MATHEMTICS-I

UNIT-V

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
1
 Class-1
Multiple Integrals
Topics:
1. Evaluation of double integrals
2. Change of order of integrals
3. Evaluation of triple integrals
4. Change of variables
5. Application: Finding area of a plane curve and volume of a solid.

Double integration: The form of double integral for the function f ( x , y ) is

given by ∬ f ( x , y ) dxdy ,where R is the region in xy plane bounded by one or
R
more curves. The double integrals are evaluated using the following three
cases.
b f 2 ( x)

Case I: ∬ f ( x , y ) dxdy = ∫ ∫ f ( x , y ) dxdy

R x=a y= f 1 ( x )

Here we first integrate with respect to ‘ y ’ keep in ‘ x ’ constant and the resul-
tant is integrated with respect to ‘ x ’ between the limits x=a to x=b

b f 2 ( y)

Case II: ∬ f ( x , y ) dxdy = ∫ ∫ f ( x , y ) dxdy

R y=a x= f 1 ( y )

Here we first integrate with respect to ‘ x ’ keep in ‘ y ’ constant and the resul-
tant is integrated with respect to ‘ y ’ between the limits y=ato y=b

d b
Case III: ∬ f ( x , y ) dxdy =∫∫ f ( x , y ) dxdy
R c a
Here order of integration is immaterial after allotting the limits to the vari-
ables x and y .

PROBLEMS
2 3

1. Evaluate ∫∫ xy dxdy .
0 0

|
2 3 2 2 3 2 2

Solution: ∫∫
y=0 x=0
xy dxdy= ∫
y=0
x
2 0
ydy= ∫
y=0
( )
9
2
9
−0 ydy= ∫ ydy
20

| ( )( )
2 3 2 2
⇒∫ ∫ xy dxdy=( 92 ) y2 =
9
2
4
2
−0 =9 .
y=0 x=0 0

2 x

2. Evaluate ∫∫ y dxdy .
0 0

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
2
 ( |)
2 x 2 x 2 2 x
y
Solution: ∫∫ y dydx= ∫ ∫ y dydx= ∫
2
dx
x=0 y=0 x=0 y=0 x=0 0

( ) ( )( | )=( 12 )( 83 −0)= 43 .
2 x 2 2 3 2
x 1 x
⇒∫ ∫ y dydx= ∫ −0 dx=
x=0 y=0 x=0 2 2 3 0

2 y

3. Evaluate ∫∫ x dxdy .
0 0

( |)
2 y 2 x 2 y
x2
Solution: ∫ ∫ x dxdy = ∫ ∫ x dxdy= ∫ 2 0
dy
y=0 x=0 y=0 x=0 y=0

( ) ( )( | )=( 12 )( 83 −0)= 43 .
2 y 2 2 3 2
y 1 y
⇒∫ ∫ x dxdy= ∫ −0 dx=
y=0 x=0 y=0 2 2 3 0

1 4

4. Evaluate ∫∫ x 2 y 2 dxdy .
0 2

( |)
1 4 1 4 1 3 4
y
Solution: ∫∫ x 2
y dxdy = ∫
2
∫x 2
y dydx= ∫
2
3
2
x dx
0 2 x=0 y=2 x=0 2

( )( | )=( 563 )( 13 −0)= 569 .

1 4 1 3 1
⇒ ∫ ∫ x y dxdy = ∫
0 2
2 2

x=0
( 64 8 2
− x dx=
3 3
56
3 ) x
3 0

1 √x
5. Evaluate ∫∫ ( x 2+ y 2 ) dxdy .
0 x
1 √x 1 √x
Solution: ∫∫ ( x + y ) dxdy = ∫ ∫ ( x 2+ y 2) dxdy
2 2

0 x x=0 y= x

( |)
√x √x

( )
1 1 1
x√x 3 x
3 3
y
⇒∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dxdy= ∫ dx =¿∫ x √x+
2 2 2 2
x y+ −x − dx ¿
x=0 y=x x=0 3 x 0 3 3

) ( |)
√x

(
1 1 7 5 4 1
x √x 4 x
3
2 2 x
⇒∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dxdy=∫ x √ x+
2 2 2
− dx= x 2 + x 2 −
x=0 y=x 0 3 3 7 15 3 0
1 √x

