaceans, 49
changes in position during development, 102
of Chelonians, 45, 46
of Coluber natrix, 44
comparative anatomy of, 42
of Crocodiles, 46, 51
of the Cyprini, 44
definition of, as segment of foregut, 43
embryonic borders and surfaces, 41
factors modifying form of, 43
first differentiation in human embryos, 40
further development in human embryos, 40
glandular, of birds, 46
of Gobius, 45
of Halmaturus, 47
of heron, 50
of Herbivora, 46, 47
of herbivorous birds, 50
influence of habitual amount of food on form of, 44
of size and shape of abdominal cavity on form of, 46
of volume and character of food on form of, 46
of Teleosts, 46, 47
of Labrus, 44
of Lophius, 46
of Lutra, 48
of Manatus americanus, 48
of Moschus, 49
masticating surfaces of, 48
of Myoxus, 46
of Necturus maculatus, 43
of Ophidia, 44, 46
of owl, 50
of Perennibranchiates, 44, 46
of Phoca vitulina, 45
of the pickerels, 44
of Pipa, 46
of Proteus anguineus, 43
relation to vagus nerve, 43
ruminant type of, 43
of Saurians, 44, 46
of Scincus ocellatus, 45
 of Semnopithecus, 47
storage compartments of, 48
structural modifications of, increasing action of gastric juice, 46
of Tamandua, 51
transverse position of, 45
type-form of, 43
Stomadæum, 24
in human embryos, 27
Strix, cæca of, 203
Structural modifications of colon, 230
Struthio africanus, ileo-colic junction and cæca of, 204
Sturgeon, pyloric valve of, 45
Subintestinal veins, 147
Submucosa, derivation of, 30
Superior mesenteric artery, 64, 65
relation to umbilical loop, 66
Suspensory ligament of liver, derived from ventral mesogastrium,
165
Sus scrofa, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 209
spiral valve of gastric diverticulum in, 48
Symmetrical type of ileo-colic junction, 221

Tænia coli-, 199

Tamandua, alimentary tract of, 56
bivittata, foramen of Winslow in, 183
ileo-colic junction and cæca of, 208
stomach of, 51
Tapirus americanus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 210
Tarsius, biliary ducts in, 145
spectrum, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 213
Taxidea americana, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Tatusia novemcincta, ileo-colic junction of, 207
Teleosts, anal and genito-urinary orifices in, 25
concealed pancreas of, 117
development of liver in, 143
gastric diverticula of, 47
intestinal canal of, 191
stomach of, 46, 47
without pyloric appendices, 120
Thalassochelys, intestinal folds of, 197
Thymus, derivation of, 34
Thynnus, pyloric appendices in, 120
Thyroid, derivation of, 34
Tolypeutes, ileo-colic junction of, 207
Transverse anal fissure, 27
colon, development of, 54, 244
differentiation of, 76
mesocolon, development of, 80
Trichosurus vulpinus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 205
Trigla, biliary ducts in, 145
Troglodytes niger, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 217
Types of ileo-cæcal folds in Primates, 265
ileo-colic junction and cæcum, phylogeny of, 217

Umbilical arteries, 63
hernia of embryo, 52
loop, derivation of adult intestinal segments from, 53
divisions of, 52
 of embryonic intestine, 52
relation of vitello-intestinal duct to, 52
veins, 147
changes after birth in, 152
final arrangement, 151
further changes in, 149
intra-hepatic distribution, 152
vesicle, 22
Umbilicus, 21
Ungulata, cæcal pouch of, 229
ileo-colic junction of, 209
Urinary bladder, in human embryos, 27
relation to allantois, 24
Urinator imber, diverticulum cæcum vitelli, 35
lumme, diverticulum cæcum vitelli, 35
pyloric valve of, 45
Urodæum, 25
Urodele Amphibian, abdominal vein in, 157
caudal vein in, 156
ducts of Cuvier in, 156
hepatic-portal system of, 157
iliac vein in, 157
post-cardinal veins in, 157
post-cava in, 157
renal-portal system in, 156
venous system of, 156
Uro-genital cleft, 27
Ursus, ileo-colic junction of, 212
maritimus, intestinal villi, 195
Uvula, 42

