Received 13 January 2023, accepted 13 February 2023, date of publication 6 March 2023, date of current version 13 March 2023.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3252891

An Innovative Converterless Solar PV Control

Strategy for a Grid Connected Hybrid
PV/Wind/Fuel-Cell System Coupled
With Battery Energy Storage
MUHAMMAD MAJID GULZAR 1,5 , AYESHA IQBAL 2 , DAUD SIBTAIN 3,

AND MUHAMMAD KHALID 4,5,6 , (Senior Member, IEEE)

1 Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
3 Energy Center of Excellence (ECoE), Harbin Electric International, Harbin 150028, China
4 Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
5 Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
6 SDAIA–KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding author: Muhammad Khalid ([email protected])

This work was supported by the Center of Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
(KFUPM) under Project INRE2220. The work of Muhammad Khalid was supported by the SDAIA–KFUPM Joint Research Center for
Artificial Intelligence (JRC-AI).

ABSTRACT The proposed work addresses the modeling, control, energy management and operation of
hybrid grid connected system with wind-PV-Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) integrated with Fuel
Cell (FC) and Electrolyzer. A hybrid PV-Wind-FC with electrolyzer consisting of BESS with the least
number of control loops and converters has been proposed. The proposed hybrid system presents a cost
efficient solution for integrating PV into a hybrid system by eliminating the PV converter. This includes
the design of controllers for grid-connected hybrid systems with a renewable distributed generator (Wind
and PV) as a primary source, BESS as a secondary source and FC with Electrolyzer as a tertiary source.
In addition, the lead compensator along with integrator is used for obtaining enough phase margin and
removing steady state error completely. It increases the stability of the controller and adds phase shift ϕs
at a cross gain frequency (ωcut ). The Grid Side Controller (GSC) is capable of providing frequency support
to the utility grid, when it is linked to the grid. In the proposed configuration, PV power is maximized and
injected into grid through GSC. Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and GSC ensure the support for sharing the
burden of the grid station. Moreover, the proposed controller of BESS with coordination of FC eliminates
the effect of intermittency of power generated from wind and PV. Excess power production by renewable
distribution generation is used by Electrolyzer to generate hydrogen. This hydrogen is further used by FC
when there is not enough power generation due to unfavorable weather conditions. The energy management
has been presented to fulfill the load profile, avoid BESS overcharging and to minimize the intermittency
and fluctuation of Wind and PV sources. This method guarantees steady power flow and service continuity.
The Simulink model of the proposed system results validate the efficiency of the proposed hybrid system as
compared to the conventional hybrid system reported in the literature. The modeling of the proposed system
and analysis has been demonstrated using the MATLAB Simulink model. Lastly, the energy management of
the system has also been examined and compared with the conventional power system.

INDEX TERMS Grid-connected system, energy management system, battery energy storage system,
electrolyzer, fuel cell, doubly fed induction motor, maximum power point tracking.

The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and

approving it for publication was Mouloud Denai .
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
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 M. M. Gulzar et al.: Innovative Converterless Solar PV Control Strategy

I. INTRODUCTION Source Inverter (VSI) topology is generally used to control

An increase in number of home appliances to do simple tasks the injecting power to the grid.
of the household has made life very relaxed and effortless. Power generation using hybrid topology has gained a lot
Whereas with the inclusion of each electric appliance at of attention due to its economical and Eco-friendly benefits.
home the electric demand is growing. Power generation is The power grids attached to PV and wind turbines show more
continuously increasing to fulfill the electric power demand. stability due to the complementary power generation and can
Renewable and non-renewable generations are added to the be installed in divergent weather conditions [15], [16], [17],
power network to meet the demand. All different types of con- [18]. It is being observed that the above two types of sus-
ventional and non-conventional sources bring different types tainable sources have another option and development [19],
of complexities to the power flow architecture. With growing [20], [21]. Generally, at day time, the production of power
environmental concerns during the last few decades, gov- from PV is more and the production of power from the
ernments are putting effort to include renewable generation wind turbine is less. But at night time, the production of PV
into the national grid to meet the total electric demand. The is insignificant and nearly zero, because of more speed of
renewable energy sources which are PV, FC, ultra-capacitor, wind in contrast to the day time, the power produced from
WT, geothermal, etc., are integrated into the existing power the turbines of wind increases decisively. The corresponding
generation architecture for clean and green energy [1], [2]. element is likewise observed in various seasons. Like during
Most frequent used renewable generation sources are solar summer season, when there is more power from the sun, wind
cells and wind turbines due to their easy installation and cost- is less accessible, while during winter season, the velocity
to-power ratio and these two sources are adopted in different of the wind is higher and the viable energy from the sun is
typologies throughout the world as no fuel is required for the less. Such element has persuaded various analysts to look for
power generation [3], [4], [5] (unlike fuel cell stack, biogas approaches to combine two energy sources. This assimilation
etc.). prompts a couple of issues concerning the quality of the
Wind turbines are coming out to be very reliable power power, validity, and steadiness of the whole system [22]. The
generation sources due to their power regulation character- feasible solution which exhibits low fluctuation of power,
istics. With the development of new types of wind turbine enhanced quality of the power, energy and less unbalance
generation architecture, off-shore topology wind turbines are because of the renewable sources which are given by Elec-
a hot topic of research these days. Speed regulation control of trical Energy Storage Systems (EESSs) [23], [24], [25]. Rea-
wind turbine in a Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) sonable EESSs could have given a critical way to deal with
a very efficient power generation source. Maximum power the unreliability and irregularity of the Renewable Energy
point tracking (MPPT) of the power which is generated by the Sources (RES) generations [26], [27], [28]. In general, EESS
turbine can be accomplished by controlling the speed of the enables reliable generation of power that can be used when
rotor based on wind speed [6]. In the recent few decades, mul- the costs of generation are high, demand is high, or other
tiple control architectures have been proposed by researchers means of generation of power are not available [23], [29],
to improve the efficiency of the DFIG power generation tur- [30]. Several energy storage systems are divided on the basis
bines [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. Liu et al. [10] and Xu et al. [11] of the two criterion: form and function. On the basis of func-
have presented some advanced control algorithms to decrease tional criteria, EESS are divided into high ratings of power,
transient oscillations delivered to the stator from the rotor which includes supercapacitors, Super-Conducting Magnetic
side due to wind speed variations. A voltage conditioning Energy Storage (SMES), batteries and flywheels [30], and for
architecture has been proposed by Nian and Song [12] which the management of energy, such as FCs, bulk batteries, Solar
decreases the harmonics in the current and voltage by per- cells, and the flow batteries [31], [32], [33]. On the basis of
forming smooth transitions and overall smoothing the active form, electrical energy is being stored in multiple ways, e.g.,
and reactive power generation in a DFIG power generation as storage of chemical energy, as storage of thermal energy,
architecture. Contrary to wind power generation PV array is as storage of mechanical energy, and it can be transformed
a very efficient and easy-to-handle power generation. There into power whenever required. EESS is the preferred option
is no noise pollution, air pollution or mechanical maintenance to endure variations of power and assures sovereignty in
as compared to wind turbines. Very large PV farms have been hybrid grid systems. Therefore, the Hybrid Energy Storage
introduced with several gigawatt power generation capacity System (HESS) is a need of the hour [34], [35], [36]. So, the
making them reliable power generation to meet the growing charging cycles and the discharging cycle of the battery have
demand of the electric power [13], [14]. Electric power from a significant impact on the service life of these systems [37],
the PV array is integrated into the grid by using two basic [38], [39]. A source of third energy is therefore absolutely
topologies: single stage or two-stage. The single stage has necessary for the improvement of the security of the supply of
less number of converters and power switches but the control energy of PV and Wind turbine system. A third power system
architecture to make the operation possible has its complexity should be selected according to the benefits and form of the
compared to the two-stage integration topologies. Voltage storage system.