⇒∫ ∫ ( x 2 + y 2 ) dxdy=( 27 + 15 − )=
2 1 30+14−35
3 105
=
9 3
= .
105 35
x=0 y=x

1 x

6. Evaluate ∫∫ ( e y/ x ) dxdy .
0 0

|
1 x 1 x 1 y /x x 1

Solution: ∫∫ ( e ) dxdy= ∫ ∫ ( e y/ x y /x
) dydx =∫ e dx=∫ x ( e−1 ) dx
0 0 x=0 y=0 0 1/ x 0 0

( 2 )|
1 x 1
2
x 1 1.718
⇒ ∫ ∫ e dxdy= ( e−1 )
( )
y/x
= ( e−1 ) = =0.859.
0 0 0 2 2

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
3
 Class-2
1 1
dxdy
7. Evaluate ∫∫ .
√ 1−x 2 √ 1− y 2 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
dxdy dxdy 1 1
Solution: ∫∫ =∫ ∫ =∫ sin y|0
−1
dx
0 0 √ 1−x √ 1− y x=0 y=0 √ 1− x √ 1− y √ 1−x 2
2 2 2 2
0
1 1 1

()
2
dxdy 1 π π
⇒∫∫ = ( sin
−1
1−sin
−1
0 )∫ dx= ( sin
−1 1
x |0 ) = .
0 0 √ 1−x √ 1− y 0 √ 1−x 2 4
2 2 2

1 2− x

8. Evaluate ∫ ∫ xy dxdy.
0 0

| ( )
1 2− x 1 2 2− x 1
xy ( 2−x )2
Solution: ∫ ∫ xy dxdy= ∫ 2
dx = ∫ x
2
−0 dx
0 0 x=0 0 x=0

( ) |(
1 2 1

)
3 4 3
x x 2x 2 x 1 2 3−16+24 11 .
⇒∫
2
−2 x +2 x dx= − + = − +1 = =
0 2 8 3 2 0 8 3 24 24

1 √ 1+ x 2
dxdy
9. Evaluate∫ ∫ 2 2
.
0 0 1+ x + y

( √ )|
1 √ 1+ x 2 1 √ 1+ x 2 1 √ 1+ x 2
dxdy dxdy 1 y
Solution: ∫∫ =∫ ∫ =∫
−1
tan dx
0 0
2 2
1+ x + y x=0 y=0
2
( √1+ x 2 ) + y 2 0 √1+ x 2 1+ x
2
0
1 √ 1+ x 2 1 1
⇒∫
0
∫
0
dxdy
2 ∫
=
1
1+ x + y 0 √ 1+ x
2 2
( tan−1 1−tan−1 0 ) dx= π
4 ( )∫ √1+1 x dx
0
2

1 √ 1+ x 2
dxdy π π
= ( sinh x|0 )= sinh 1.
−1 1
⇒∫ ∫ −1
2 2
0 0 1+ x + y 4 4

2
5 x

10. Evaluate ∫∫ x ( x 2+ y 2) dxdy .

0 0
2 2
5 x 5 x

Solution: ∫∫ x ( x + y ) dxdy = ∫ ∫ x ( x 2+ y 2 ) dxdy

2 2

0 0 x=0 y=0

( |)
2
3 x
2

( )
5 x 5 5 7
y x
⇒ ∫ ∫ x ( x + y ) dxdy = ∫ dx =¿∫ x +
2 2 3 5
x y+x dx ¿
0 0 x=0
3 0 0
3

|
2

( )
5 x 7 6 5 8 5
5 x x x 15625
⇒ ∫ ∫ x x + y dxdy =∫ x +
( )
2 2
dx = + = =3906.25.
0 0 0 3 6 24 0 4

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
4
 π a sin θ

11.Evaluate ∫∫ r drdθ .
0 0

(| ) ( )
π a sin θ π 2 a sin θ π 2 2 2 π
r a sin θ a
Solution: ∫∫ r drdθ= ∫
2
dθ= ∫
2
dθ=¿ ∫ sin θ dθ ¿
2 0
2

