Python
It is a cross-platform programming language
Developed by guido van rossum during 1985-1990.
Features -> Easy to learn, write, maintain, oops and Gui programming
Output statement
x=10; y="raja"
print "age = ",x
print "name = ",y
print x,y
multiline statement
a=10+20+\
50+10+\
20
print a
or using (), []
a=(10+20+
50+10+
20)
print a
a=['raja','mani',
'bala']
print a
comment
non exicutable statement
# sample prg
Multiline
“”” sample prg
For if stat “””
Variable and Data Types
In python don’t need to declare variable
Data type
Int
long
float
complex
string
Rules for variable name
empno=111
× emp no=111
emp_no=111
empno1=111
× 1empno=111
× emp.no=111
employeenumber=111
× print=111
value assingment
a=5
b=7.2
c=’raja’
print a,b,c
a,b,c=5,7.2,’raja’
print a,b,c
multiple assignment
a=b=c=100
print a,b,c
s1="csc computer education"
s2="villianur"
print s1
print s2
print s1+s2
print s1[0]
print s1[2:5]
print s1[:2]
print s1[2:]
print s1[-1]
print s1+ ' '+s2
print s2*2
print '-'*10
output
csc computer education
villianur
csc computer educationvillianur
c
cc
cs
c computer education
n
csc computer education villianur
villianurvillianur
----------
a=5
print (a, " type is ", type(a))
b=7.2
print (b, "type is ",type(b))
output
(5, ' type is ', <type 'int'>)
(7.2000000000000002, 'type is ', <type 'float'>)
Convertion data types
a=5
print float(a)
b=5.6
print int(b)
c='5.6'
#print c +5
print float(c)+5
d=45
#print 'age ' + d
print 'age ' + str(d)
output
5.0
5
10.6
age 45
Output Statement
print('hello world')
print("good")
print "happy"
print 'nice'
a=25
print a
print 'age = ' , a
print (1,2,3,4)
b=(5,6,7,8)
print b
output
hello world
good
happy
nice
25
age = 25
(1, 2, 3, 4)
(5, 6, 7, 8)
Input
m1=input('enter eng mark = ')
m2=input('enter tam mark = ')
m3=input('enter maths mark = ')
tot=m1+m2+m3
avg=tot/3.0;
print 'Total mark = ' , tot
print 'Average mark = ' ,avg
output
enter eng mark = 98
enter tam mark = 98
enter maths mark = 99
Total mark = 295
Average mark = 98.3333333333
x=raw_input("enter character = ")
y=raw_input("enter name = ")
print x
print y
output
enter character = y
enter name = muthu
y
muthu
Operators
Arithmatic
+
-
*
/
% -remainder
// - rounded value
** - power
a=15
b=4
print 'a+b = ',a+b
print 'a-b = ',a-b
print 'a*b = ',a*b
print '10/3 = ',10/3.0
print 'a%b = ',a%b
print '10//3 = ',10//3.0
print 'a**b = ',a**b
output
a+b = 19
a-b = 11
a*b = 60
10/3 = 3.33333333333
a%b = 3
10//3 = 3.0
a**b = 50625
comparison(Realation) operator
>
<
>=
<=
==
!=
a=15
b=4
print 'a>b = ', a>b
print 'a<b = ', a<b
print 'a>=b = ', a>=b
print 'a<=b = ', a<=b
print 'a==b = ', a==b
print 'a!=b = ', a!=b
output
a>b = True
a<b = False
a>=b = True
a<=b = False
a==b = False
a!=b = True
Assignment Operato
=
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
//=
**=
Logical operator
and, or, not
Special operator
Is
Is not
a=15