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Various studies on this area has shown the chance of of PV and GSC. Implementation of MPPT in [19] can be done
increasing PV systems with wind turbines with minimal by controlling DC link voltage. However, this configuration
adjustments. To consolidate the wind turbine and the PV in a observed large power output fluctuation and under normal
hybrid system, [4] have utilized a converter of a three-phase conditions, large oscillations occurred in DC link voltage.
square waveform. To work more on the DC loads of hybrid Due to the intermittent nature of PV and wind, if wind speed
system, another three-input dc-dc boost converter is being and solar irradiation are low or high, the requirement of
presented in [40]. Whereas, in hybrid system the expansion power of the system can be curtailed. However, this design
of the above converters is not reasonable. An arrangement is incapable of extracting maximum solar energy. Also, GSC
of Wind & PV power concentrating on the smooth variation is not used to its full potential.
of the DC voltage and the reduced size of the DC capacitor To meet the shortcoming of [19] and [50] introduced BESS
bank has been established in [41]. In [42] and [43], the state of to the PV-DFIG hybrid system with a reduced control scheme.
charge (SOC) of the BESS has been controlled in the systems The oscillations in DC link voltage and GSC power have been
to decrease the variation of the output power. References [44] stabilized up to a large extent. In this proposed configuration
and [45] have presented new approaches for examining and utilization of GSC has been improved and DC bus capacitor
improving the structures by utilizing battery energy systems. size has decreased. However, charging of the Battery and
Many researches have been produced to propose novel the discharging of BESS decreases the life span of batteries.
control strategies for the hybrid system. By focusing on fifth Moreover, BESS alone cannot cater to the load demand when
and seventh grid voltage harmonics, [12] proposed a mod- Wind and PV supply less power to DC links due to weather
ified control algorithm for smoothing hybrid system active conditions. In this process, persistant charging of battery and
and reactive output power. A control scheme of two-layer the discharging decrease the lifespan of the BESS. Therefore,
constant power for wind farms equipped with DFIGs has another energy source is needed to back up the supply to the
been reported in [46]. In this work, Super-Capacitor (SC) as grid-connected system and load.
an energy storage system and DFIG DC link is linked with In this paper, FC and Electrolyzer as a third energy source
each other. New cost minimization and power generation has has been added to the PV-DFIG and BESS hybrid grid con-
been presented in [47] for hybrid RES. The control structure nected system. A hybrid PV-Wind-BESS with FC and elec-
for the battery bank has just a control loop presented in trolyzer with the least number of control loops and converters
this work. The study in [48], proposed an embedded energy have been proposed. The proposed hybrid system presents a
share method between battery and SC which are designed cost efficient solution for integrating PV into a hybrid system
to meet peak power requirements whereas battery fulfills by eliminating the PV converter. This includes the design of
average power. In the first topology, battery is being attached controllers for grid-connected hybrid systems with a renew-
to the DC bus through the DC-DC buck-boost converter and able distributed generator (Wind and PV) as a primary source,
converter has been removed in the second configuration. DC- BESS as a secondary source and FC with Electrolyzer as a
DC converter has also been used between DC bus and SC for tertiary source. The main research objectives and advantages
power exchange. The research in [49], describes a method of the proposed system are:
for providing voltage and frequency support to an islanded • To establish an efficient and cost-effective setup of PV-
microgrid by coordinating and integrating the operation of DFIG-BESS with reduced control loops with FC and
solar generators (PV) with control of MPPT and battery Electrolyzer.
storage. The control loop method is used in this work for • To perform common AC and DC bus voltage and MPPT
controlling the battery energy storage system. In addition, by the controller of GSC.
PV//MPPT/battery with active power control and the reactive
• To minimize GSC power and DC link voltage fluctuation
power control has been implemented for grid tied (hybrid)
to large extent.
systems. The control algorithms demonstrate efficient cor-
• New topology for hybrid Wind, PV, BESS, FC with
respondent of the control of inverter, discharging and the
charging of the energy storage and MPPT. Electrolyzer to achieve optimal and efficient control of
So, the mentioned studies did not consider the efficiency the different sources, ensuring better power quality for
and optimality of the proposed structure and only focused on AC grid, regulating the voltage level and the frequency
the control design and power energy sources coordination. of AC grid, ensuring continuity of the service.
Also, no optimization has been done considered for hybrid • Implementation and integration of FC and Electrolyzer
energy system efficiency. to make the system more sustainable when Wind and
The promising architecture of a system with DFIG and PV solar PV power depend on weather conditions and dur-
has been proposed by [19] in which the PV converter has been ing night hours solar power is zero. Therefore, under
omitted. It should be noted that PV capacity and PV con- the situation of long-term, no-wind and solar PV or
verter rating should be the same. In this research, the authors low-wind and solar conditions, BESS alone cannot cater
demonstrated that PV capacity may be significantly greater to the load demand.
than the grid side controller (GSC) rating. The utilization of • To provide frequency support to the AC side while ensur-
the new converter increases after consolidating the converter ing stable operation of the DC side.
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 M. M. Gulzar et al.: Innovative Converterless Solar PV Control Strategy