0 0 r=0 0 r=0
π a sin θ 2 π 2
a
⇒∫ ∫ ∫ 1−cos θ a
dθ= ( θ−sinθ|0 )
π
r drdθ=
0 0 2 0 2 4
2
a (
π−sin π −0+sin 0 ) ¿
4
π a sin θ 2 2
a a π
⇒ ∫ ∫ r drdθ= ( π −0 ) = .
0 0 4 4

π
4 a sin θ
12. Evaluate r
∫∫ drdθ.
0 0 √ a −r 2 2

π π
4 a sin θ 4 a sinθ
Solution: r −1 −2 r
∫∫ drdθ= ∫ ∫ drdθ
0 0 √ a −r 2 2 2 0 0 √ a 2−r 2
π π
4 a sin θ 4

⇒∫ ∫ r
drdθ=
−1
∫ (
a sinθ
2 √ a2 −r 2|0 dθ )
0 0 √ a −r
2 2 2 0
π π
4 a sin θ 4
r
⇒∫ ∫ drdθ=−∫ ( √ a 2−a2 sin2 θ−a ) dθ
0 0 √ a −r
2 2
0
π π

( )
4 a sin θ 4 π
r
⇒∫ ∫ drdθ=−a ∫ ( cos θ−1 ) dθ=a sin θ−θ|04
0 0 √ a2−r 2
0
π
4 a sin θ

⇒∫
0
∫
0
r
√ a −r
2
π π π 1 .
drdθ=−a sin − =a −
2 4 4 4 √2 ( ) ( )
Class-3
Some standard curves

1. x=0 y=0 ,

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
5
2. y=x 3. x 2+ y 2=a2
y=x

2 2
x y
4. 2
+ 2 =1
a b

5. y=x 2 6. x= y 2

7. x + y=1

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
6
 PROBLEMS

1. Evaluate ∬ xydxdy where R is the region in I quadrant or positive

R

quadrant of the circle x 2+ y 2=a2.

Solution: Here, region of integration ‘R’ is OABO as shown in fig-

ure

Case 1:
Here, y limits are 0 to √ a2−x 2 and x limits are 0 to a
√ a2−x 2
( ) y √a − x
a a2 2 a 2

1
∴∬ xydxdy =∫ ∫ xydxdy=∫ x dx= ∫ ( a −x ) xdx
2 2

R 0 0 0 2 0 20

¿ ( − | )= ( − )= .
2 2 4 a 4 4 4
1 a x x 1 a a a
2 2 4 2 2 4 8 0

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
7
Case 2: Here x limits are 0 to √ a2− y 2
and y limits are 0 to a

√ a 2− y 2
( ) x √a − y
a 2 a a 2 2

1
∬ xydxdy=∫ ∫ xydxdy =∫ y
2
dy= ∫ ( a − y ) ydy
2
2 2

R 0 0 0 0 0

¿ ( − | )= ( − )= .
2 2 4 a 4 4 4
1 a y y 1 a a a
2 2 4 2 2 4 8 0

Class-4

2. Evaluate ∬ xy ( x + y ) dxdy where R is the region bounded by y=x

2
R

and y=x .
Solution: Here, y limits are x 2 to x and x limits are 0 to 1

( ( ) ( ))
1 x 2 3 1 x x
2 y y
∴∬ xy ( x+ y ) dxdy =∫∫ x y + x y dydx=∫ x
( )
2 2
+x dx
R 0 x2 0 2 x
2 3 2
x

( ) |
1 4 6 4 7 5 7 5 8 1
x x x x x x x x
¿∫ − + − dx = − + −
0 2 2 3 3 10 14 15 24 0

1 1 1 1 3
¿ + − − = .
10 15 14 24 56

3. Evaluate ∬ x 2 dxdy where R is the region in the positive

R

quadrant for which x + y ≤ 1.

Solution: Here, y limits are 0 to 1−x and x limits are 0 to 1
Dr.D.B.Nirmal
8
 1 1−x a 1

∬ x dxdy =¿∫ ∫ x dydx =∫ ( x ( y ) ) dx=∫ ( x 2−x 3 ) dx ¿

2 2 2 1− x
0
R 0 0 0 0

( x3 − x4 ) = 13 − 14 = 121 .
3 4 1
¿
0

4. Evaluate ∬ ydxdy where R is the region bounded by 2

y =4 x
R

and x 2=4 y .
2
x
Solution: Here, y limits are to 2 √ x and x limits are 0 to 4
4

4 2 √x

( ) ( )
a 2 √x 1
y2 x4
∬ ydxdy=∫ ∫ y dydx =∫ 2 x
2 dx=∫ 2 x−
32
dx
R 0 x2 0 4 0
4

( )
2 5 4 5
2x x 4 32
¿ − =16− =16− =16−6.4=9.6.
2 160 0 160 5

5. Evaluate ∬ xydxdy where R is the region bounded by x−axis , or-

R

dinate x=2 a and the curve x 2=4 ay .