Vagus, gastric distribution of, 43

Valves of Kerkring, 196, 197
Valvulæ conniventes, 196, 197
Variations of cæcum and appendix, 244
in the peritoneal relations of the appendix, 258
Vasa intestini tenuis, 66
Vascular mesenteric folds of ileo-colic junction, 262
system of liver, development of, 145
Vein, portal, development of, 148
Veins, anterior cardinal, 147
hepatic, 148
omphalo-mesenteric, 146
posterior cardinal, 147
primitive jugular, 147
subintestinal, 147
umbilical, 147
vitelline, 146
hepaticæ advehentes, 147
revehentes, 147
Venous system in Anure Amphibian, 158
of bird, 161
of human fœtus at term, 162
of Necturus maculatus, 158
of Rana esculenta, 158
in Selachian, 154
of Salamandra maculosa, 158
of Urodele Amphibian, 156
Ventral mesentery, early condition and derivation, 31
mesogastrium, 163
in Iguana, 166
and liver, 140
relation to duodenum, 164
relation to liver, 105
to umbilical vein, 165
vascular ileo-cæcal fold, 262
Vertebrate intestine, general morphology and physiology, 190
Visceral mesoderm, 21
peritoneum, definition of, 32
Vitelline arteries, 64, 146
membrane, 19
sac, 20
veins, 146
anastomosis of, 147
Vitello-intestinal duct, 22
Vitellus, 19
Vulpes fulvus, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 212

Water-cells of camel’s stomach, 49

Wolffian duct, relation to primitive intestine, 24

Xenurus, ileo-colic junction of, 207

Xiphias, biliary ducts in, 145

Yolk, 19
Yolk-sac, 20

Zalophus gillespiei, ileo-colic junction and cæcum of, 212

Zona pellucida, 19

FOOTNOTES:
1 In the embryos of reptiles, birds and mammals folds of the
somatopleure arise externally to the constricting furrows by
means of which the embryo is gradually separated from the yolk-
sac, with the resulting formation of the intestinal and abdominal
walls. These folds, situated at the head, tail and on the sides,
grow upwards and finally meet and unite to form a membranous
sac called the amnion. Hence these higher vertebrates (reptiles,
birds and mammals) are called Amniota, in contradistinction to
fishes and amphibia who have no amnion and are hence known
as Anamnia.
2 The student should not be confused by the fact that a
considerable portion of the pancreatic gland in the cat will be
found included between the layers of the great omentum,
extending over to the left side of the abdomen. This circumstance
will be found of importance in studying the development of the
dorsal mesogastrium and of the structures connected with it. For
the present attention should only be given to the right extremity
or head of the pancreas, situated close to the duodenum and
included between the layers of the mesoduodenum.
3 For full details of the anatomical and pathological conditions
involved consult B. G. A. Moynihan “On Retro-peritoneal Hernia”—
London, 1899.
4 Iankelowitz, Arch. f. Mikr. Anat., Bd. 46, 1895.
5 Iguana tuberculata, one of the large lizards native of South
America. This animal forms an excellent object for the
comparative study of the visceral and vascular anatomy of the
abdomen. It possesses a well-differentiated intestinal tract,
several coils of small intestine, a well-marked cæcum and large
intestine. The examination of this or a similar reptilian form is to
be highly recommended. Iguana is easily obtained in any of our
large cities, as a considerable number of these animals are
annually imported from Mexico and the South American states.
6 I am indebted to Dr. J. A. Blake, former Assistant Demonstrator
of Anatomy at Columbia University, for the valuable suggestion
which led to the preparation of Figs. 276, 277 and 278 together
with the correlated text.
7 It should be remembered that in the final adult arrangement of
the abdominal viscera the liver shifts relatively backwards, so that
the diaphragmatic attachment, originally directed cephalad, now
looks dorsad and forms part of the dorsal or “posterior” surface of
the adult organ. The original ventral surface looks cephalad, as
well as ventrad, forming the convex surface which in the adult
rests in contact with the abdominal wall and diaphragmatic vault,
while the surface originally directed dorsad toward the stomach
finally in large part has an inclination caudad forming the
“inferior” surface of human anatomy.
8 Flower and Lyddecker, “Mammals, Living and Extinct,” p. 209.
9 A. v. Haller, Elements physiologiæ, Tom. 7, Liber 24, Sect. 3.
10 Fr. Arnold, Handbuch der Anat. d. Menschen. 1847. II. Bd.,
cloth, p. 84.
11 E. Zuckerkandl, “Ueber die Obliteration des Darmfortsatzes
beim Menschen.” Anat. Hefte XI. (Bd. IV., Heft 1), 1894, p. 107.
12 N. Y. Med. Journal, Vol. LXIX., No. 14, p. 508.
13 Cf. Quain.
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