• To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed setup where, I is single solar cell current, IPV is solar irradiation
on MATLAB Simulink. total generated current, Io is reverse leakage current (satura-
The rest of the paper is organized as: A description tion), a is Diode factor, T is Diode temperature (Kelvin), q is
of the proposed hybrid grid-connected system is explained electron charge and k represent Boltzmann constant.
in section II. Section III demonstrates system modeling All features of the solar cell are not presented in eq. (1).
and control. In Section IV, energy management is given. Inculcation of both series and parallel resistances makes this
Section V demonstrates the system simulation and results. model as the best one particular for empirical conditions. Rser
The conclusion is presented in Section VI. is termed as the resistance between the solar cell and terminal
connection.
i V + R I 
II. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED HYBRID GRID
h V +Rser I
ser
I = IPV − Io e Vt a − 1 − (2)
CONNECTED SYSTEM Rper
The configuration of the proposed system is shown in Fig. 1.
where Rser is total series resistance, Rper is total parallel
The GSC and its control scheme used in the proposed system
resistance, Vt is thermal voltage and can be further calculated
are meant to limit the DC-bus voltage and to maintain it
using expression, Vt = kT /q; where V is combined terminal
within its prescribed safe limits.The voltage of the DC-link
voltage of the solar cells. Rper is resistance produced from p-n
also makes the system enable to track MPP for the PV
junction leakage current.
system. To protect the GSC against overloads, a BESS is
On the basis of parallel and series configurations of PV
coupled with the system. The BESS is used as a storage
array’s solar cells, the eq.(2) can be changed. If the number
device and is connected to the DC bus through DC/DC Buck-
of parallel cells is increased, the current level of a PV array is
Boost bidirectional converter. As PV and wind power depend
also increased. Similarly, when the number of series cells is
upon weather conditions while PV power is zero at night
increased, the voltage of a PV array is also increased.
time. Thus, the battery alone cannot cater to the full load
Charges produced because of temperature and solar irradi-
demand when there is zero wind and PV energy or less wind.
ation is Ipv as depicted in eq. (3).
Therefore, in order to make the system more sustainable,
FC with an electrolyzer is integrated with the system. When
G
Ipv = Ipvn − Ki 1T (3)
there is high-power generation from PV and wind sources, Gn
the battery reached its threshold limit of charge storage,
As parallel resistance of the solar cell is greater than series
then the electrolyzer activates and stores surplus energy. The
resistance thus, the short current is approximately equal to
electrolyzer generates hydrogen that can be stored and used
PV threshold current. Ipvn is threshold PV current, Ki is Cur-
by FC as input. FC use hydrogen to generate power when
rent coefficient, T is Difference between nominal and actual
there is not enough power generation at the DC link due to
temperature K : Tn − T , G is incident solar radiation and Gn is
unfavorable weather conditions.
nominal solar radiation. Units of Gn and G are W /m2 . A lot
of work has been done in this domain and many formulas for
III. SYSTEM MODELLING AND CONTROL
features of solar cells and their designs are developed. Here
A. MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR SOLAR PV
the Ion is given as eq. (4).
There are a number of solar cells inside a PV array and these
cells generate charge carriers whenever photons fall on the Isen + Ki 1T
Ion = 
Vocn +Kv 1T
 (4)
array. The electrons are ejected out and make the current −1
a Vt
e
flow if the energy of the photon is more than the band gap
of the semiconductor. Various poly-crystalline solar cells are where, Vocn is Open circuit nominal voltage, Kv is Voltage
cost-effective and easily affordable along with the typical coefficient, Iscn represents Nominal short-circuit current, a is
mono-crystalline solar cells. In order to find out a correct Ideal diode factor, Vt is the thermal voltage. For modeling
solar equation that may correlate to real-world behavior, a lot solar cells, eqs. (1), (2) and (3) are used together. Temperature
of research has been done so far. So, the characteristics of and irradiation are the factors that have a direct relation to the
cells of the PV arrays are not satisfactory. The ideal model operation of the solar cell.
of the PV array is a diode in parallel connection and a cur-
rent source. In Fig. 2, the single solar cell circuit is being B. MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR WIND TURBINE
presented that is comprised of a current source and Shock- The aerodynamic power of the wind turbine is illustrated in
ley diode with parallel resistance Rper and series resistance eq. (5)
Rser . The combination of diode current and current source is 1
summed up as the total current of the solar cell [51]. Pm = ρ Cp (β, λ) A v3t (5)
2
The mathematical expression for single solar cell is illus-
where, Pm represents mechanical power taken by the wind
trated in eq. (1).
turbine, Vt is the wind speed, CP shows the power coefficient,
λ is the speed ratio, β represents blade angle and A is area
h qV i
I = IPV − Io e akT − 1 (1)
rotor blades.