2
x
Solution: Here, y limits are 0 to and x limits are 0 to 2 a
4a

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
9
 2
x

( ) ( )
2
2a 4a 2a 2 x 2a 5 2a

∬ xydxdy=∫ ∫ xy dydx=∫ x y2 4a
dx=∫
x
2
dx=
1
2∫
5
x dx
R 0 0 0 0 0 32 a 32 a 0

( )
6 2a 6 4
1 x 64 a a
¿ = = .
2
32a 6 0 ( 32 a ) 6 3
2

6. Evaluate ∬ ( 5−2 x− y ) dxdy where R is the region bounded by y=0 , x= y

2
R

and x +2 y=3.

Solution: Here, x limits are y 2 to 3−2 y and y limits are 0 to 1

1 3 −2 y 1

∬ ( 5−2 x− y ) dxdy=∫ ∫ ∫ ( 5 x−x 2−xy ) y

3−2 y
( 5−2 x− y ) dxdy=¿ 2 dy
R 0 y
2
0
1
¿ ∫ (5 ( 3−2 y )−( 3−2 y ) − y ( 3−2 y )¿ −5 y + y + y ) dy ¿
2 2 4 3

|
3 2 3 3 5 4 1
y 2 y y y y y
2
¿ 15 y−5 y −9 y−4 +6 y −3 + 2 −5 + +
3 2 3 3 5 4 0
4 3 2 5 1 1 7 5 1
¿ 15−5−9− +6− + − + + =7− − +
3 2 3 3 5 4 3 4 5
420−140−75+12 217
¿ = .
60 60

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
10
7. Evaluate ∬ ydxdy where R is the region bounded by x=0 , y=x and
2
R
x + y=2.

Solution: Here, ‘ y ’ limits are x 2 to 2−x and ‘ x ’ limits are 0 to 1

( ) ( )
1 2− x 1 2− x 1
y2 ( 2−x )2 x 4
∬ ydxdy=∫ ∫ ydydx=∫
2 2
dx =∫
2
−
2
dx
R 0 x
2
0 x 0

( )
1 2 4 3 5 1
+x x x x
¿ ∫ (2¿
2
−2 x − )dx = 2 x+ −x − ¿
0 2 2 6 10 0
1 1 120+10−60−6 64 16
¿ 2+ −1− = = = .
6 10 60 60 15

Class-5
Some standard curves in polar form
1. Circles:
a) r =a sin θ b) r =a cos θ

2. Cardioids:
a) r =a ( 1+cos θ ) b) r =a ( 1−cos θ )

c) r =a ( 1+sin θ ) d) r =a ( 1−sin θ )

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
11
3. Lemniscate:-r 2=a2 cos 2θ

Class-6
Reduction formulae:
π π
2 2

0 0 n ( n−2 ) ( n−4 ) (2)

1.∫ sin n θ dθ=¿ ∫ cos n θ dθ=¿ ( n−1 )( n−3 ) ( n−5 ) … … π ¿ ¿ if ‘n’ is even.

π π
2 2
( n−1 )( n−3 ) ( n−5 )
∫ sin n θ dθ=¿ ∫ cos n θ dθ=¿ … … ¿ ¿ if ‘n’ is odd.
0 0 n ( n−2 ) ( n−4 )

π
2
2. ∫ sin m θ cos n θ dθ=¿
0 ( m+ n ) ( m+ n−2 ) ( m+n−4 ) … ()
( m−1 ) ( m−3 )( m−5 ) … ( n−1 ) ( n−3 )( n−5 ) … π if both ‘m , n’
2
¿

are even.
π
2

∫ sin m θ cos n θ dθ=¿

0 ( m+ n ) ( m+ n−2 ) ( m+n−4 ) … ()
( m−1 ) ( m−3 )( m−5 ) … ( n−1 ) ( n−3 )( n−5 ) … 2 if both ‘m , n’ are
3
¿

not even.