b=15
c='raja'
d='raja'
print a is b
print a is not b
print c is d
print c is not d
output
True
False
True
False
Membership operator
In
not in
a='hello world'
b={1:'a',2:'b'}
print 'h' in a
print 'h' not in a
print 'H' in a
print 1 in b
print 'a' in b
output
True
False
False
True
False
Exercise:
Find Area of rectangle
Find Area of circle
Get loan amt, interest rate, no of year, find due amt
Control statement
Contitional statement
If statement
If else statement
If elif statement
Nested if statement
Loop statement
While loop
For loop
If statement
If <Condition>:
Statements
a=input("enter a value = ")
if a>0:
print 'given number is +ve'
If else statement
If <condition>:
Statements
else:
statements
a=input("enter a value = ")
b=input("enter b value = ")
if a>b:
print 'a is great'
else:
print 'b is great'
Exercise:
Given no is +ve/-ve
Given no is odd/even
Given two numbers are same/not
Given age is eligible for voter/not
Given character is vowel or not
Given age is teen age or not
Get 3 marks, Find Total, average, result
Nested if statement
a=input("enter a value = ")
if a>0:
print "Given no is +ve"
else:
if a<0:
print "Given no -ve"
else:
print "Given no is zero"
Exercise:
Great of 3 numbers
If elif statement
If <cond>:
Statements
elif <cond>:
statements
elif <cond>:
statements
--
else:
statements
a=input("enter a value = ")
if a>0:
print "Given no is +ve"
elif a<0:
print "Given no -ve"
else:
print "Given no is zero"
Exercise:
1) Find age status
Age<=5 -> child
6 to 12 -> boy/girl
13 to 20 -> teen age
21 to 50 -> middle age
>50 -> old age
2) Find bonus based on salary
Salary <=10000 -> 2000
10001 to 20000 ->3000
20001 to 30000 -> 4000
>30000 -> 5000
3) convert day of week from number to character
While loop
While <condition>:
Statements
a=1
while a<=5:
print "csc"
print "villianur"
a=a+1
while with else
a=1
while a<=5:
print a
a=a+1
else:
print "end"
print "Thank you"
output
1
2
3
4
5
end
Thank you
Exercise:
Print 1,2,3,…..10
Print 1,2,3,…..n
Print 1,3,5,….n
Print 2,4,6,….n
Print 10,9,8,…1
Sum 1+2+3….n
Sum 1+3+5….n
Find factorial 1*2*3….n
Sum 1-2+3-4+5-6….100
for loop
for <variable> in <range/sequence>:
statements
range(st value, end value, step value)
for a in range(1,10,):
print a
output -> 1 to 9
for a in range(1,10,2):
print a
output -> 1 3 5 7 9
for a in range(2,10,2):
print a
output -> 2 4 6 8
for a in range(10,0,-1):
print a
output -> 10 9 8 .. 1
sequence(string,list,tuple,dictionary,array)
for a in "csc":
print a
output
c
s
c
a=[10,20,30,40,50,7.2,'csc']
for i in a:
print i
output
10
20
30
40
50
7.2
csc
break and continue statement
for a in range(1,11,1):
if a==5: continue
print a
if a==7:
break
else:
print "end"
print "Thank you"
output
1
2
3
4
6
7
Thank you
.0
Exercise:
Find given no is prime/not
Print prime no upto 100
Print fibnocci series
Sum the digits 457 – 16
Print the digits
Reverse the no.
