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The document provides an overview of distributed systems and natural language processing (NLP). It covers key concepts such as communication methods, consistency models, fault tolerance, distributed storage, scalability, and security in distributed systems, as well as fundamentals of NLP, word embeddings, syntax and semantics, sequence models, applications, evaluation metrics, and challenges in NLP. Each section highlights essential techniques and algorithms relevant to the respective fields.

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18 views2 pages

Paragraph 2

The document provides an overview of distributed systems and natural language processing (NLP). It covers key concepts such as communication methods, consistency models, fault tolerance, distributed storage, scalability, and security in distributed systems, as well as fundamentals of NLP, word embeddings, syntax and semantics, sequence models, applications, evaluation metrics, and challenges in NLP. Each section highlights essential techniques and algorithms relevant to the respective fields.

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asifrr.research
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Distributed Systems

2.1 Introduction

 Collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system.

2.2 Communication and Coordination

 Message passing, sockets, RPC.


 Synchronization: logical clocks (Lamport), vector clocks.

2.3 Consistency Models

 Strong consistency, eventual consistency.


 CAP theorem: Consistency, Availability, Partition Tolerance.

2.4 Fault Tolerance

 Replication strategies.
 Paxos, Raft consensus algorithms.
 Byzantine fault tolerance.

2.5 Distributed Storage Systems

 Distributed file systems: HDFS, GFS.


 Distributed databases: NoSQL (Cassandra, MongoDB), NewSQL.

2.6 Scalability and Load Balancing

 Horizontal vs vertical scaling.


 Load balancing techniques.

2.7 Security in Distributed Systems

 Authentication, encryption, secure communication.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

3.1 Basics of NLP

 Language models, tokenization, stemming, lemmatization.


 Bag-of-words, TF-IDF.

3.2 Word Embeddings

 Word2Vec, GloVe, FastText.


 Contextual embeddings: ELMo, BERT, GPT.

3.3 Syntax and Semantics

 POS tagging, parsing, dependency trees.


 Named Entity Recognition (NER), coreference resolution.

3.4 Sequence Models

 RNNs, LSTMs, GRUs.


 Attention mechanism.
 Transformer architecture.

3.5 Applications

 Machine translation, sentiment analysis, question answering.

3.6 Evaluation Metrics

 Accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, BLEU, ROUGE.

3.7 Challenges in NLP

 Ambiguity, context understanding, low-resource languages.

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