PROBLEMS

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
12
 π
2
1.Evaluate∫ sin 6 θ dθ.
0

.1 π 15 π 5 π .
π
2

6.4 .2 ( 2 ) 96
Solution: ∫ sin 6 θ dθ=¿ 5.3 = =
32
¿
0

π
2
2.Evaluate ∫ cos 7 θ dθ.
0

π
2
Solution: ∫ cos 7 θ dθ=¿ 6.4 .2 48 16
= = .¿
7.5 .3 105 35
0

π
2
3.Evaluate ∫ sin 5 θ cos 3 θ dθ.
0

π
2
Solution: 4.2 .2 1
∫ sin 5 θ cos 3 θ dθ= 8.6 = .
0 .4 .2 24

4. Evaluate ∬ r 3 drdθ where R is the region included between two

R

circles r =2sin θ and r =4 sin θ .

Solution: Here ‘r ’ limits 2 sin θ to 4 sin θ and θ limits are 0 to π .

]
π 4 sinθ π 4 4 sinθ π 2
r 1
∫∫ r 3 drdθ=∫
4
dθ= ∫ sin4 θ ( 44 −24 ) dθ=( 60 ) 2∫ sin4 θ dθ
4 0
0 2sin θ 0 2sin θ 0

¿ 120 ( 3.1 )
4.2 2
π 45 π
=
2
.

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
13
5. Evaluate ∬ r 3 drdθ where R is the region included between two
R

circles r =2cos θ and r =4 cos θ .

−π π
Solution: Here ‘r ’ limits 2 cos θ to 4 cos θ and θ limits are 2 to 2 .

π π π π

]
2 4 cos θ 2 4 4 cosθ 2 2
r 1
∫ ∫ r 3 drdθ= ∫
4
dθ= ∫ cos 4 θ ( 4 4 −24 ) dθ=( 60 ) 2∫ cos 4 θ dθ
4 −π
− π 2cos θ −π 2 cos θ 0
2 2 2

¿ 120 ( 3.1 )
4.2 2
π 45 π
=
2
.

6. Evaluate ∬ r 2 sinθ drdθ where R is the region bounded by

R

r =2 a cos θ above initial line or x -axis.

π
Solution: Here ‘r ’ limits 0 to 2 acos θ and θ limits are 0 to 2 .
π π π

]
2 2 acos θ 2 3 2 a cosθ 3 2
r 8a
∫ ∫ r 2 sin θ drdθ=∫
3
sin θ dθ=
3
∫ cos 3 θ sin θ dθ
0 0 0 0 0

()
3 3
8a 1 2a
¿ = .
3 4 3

Class-7

7. Evaluate ∬ r sin θ drdθ where R is the Cardioid r =a ( 1−cos θ ) above

R

initial line.
Solution: Here ‘r ’ limits 0 to a ( 1−cos θ ) and θ limits are 0 to π .
π

]
π a ( 1−cosθ ) π 2 a ( 1−cos θ) 2 π π
r 1 a2 a2
∫ ∫ r sin θ drdθ=∫ sinθ dθ= ∫ a2 ( 1−cos θ ) sin θ dθ= ∫ ( 1+cos 2 θ−2cos θ ) sin θ dθ= ∫
2

0 0 0 2 0 20 2 0 2 0

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
14
 ¿
a2
2 ((
1 1 1 1
1+ + − −1− + =
3 2 3 2
4 a2
3
. )( ))
r
8. Evaluate ∬ drdθ taken over one loop of lemniscate r 2=a2 cos 2θ .
R √a + r 2 2

−π π
Solution: Here ‘r ’ limits 0 to a √ cos 2 θ and θ limits are 4 to 4 .
π π π π
4 a √ cos 2 θ 4 4 4
r 1 2 a √cos 2 θ 1
∫ ∫ drdθ= ∫ 2 √ a 2+r ] dθ= ∫ −2 a+2 a √ 1+ cos 2 θ dθ=a ∫ −1+√ 2 cos θ dθ=a (−θ+ √
√ a +r
0
−π 0
2 2 2 −π 2 −π −π
4 4 4 4

CHANGE OF ORDER OF INTEGRATION

PROBLEMS

a a

1. Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫∫ ( x 2 + y 2 ) dydx .