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FIGURE 1. Structure of proposed grid connected hybrid system.

Here, rotor current and terminal voltage components are vqr ,

vdr , iqr and idr respectively. ωr and ωo are rotor and syn-
chronous speeds (rad/sec). Where as: ω = ωo − ωr . The
components of star flux in d-q reference are taken as ϕqs and
ϕds . Rr used here represents resistance of rotor winding. σ is
the leakage component and it can be written mathematically
as eq. (7).

Lr Ls − Lm2
σ = (7)
Ls Lr
FIGURE 2. Equivalent circuit of single solar cell.

Here Lr , Lm and Ls represent various inductance. Te repre-

In the proposed hybrid system, a model based on sents electromagnetic torque of machine given as eq. (8).
voltage-flux equations in the d-q reference frame is used to
regulate the DFIG [52]. In this model, d-axis of the frame has 3Lm vms
an alignment with the flux space vector of the stator that fur- Te = −p iqr (8)
2Ls ωo
ther rotates with synchronous speed. About the components
of the rotor current, the equation of rotor and stator can be
represented as eq. (6). where, vms represents the amplitude of stator voltage. Pe
denotes electromagnetic power that can be expressed math-
didr Lm d ematically as eq. (9).
σ Lr = −Rr idr + ωσ Lr iqr + vdr − ϕds
dt Ls dt
(6)
diqr Lm d 3Lm ωr
σ Lr = −Rr iqr + ωσ Lr idr + vqr − ϕqs Pe = − vms iqr (9)
dt Ls dt 2Ls ωo

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 M. M. Gulzar et al.: Innovative Converterless Solar PV Control Strategy

Likewise, using eq.(9), rotor power (Pr ) and stator power (Ps )
equations are given as eq. (10).
3Lm
Pr = − vms iqr
2Ls
3Lm (ωo − ωr ) Lm
Ps = − vms iqr (10)
2Ls ωo Ls

1) RSC CONTROL
The components of terminal voltage vqr and vdr are controlled
by the RSC. A sinusoidal pulse along with modulation indices
mqr and mdr are used here to control voltage components. The FIGURE 3. Control Scheme of RSC.

product of iqr and idr variables make the rotor current model
non-linear. To find out rotor terminal voltage, the rotor current
dynamics are separated by using the expression: 2) GSC CONTROL
The GSC control is meant to control DC-link voltage in the
didr proposed model. MPPT for PV is also maintained and tracked
σ Lr = −Rr idr + g1
dt using P&O algorithm. Initially, components of the current of
diqr GSC are being decoupled as:
σ Lr = −Rr iqr + g2 (11)
dt
didg vDC
Here, g1 and g2 are the two new parameters of control that Lg = −Rg idg + Lg ωo iqg − vdg + mdg
dt 2
depends upon mqr and mdr , given as: didq vDC
Lq = −Rq idq + Lg ωo idg − vqg + mqg (16)
2 dt 2
g1 − ωσ Lr iqr


mdr =
VDC where Vqg and Vdg are components of grid voltage. In this
Lm ω
 
2 scanrio, the stator voltage vector has been aligned in d-axis
mqr = g2 − ωσ Lr iqr + vms (12)
VDC L s ωo of the reference frame thus, Vqs = 0. When new variables
such as Jdq and Jdg are inaugurated, thus the transfer function
where, VDC represents DC-link voltage. Transfer function for
for the proposed system is obtained as:
iqr and idr currents can be obtained using eq.(12), such as:
Idg (S) Iqg (s) 1
Idr (s) Iqr (s) 1 Gig (s) = = = (17)
Gir (s) = = = (13) Jdg (S) Jdq (s) Lg s + Rg
G1 (s) G2 (s) σ Lr s + Rr
In order to control components of rotor current, Proportional Modulation indices mqg and mdg are expressed as:
Integral (PI) controller is composed which is implemented on 2
Jdg − ωo Lg iqg + Vdg


the fundament of the zero pole cancellation method. The zero mdg =
VDC
of the plant transfer function is expressed as SZ = − KKPr
Ir
, and
2
Jqg + ωo Lg idg


Rr mqg = (18)
its pole is given as SP = − σ Lr . While KIr represents integral
VDC
gain and Kpr denotes proportional gain of PI controller. The
value of the closed-loop current control time constant Tcr is To determine the parameters of the current controller Gcig ,
kept quite small to achieve appropriate bandwidth, and it is a similar strategy is used. While, KIig is the integral gain and
kept at 1/10th of the switching frequency. On the basis of Kpig is the proportional gain, illustrated below as:
these criteria, the factors of the PI controller are expressed
Lg Rg
as: Kpig = , Klig = (19)
Tcig Tcig
σ Lr Rr
Kpr = − , KIr = − (14) Closed loop transfer function GCL is used for reducing first-
Tcr Tcr
order function, such as:
The active power and the reactive power of the circuit of the
stator [52] are expressed as: 1
GCL = (20)
Tcig S + 1
3v2 Lm 3 v2ms Lm
Qs = ms − idr The balance of electrical Power between the dc side and the
2ωo Ls 2 Ls
3Lm ac sides of the GSC is maintained by designing a loop of
Ps = − vms idr (15) voltage control that couples the DC-link with the PV and can
2Ls
be expressed as.
In order to avoid high rotor currents and RSC loading, the
set point for idr is generally taken as zero. Thus, the block d 1 2 3
PPV = CDC VDC + Pr + Vdg idg + PBESS (21)
diagram of RSC control is shown in Fig. 3 dt 2 2