Print only odd nos from list
Sum the list
Sequences
LIST
List is an ordered sequence of different type of item
It is given within []
a=[10,20,3.3,4.5,7.3,"csc","villianur"]
"""print a
print a[1]
print a[:3]
print a[3:]
print a[2:4]
print a[:]
print a[-1] """
""" change
a[0]=5
print a
a[1:4]=[6,7,8]
print a """
""" add
a.append(10)
print a
a.extend([7,8,8])
print a
a.insert(1,55)
print a
a[2:2]=[77,88]
print a """
""" delete
del a[2]
print a
del a[1:4]
print a
del a
a.remove("csc")
print a
a.pop(1)
print a """
""" other function
print a.index(20)
print a.count(20)
print len(a)
print max(a)
print min(a)
a.sort()
print a
a.reverse()
print a """
Tuple
tuple is an ordered sequence of different type of item like a list
Item cannot be alter(immutable)
It is given within ()
a=(10,20,30,40)
print a[1]=99 error
Dictionary
Collection of unordered collection os key-value pairs
Key:value
a={1:'sun',2:'moon','sky':100}
print a
print ("a[1] = ", a[1])
print ("a[2] = ", a[2])
print ("a['sky'] = ", a['sky'])
print ("a[100] = ", a[100])
output
{1: 'sun', 2: 'moon', 'sky': 100}
('a[1] = ', 'sun')
('a[2] = ', 'moon')
("a['sky'] = ", 100)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:\soft\sara\ex2", line 6, in -toplevel-
print ("a[100] = ", a[100])
KeyError: 100
ARRAY
Collection of same type values
from array import *
typecode -> i –int, f – float, l –long , d –double, c- char
ar=array('i',[5,10,15,20,25])
for b in ar:
print b
print ar[2]
add
ar.append(30)
print ar
ar.insert(0,40)
print ar
ar2=array('i',[30,35,40,45])
ar.extend(ar2)
print ar
c=[40,45,50]
ar.fromlist(c)
print ar
delete
ar.remove(10)
print ar
ar.pop()
ar.pop(1)
print ar
other function
print ar.index(10)
ar.reverse()
print ar
print ar.count(10)
Convert array to string, list
b=array('c',['r','a','j','a'])
print b.tostring()
c=b.tolist()
print c
Function
Types
Udf
Buit in function
Udf (user defined function)
def functionname(parameter1,para2,arg3,…):
-----
-----
-----
Functionname(para1, arg2,..)
#example without parameter and without return value
def display():
print 'csc welcomes you'
print 'villianur'
print 'hello student'
display()
print 'thank you'
output
hello student
csc welcomes you
villianur
thank you
#example with parameter and no return value
def add(a,b):
print a+b
def sub(a,b):
print a-b
def mul(a,b):
print a*b
def div(a,b):
print a/b
a=10
b=3
add(a,b)
sub(a,b)
mul(a,b)
div(a,b)
add(5,5)
add(a,5)
print 'thank you'
output
13
7
30
3
10
15
thank you
#example with parameter and with return value
def great(a,b):
if a>b:
g=a
else:
g=b
return(g)
a=10
b=3
c=great(a,b)
print c
print great(67,89)
print 'thank you'
output
10
89
thank you
#example without parameter and with return value
def great():
a=input("Enter a value = ")
b=input("Enter b value = ")
if a>b:
g=a
else:
g=b
return(g)
c=great()
print c
print great()
print 'thank you'
output
Enter a value = 6
Enter b value = 8
8
Enter a value = 99
Enter b value = 33
99
thank you
#function to find vowels
def vowel(st):
v=0
for i in st:
if i=='a' or i=='e' or i=='i' or i=='o' or i=='u':
v=v+1
return(v)
st=input("enter name = ")
print 'No of vowels = ', vowel(st)
output
enter name = 'computer'
No of vowels = 3
Exercise:
Write function for swap two numbers
Write function for factorial
Write function to find simple interest Si=pnr/100
Function with default argument
def sum(x=10,y=20,z=30):
return(x+y+z)
print sum(5,5,5)
print sum(5,5)
print sum(5)
print sum()
output
15
40
55
60
Arbitary arguments
def display(*x):
for na in x:
print "hello ",na
display('raja','mani','muthu','arun')
output