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FIGURE 4. Control scheme of GSC.

i∗dq is used as control variable instead of idq when Tcig value

FIGURE 5. Schematic diagram of the Fuel Cell (SOFC type).
is kept very small. Moreover, the transfer function using new
variable Pc will become:
VDC 2 2 solution to reduce pollution as well as the dependence of
Gv (S) = = (22)
Pc CDC S society on fossil fuels. As renewable energy sources produce
When, i∗dq is quite relevant to Pc , thus it can be expressed as: hydrogen, therefore, its utilization as an energy carrier is
thought of as an exhilarating choice in transition of energy
2
trends. The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is an effective cell
i∗dg = −Pc + PpV − Pr + PBESS (23)
3Vdg among all types of fuel cells because it is 70% efficient. The
PI controller is not compatible to contain nonlinearities pro- main two tenets of SOFC over low-temperature types make
duced due to Gv (S) nature. Lead compensator along with it more attractive. First, SOFC cells operate at usually high
integrator is used for obtaining enough phase margin and temperatures that permit direct inner handling of fuel in them
removing steady state error completely. It increases the sta- such as natural gas. Second, these cells get more electric
bility of the controller and adds phase shift ϕs at a cross gain efficiencies easily and this thing makes them reliable for
frequency (ωcut ). Transfer function of controller at (ωcut = fuel-effective stationary power generation. Therefore, such
0.2 T1cig ) is expressed mathematically as: characteristics reduce intricacy of the system as compared
to power plants of low temperature which need hydrogen
Klvg s + αr production with an extra process unit. As fuel cells having
Gcv (S) = (24) high-temperature cannot be turned off easily, therefore, they
s s+r
are acceptable in the stationary sector only. This is the reason
Here, α and r are lead compensator parameters. Thus, the
that SOFC cells are mostly used in the commercial system
block diagram of GSC control is shown in Fig. 4
which has more working life. Furthermore, excess water
can also be transferred again through the steam turbines to
C. MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF BESS
generate more electrical power that enhances effectiveness of
The standard BESS model is selected and modeled as: the system. The SOFC is comprised of two electrodes that
[53], [54]: are segregated with an electrolyte. The cathode terminal is
VBat = E − Rb · IBat (25) fed with oxygen while the anode terminal is fed with hydro-
Q
 Z  gen [55]. Thus, reduction takes place at the cathode while
E = E0 −K · R + A · exp −B · i1 dt oxidation takes place at the anode. The electrolyte permits the
Q − k · i1 dt
passage of ions and electrons that are lost due to oxidation and
(26)
    they move from anode to cathode through an external circuit.
Qd Ibat This rule is common for all the FC. The kind of geometry,
SOC(%) = 100 1 − = 100 1 − t (27)
Cbat Cbat electrolyte and supply of gas vary from one type to another,
where VBat , IBat , Qd , and CBatt are BESS voltage, current, as presented in Fig. 5.
stored current hour and internal capacity respectively. The The fuel cell is a reliable and auspicious technology for
BESS SoC and electricity stored during charge are the impor- direct power generation and micro-grid applications. More-
tant parameters that need to be controlled. The supervisory over, it is such a component that converts chemical energy to
control system must detect BESS SoC and take decisions electrical energy with higher efficiency [53].
according to its status and required power. The ideal voltage of open circuit cell can be determined by
the Nernst expression as:
D. MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF FC PH2 O P0.5
1G RT ref
Nowadays, renewable energy sources have attracted the atten- VNernst = − − ln ( ) (28)
tion of the masses because they are considered an inescapable
2F 2F PH2 P0.5
O2

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where, VNernst denotes Nernst voltage defined as the thermo-

dynamic potential of the cell known as reversible voltage,
Pref represents standard pressure (0.1 MPa), and 1G denotes
Gibbs free energy from the reaction. When the electrical cell
circuit is being closed, the Nernst potential is reduced and it
is given as:
icell
Vcell = VNernat − Acell ln( )
io
icell
− icell Rincell − Bcell ln (1 − ) (29)
iL
where, Vcell denotes cell voltage in the stack. Rincell represents
inherent fuel cell resistance. Moreover, icell , iL and io denote FIGURE 6. Schematic diagram of DC-DC converter associated with BESS.
the exchange current (Operating) of the cell and the current
that is restricted on which fuel is consumed at a rate equiv-
alent to its greatest supply rate, respectively. Acell and Bcell IV. POWER MANAGEMENT
denote the numerical coefficients. The ideal gas equations The main goal of any topology of the management of power
are used to determine the instantaneous change in partial is to assure an adequate quality of power according to the
pressures of water vapor and hydrogen in an anode gas flow form of energy which is stored. All the energy sources that are
channel, such as [56]: being proposed were investigated to examine the topology of
the management of power. Charging as well as discharging of
dpch
 
H2 RT 2Ma  in ch
 i BESS is dependent upon the power consumption of the hybrid
= PH2 − pH2 − (30) system. Therefore, BESS is interfaced with the DC-link by
dt Va Pch a 2F
using a DC-DC converter that serves as a charge controller.
dpch
 
H2 O RT 2Ma  in ch
 i
= pH2 O − pH2 O − (31) This controller allows both negative and positive currents to
dt Va Pch a 2F flow from the BESS to the DC-link and from the DC link to
dpch the BESS during its charging mode and its discharging mode.
 
O2 RT 2Ma  in ch
 i
= pO2 − pO2 − (32) Output voltage of the BESS is uni-polar so, the polarity of
dt Va Pch a 2F
the voltage of the battery does not alter. Moreover, converter
The CF voltage for single fuel cell can be expressed mathe- of DC-DC possesses first quadrant and the second quadrant
matically as [57]: functionalities [59]. DC-DC converter for BESS is presented
in Fig. 6, and the associated equation can be obtained as:
VCF = nCF VCell (33)
diL
Lb = Vdc mb − Vb − Rb iL (36)
E. MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROLYZER dt
There are three main technologies that can be adopted for where iL is the BESS current, Vb is the BESS voltage, mb
the electrolysis process of proton exchange, such as: Solid is the index of modulation. The battery current reference
Oxide Electrolyzer (SOE), Alkaline Electrolyzer, Membrane has been generated by taking the ratio of Pextra divided by
Electrolyzer. The temperature operating range of SOE sys- BESS voltage. An error has been taken between BESS current
tems is very high such as 550-1100 ◦ C therefore, such a reference and BESS inductor current and injected into the PI
high temperature does not require expensive catalysts and controller to generate the duty cycles.
enhances integrating potential and conversion efficiency of The procedure to find out the current loop reference current
the system. Furthermore, the input energy which is required commands for the BESS are:
for SOE system can be minimized if excess heat sources • Pextra is equivalent to the difference among the powers
for water or steam are reused due to high temperature. The of the PV, GSC rating, Rotor and FC:
decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen is obtained
Pextra = PPV − PGSC − Pr + PFC (37)
by flow of current through electrolyzer which is shown by the
empirical VElec , IElec equation written as [58] and [53]: • The amount of extra power is represented by Pextra that
r1 + r1 T is injected/absorbed by the BESS. The value of Pextra is
VElec = Urev + IElec + k (34) positive when wind speed and solar radiations are high
AElec therefore, BESS is meant to absorb this extra power.
h kT kT IElec i
k = kElec ln (kT1 + ( 2 ) + ( 23 )) +1 (35) However, when there is low solar radiation or low wind
T T AElec speed, this power is negative, it depicts that BESS is
where, r1 and r2 denote ohmic resistances whereas, kElec , kT1 , meant to inject this negative power to the link of DC.
kT2 , and kT3 are the factors of the overvoltage of electrolyzer. Fig. 7 demonstrates the strategy of control for the charge
Moreover, AElec represents area of the electrode cell. controller of BESS. Figs. 8 and 9 shows the DC-DC Boost

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M. M. Gulzar et al.: Innovative Converterless Solar PV Control Strategy

FIGURE 7. Schematic diagram of control associated with BESS.

FIGURE 10. Schematic diagram of Electrolyzer with buck converter.

FIGURE 8. Schematic diagram of DC-DC converter controller incorporated FIGURE 11. Schematic diagram of Electrolyzer control.
with FC.

remaining power is transmitted to the electrolyzer through

a DC converter that is controlled to increase the duty cycle
to boost the voltage on the DC grid when the SoC reaches
its limit (80%). For appropriate working of the Electrolyzer,
when SoC of the battery is greater than 80% and PN ET > 0,
power flows start to the electrolyzer. In this case, Switch gives
the signal to the PI output. The generated FC power can be
FIGURE 9. Schematic diagram of control associated with FC. expressed as:
PFC = PNET − PBESS − PELEC − PPV (38)
controller associated with FC and duty cycle control angle The control strategies and the proposed management assure
respectively. Figs. 10 and 11 shows the buck converter and that the average power from BESS and the instantaneous
control algorithm for Electrolyzer. The duty cycle for the power from the FC work as per the SoC of the battery.
Electrolyzer is generated by taking the error between Vd c During charging mode, the Electrolyzer should store extra
and the power of the Electrolyzer. PI controller is proposed power when SoC comes to 80% and it begins to produce
for minimizing the error to achieve the duty cycle for the the hydrogen, which is being reserved in the tank. On the
Electrolyzer by eliminating the steady-state error. The limiter other hand, in the discharging mode of the battery, when the
is added to the PI controller for keeping the value of the SOC drops to 20%, the FC should indicate lack of power.
control duty cycle value between 0 and 1. Additionally, when there is low demand PNET > 0 or more
In this work, the charging and discharging of BESS are wind power, the extra power is utilized for the charging of
taken with the SoC range of 20% to 80%. Depending upon BESS until it reaches the limit (80%). Then, working of the
weather and power requirement, BESS can be considered as battery is upheld by the Electrolyzer by retaining the extra
a power or sink source. The FC controller and BESS are power. When there is less power generation from PV and
created in situations where there is an unexpected change Wind, the BESS provides the power that is required by FC,
in the demand of power, in which BESS gives quick power even in high demand (PNET < 0), assuring the assistance
and the power supply of the BESS ought to be decreased, progression up to the lower limit of SoC. Therefore, the
by increasing the output power of the Fuel Cell. In order to DC-grid voltage (Vdc ) control is being assured by the related
accomplish the link between the BESS and the FC, a DC BESS, FC, Electrolyzer and PV, as per the flowchart given by
boost controller combined with a FC is being proposed, Fig. 12.
expecting a zero-battery current.
Additionally, the FC ought to be replaced by the BESS V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
for such situation where the SoC of the battery is at 20% In this paper, the FC and Electrolyzer have been added to
in order to give power. So, the excessive produced power is WTG-DFIG, PV and BESS systems connected in a hybrid
being used for the charging of the battery till its cutoff. The grid system. The hybrid grid-connected system has been

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TABLE 1. DFIG, Wind turbine and GSC parameters.

FIGURE 12. Flowchart of power management of all energy sources.