hello raja
hello mani
hello muthu
hello arun
Formal and arbitary argument
def display(x,*y):
print 'formal arg ' ,x
for na in y:
print "another arg ",na
display('raja','mani','muthu','arun',5000)
output
formal arg raja
another arg mani
another arg muthu
another arg arun
another arg 5000
Recursion function
def fact(x):
if x==1:
return 1
else:
return(x*fact(x-1))
n=input("enter n value = ")
print 'factorial of ',n, ' is ', fact(n)
output
enter n value = 5
factorial of 5 is 120
Files
It is used to store data permanently
To Open
f=open(filename,mode)
mode -> r, w,a, bw,br,r+,w+
Read
f=open(“first.txt”,”r”)
print f.read(5) -> print first 5 char from first.txt
print f.read() - >print remaining char from first.txt
f.seek(0) -> move cursor to starting position of file
print f.tell() print cursor position of file
for i i
print i
Read line by line
print f.readline() -> print first line
print f.readlines() -> print remaining lines
To close
f.close()
Write
f=open(“second.txt”,”w”)
f.write(“csc\n”)
f.write(“computer\n”)
f.write(“education\n”)
f=open("abc.txt","w")
ch='y'
while ch=='y':
x=raw_input("Enter name = ")
f.write(x + "\n")
ch=raw_input("continue = ")
f.close()
Binary files
Using dictionary
import pickle
f=open("stud.dat","w")
c={1001:['raja','dca',7500],1002:['mani','hdca',12500]}
pickle.dump(c,f)
f.close()
f1=open("stud.dat","r")
c1=dict(pickle.load(f1))
f1.close()
r =input("Enter no = ")
for id,cc in c1.items():
if id==r:
print 'name = ', cc[0]
print 'balance fees = ' , cc[2]
amt=inp c1[id]=[cc[0],cc[1],cc[2]-amt]
f1=open("stud.dat","w")
print c1
pickle.dump(c1,f1)
f1.close()
output
Enter no = 1001
name = raja
balance fees = 7500
E nter amount = 2500
{1001: ['raja', 'dca', 5000], 1002: ['mani', 'hdca', 12500]}
using List
import pickle
f=open("stud1.dat","w")
c=[[1001,'raja','dca',7500],[1002,'mani','hdca',12500]]
pickle.dump(c,f)
f.close()
f1=open("stud1.dat","r")
c1=list(pickle.load(f1))
f1.close()
r=int(input("Enter no = "))
for i in c1:
if i[0]==r:
print 'name = ', i[1]
print 'balance fees = ' , i[3]
amt=input("Enter amount = ")
i[3]=i[3]-amt
break;
print c1
f1=open("stud1.dat","w")
pickle.dump(c1,f1)
f1.close()
output
Enter no = 1001
name = raja
balance fees = 7500
Enter amount = 2500
[[1001, 'raja', 'dca', 5000], [1002, 'mani', 'hdca', 12500]]
Directory
import os
print os.getcwd()
os.chdir('d:\\anbu')
print os.getcwd()
print os.listdir('d:\\tani')
os.mkdir('sun')
os.rename('sun','moon')
os.remove('abc.txt')
os.rmdir('moon') #rmdir removes only empty directry
to remove non-empty directry use rmtree in shutil module
import shutil
shutil.rmtree('sun')
exception
error(syntax,logic,runtime)
try:
stataments
except exp1:
statements
except exp2:
statements
else:
statements
try:
a,b=input("enter two values = ")
c=a/b
print c
except ZeroDivisionError:
print 'Dont divide by zero'
except SyntaxError:
print 'comma is missing'
except:
print 'wrong input'
else:
print 'no error'
output
enter two values = 10,3
3
no error
enter two values = 10 3
comma is missing
enter two values = 10,0
Dont divide by zero
enter two values = 10,y
wrong input
try:
f=open("star.txt","r")
print f.read()
f.close()
except IOError:
print 'file not found'
user defined exception
class MyError(Exception):
pass
class ZeroValueError(Exception):
pass
try:
n=input("enter n value = ")
if n==0:
raise ZeroValueError
if n<0:
raise MyError
else:
print n
except MyError:
print 'Give positive no'
except ZeroValueError:
print 'Dont give zero'
output
enter n value = 5
5
enter n value = 0
Dont give zero
enter n value = -3
Give positive no