FIGURE 13. Solar Irradiance ( W2 ).

m

implemented and power management for the proposed sys-

tem is performed in the Simulink environment of MATLAB.
The entire system was simulated under different environ-
mental conditions and variable loads. This emphasizes the
impacts of this hybrid system on the efficiency and quality
of the injected and/or necessary energy.
The capacity of the DFIG is taken as 2 MW along with
the solar system that has a capacity more than GSC rating.
Generally, GSC and RSC ratings are supposed to be 24%
to 31% of the rating of the generator [52]. Thus, GSC and
RSC ratings are taken as 340 kVA and 250 kVA, respectively.
Contrarily, the PV system rating is taken as 1.1 MW. In order
to emphasize the benefits of chosen system, the capacity of
the system is considerably taken larger than its GSC rating.
A 100-Ah BESS is connected to this system to protect the
GSC from overloads. FC of 50 kW and 625 V with an elec- FIGURE 14. Current and Power at MPPT for array type (temperature
trolyzer of 35V is added to the system. The DFIG, WT and variation).
GSC parameters are given in Table 1.
The proposed system is simulated under various scenarios
and the results are provided and analyzed in this section. Solar FC and Electrolyzer design parameters have been given in
irradiance is considered to vary across a day as shown in Table 2.
Fig. 13. PV generation during 3 to 8 sec is maximum and achieved
The PV system is protected by using diode (D1) and circuit its maximum power of 1.1 MW while operating at MPP.
breaker (SP). The circuit breaker is initiated at t = 0. Till During this internal, PV is supposed to infuse energy into the
t = 2 sec, solar irradiance is 0 W /m2 , then it changes to bus (DC). At this stage, power from the PV and the rotor goes
500 W /m2 during t = 2sec to 3 sec, 1000 W /m2 during to GSC. This huge power should be utilized well in order
3 to 8 sec and come back to 500 W /m2 for rest of the time. to avoid GSC overheating. The output power of PV for the
PV power depends upon the solar irradiance. Fig. 14 shows proposed system is presented in Fig. 15. Therefore, BESS
the PV array type current and power at MPPT. The PV, BESS, continues to start charging and absorb the extra power until

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TABLE 2. PV, BESS, FC and Electrolyzer design parameters.

FIGURE 15. PV power (MW).

FIGURE 16. DC Bus Voltage (V).

FIGURE 17. BESS discharging power (kW).

its SOC goes greater than 80%. After 8 sec, solar irradiance
drops due to which power generation from the PV goes
down, BESS released stored energy to DC link in low solar
irradiance condition. DC link waveform has been illustrated
in Fig. 16. Before the operation of PV power generation, some
initial transients occur but soon DC link voltage maintains
at the value of 1000 V due to the BESS power supply.
Between 3 to 8 sec, DC link voltage achieves its reference
level of 1158 V due to injection of power by PV.
The charging and discharging behavior of BESS when
PNET is positive at the DC link, has been demonstrated.
Fig. 17 shows the BESS power when the DC link is not
getting surplus power from PV. It depicts that BESS is fully
discharged between 1 to 2 sec and after 8 sec. Negative power FIGURE 18. H2 production (litre).
shows the charging behavior of BESS when PV generation
track MPP power between 3 to 8 sec. BESS SoC is limited
between 20% and 80%. AT SoC ≥ 80%, the purpose of BESS tank to generate power for the supply to the DC link. Figs. 18
at this stage is to discharge the power to the DC link until its and 19 show the H2 production and storage in hydrogen tank
SoC comes to 20%. During the initial transient behavior of during charging phase of BESS. Fig. 20 illustrated H2 usage
the system, the BESS is charged. During the second phase, by Fuel Cell in discharging phase of BESS when SoC came
the BESS started discharging till 3 sec to support the power down to 20%. Similarly, H2 production by Electrolyzer and
at the DC link and its gets charged when enough power from consumption by FC when BESS starts charging are shown in
the PV side ensures the power demand at the DC link. Figs. 21 and 22.
When BESS is charged at 80% and there is still excess The plots of the rotor powers (Active Pr ) and the (Reac-
power at the DC link, Electrolyzer starts dissipating power to tive Qr ) are presented in Figs. 23 and 24. In the sub syn-
produce and stored H2 in the hydrogen tank. When BESS is at chronous span, both powers are positive and these powers are
20%, FC gets connected to ensure system stability and service being drawn from the RSC while in the super synchronous
continuity. FC then used the stored H2 from the hydrogen span, when both powers are negative, it supplies power to

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 M. M. Gulzar et al.: Innovative Converterless Solar PV Control Strategy

FIGURE 23. Rotor(Pr) power (W).

FIGURE 19. H2 storage (litre).

FIGURE 24. Rotor (Qr power (W).

FIGURE 20. H2 storage (litre) used in discharging case of BESS.

FIGURE 25. Stator (Ps) power (W).

FIGURE 21. H2 production (litre) in charging state of BESS.

FIGURE 26. Stator (Qs) power (W).

FIGURE 22. H2 consumption (Charging case). Fig. 27 shows the GSC power waveform. Its value is
smaller than its rated value in sub-synchronous mode when
the DC link. Figs. 25 and 26 illustrate the behavior of stator PV irradiance or wind velocities are low. However, for proper
active and reactive powers respectively. Reactive power is control of BESS and GSC, its value is kept near to the
negligible, equals to zero and the active power is positive and value which is rated. The performance of this grid voltage
delivered to the grid. is represented in Fig. 28. The main objective of the proposed

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M. M. Gulzar et al.: Innovative Converterless Solar PV Control Strategy

explained. This paper includes the design of controllers for

grid-connected hybrid systems with renewable distributed
generators (Wind and PV) as a primary source, BESS as
a secondary source and FC with Electrolyzer as a tertiary
source. The proposed hybrid system presents a cost efficient
solution for integrating PV into a hybrid system by eliminat-
ing the converter of the PV. The system that is being proposed
is controlled by introducing power management for better
power sharing between proposed sources. PV power is max-
imized and injected into the grid through GSC. BESS with
coordination of FC and Electrolyzer eliminates the effect of
intermittency of power generated from wind and PV. Excess
FIGURE 27. PGSC power (W).
power production by renewable distribution generation is
used by Electrolyzer to generate hydrogen. This hydrogen is
further used by FC when there is not enough power generation
due to unfavorable weather conditions. The power manage-
ment is presented to fulfill the load profile, avoid BESS over-
charging and to minimize the intermittency and fluctuation
of Wind and PV sources. This method guarantees a steady
power flow and service continuity. Significant improvement
has been observed by introducing FC with Electrolyzer to the
Wind/PV/BESS-based hybrid grid connected system. Better
power management, DC link voltage tracking and MPP of PV
power from the GSC side have been observed.
This work can be further improved by introducing non-
FIGURE 28. Grid Voltage (V). linear controllers to better cater nonlinearities presented
in Wind, Fuel Cell, Electrolyzer and BESS for the pro-
posed hybrid grid-connected system. Moreover, an Artificial
intelligence-based algorithm can be implemented for power
management.

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Battery and supercapacitors,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 3, the University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore,
pp. 1455–1467, Mar. 2012. Pakistan. She is affiliated with the Department
[49] S. Adhikari and F. Li, ‘‘Coordinated V-f and P-Q control of solar photo- of Electrical Engineering at UCP. She has also
voltaic generators with MPPT and battery storage in microgrids,’’ IEEE been working with the Solar Company, Pakistan.
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1270–1281, May 2014. Her research interests include renewable energy
[50] S. Najafi-Shad, S. M. Barakati, and A. Yazdani, ‘‘An effective hybrid wind- systems, control systems, and solar PV.
photovoltaic system including battery energy storage with reducing control
loops and omitting PV converter,’’ J. Energy Storage, vol. 27, Feb. 2020,
Art. no. 101088.
[51] M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. R. Filho, ‘‘Comprehensive approach
to modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays,’’ IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1198–1208, May 2009.
[52] G. Abad, J. Lopez, M. Rodriguez, L. Marroyo, and G. Iwanski, Doubly Fed
Induction Machine: Modeling and Control for Wind Energy Generation.
Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2011.
[53] Y. Xu and X. Shen, ‘‘Optimal control based energy management of
multiple energy storage systems in a microgrid,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 6, DAUD SIBTAIN received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
pp. 32925–32934, 2018. degrees from the University of Central Punjab
[54] M. Aly, E. M. Ahmed, H. Rezk, and E. A. Mohamed, ‘‘Marine predators (UCP), Lahore, Pakistan, where he is currently
algorithm optimized reduced sensor fuzzy-logic based maximum power pursuing the Ph.D. degree. He is also with the
point tracking of fuel cell-battery standalone applications,’’ IEEE Access, Energy Center of Excellence (ECoE). He is the
vol. 9, pp. 27987–28000, 2021. author/coauthor of more than 15 research articles.
[55] M. S. Guney and Y. Tepe, ‘‘Classification and assessment of energy storage His research interests include the design of solar
systems,’’ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 75, pp. 1187–1197, Aug. 2017. PV converters, IV curve tracing, renewable-based
[56] S. Buchaniec, A. Sciazko, M. Mozdzierz, and G. Brus, ‘‘A novel approach interconnected gird-control designs, hybrid elec-
to the optimization of a solid oxide fuel cell anode using evolutionary tric vehicle (HEV) control, and load frequency
algorithms,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 34361–34372, 2019. control (LFC) problems for multi-area power systems.
[57] N. Benyahia, H. Denoun, M. Zaouia, T. Rekioua, and N. Benamrouche,
‘‘Power system simulation of fuel cell and supercapacitor based electric
vehicle using an interleaving technique,’’ Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 40,
no. 45, pp. 15806–15814, Dec. 2015.
[58] M. Ceraolo, G. Lutzemberger, and D. Poli, ‘‘State-of-charge evaluation of
supercapacitors,’’ J. Energy Storage, vol. 11, pp. 211–218, Jun. 2017.
[59] A. M. Trzynadlowski, Introduction to Modern Power Electronics.
Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2015.
MUHAMMAD KHALID (Senior Member, IEEE)
received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineer-
ing from the School of Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications (EET), University of New
MUHAMMAD MAJID GULZAR received the South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia, in 2011.
M.S. degree in electrical engineering (control sci- He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow for three
ence and engineering) from the University of Engi- years and then he continued as a Senior Research
neering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan, Associate with the School of EET, Australian
in 2012, the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering Energy Research Institute, UNSW, for another two
(control science and engineering) from the Univer- years. He is currently an Associate Professor with
sity of Science and Technology of China (USTC), the Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum
in 2016, and the Postdoctorate Certification from and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. He has been a Researcher
the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astro- with the K. A. CARE Energy Research Innovation Center, Dhahran. He has
nautics, Nanjing, China, in 2019. He is currently an authored/coauthored several journal and conference papers in the field of
Assistant Professor with the Control and Instrumentation Engineering (CIE) control and optimization for renewable power systems. He has been a
Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), reviewer of numerous international journals and conferences. His current
Saudi Arabia. Before joining KFUPM, he was a Lecturer/Assistant Pro- research interests include the optimization and control of battery energy
fessor/Associate Professor with the University of Central Punjab, Pakistan, storage systems for large-scale grid-connected renewable power plants (par-
from 2008 to 2022. His research interests include operation and control of ticularly wind and solar), distributed power generation and dispatch, hybrid
renewable energy systems, optimization techniques and applications, multi- energy storage, EVs, and smart grids. He was a recipient of a highly compet-
agent networks, analysis and design of linear/nonlinear systems, and eco- itive postdoctoral writing fellowship from UNSW, in 2010. Most recently,
nomic energy dispatch. He has advised several projects in these areas and has he has received a prestigious K. A. CARE Fellowship. He is a member of
a number of publications in international leading journals and conferences. the Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems and SDAIA–KFUPM
He is a member of the Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Dhahran.
KFUPM, the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC), and IEEEP (P).

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