0 x

Solution: Given ‘ y ’ limits y=x to y=a and ‘ x ’ limits are x=0 to x=a .
By changing the order of integration

‘ x ’ limits are x=0 to x= y and ‘ y ’ limits y=0 to y=a

(3 )
a a a y 3 a y
x
∫∫ ( x
2
+ y
2
) dydx=∫∫ ( x
2
+ y
2
) dxdy=∫ + y 2 x dy
0 x 0 0 0 0

( ) ( )
a 3 a 4 a 4
y 4 4 y a
¿∫ + y dy= ∫ y dy= .
3 3
=
0 3 30 3 4 0 3

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
15
 ∞ ∞ −y
2. Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫∫ e y dydx .
0 x

Solution: Given ‘ y ’ limits y=x to y=∞ and ‘ x ’ limits are x=0 to x=∞ .
By changing the order of integration

‘ x ’ limits are x=0 to x= y and ‘ y ’ limits y=0 to y=∞

( )
∞ ∞ −y ∞ x −y ∞ −y y ∞ −y
e e e e
∫∫ y
dydx =∫ ∫
y
dxdy=∫
y
( x ) dy=∫
y
( y −0 ) dy
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

∞
¿ ∫ e dy=(−e )0 =−( e −e ) =1.
−y −y −∞ 0 ∞

4 a 2 √ax

3. Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫ ∫ dydx .

0 x2
4a

2
x
Solution: Given ‘ y ’ limits y= to y=2 √ ax ⇒ x 2=4 ay , y 2=4 ax and ‘ x ’ limits
4a
are x=0 to x=4 a .
By changing the order of integration

2
y
‘ x ’ limits are x= to 2 √ ay and ‘ y ’ limits y=0 to y=4 a
4a

4 a 2 √ax 4 a 2 √ ay 4a

∫ ∫ dydx =∫ ∫ dxdy=∫ ( x )2y√ ay dy 2

0 x2 0 y2 0 4a
4a 4a

( )
4a 2 4a 4a
y 1
¿∫ 2 √ ay− dy ¿ 2 √ a ∫ √ y dy− ∫ y dy
2

0 4a 0 4a 0

)( y ) ( )
3 4a

(
4a
2 1 y3 32 a2 16 a2 16 a 2
¿ (2 √ a) 2
0 − = − = .
3 4a 3 0 3 3 3

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
16
 a 2 2
b b
√b − y
4. Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫ ∫ xy dxdy .
0 0

2 2
a 2 2 x y
Solution: Given ‘ x ’ limits x=0 to x=
b
√b − y ⇒ 2 + 2 =1 ,
a b

and ‘ y ’ limits are y=0 to y=b .

By changing the order of integration

b 2 2
‘ y ’ limits y=0 to y= a √ a −x ,and ‘ x ’ limits are x=0 to x=a .

a 2 2 b 2 2
b b
√b − y a a
√a − x

∫ ∫ xy dxdy=∫ ∫ xy dydx
0 0 0 0

( )
a 2 b √ a2−x 2 2 a
y b
¿∫ x 2∫
x ( a −x ) dx
a 2 2
dx ¿
0 2 0 2a 0

( 2ba ) ( a )( x2 ) −( 2ba ) ( x4 ) = b 2a ( 12 − 14 )= a 8b .
2 2 a 2 4 a 2 2 2 2
2
¿ 2 2
0 0

Class-8
1 2− x

5. Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫ ∫ xy dydx.

0 x
2

Solution: Given ‘ y ’ limits y=x 2 to y¿ 2−x ,and ‘ x ’ limits are x=0 to x=1.
By changing the order of integration
In R1, ‘ x ’ limits x=0 to x=√ y ,and ‘ y ’ limits are y=0 to y=1 ,
¿∈ R2 , ‘ x ’ limits x=0 ¿ x=2− y , ‘ y ’ limits are y=1 to y=2,

1 2− x 1 √y 2 2− y

∫ ∫ xy dydx=∫ ∫ xy dydx+∫ ∫ xy dydx

0 x2 0 0 1 0

( ) ( )
1 2 √y 2 2 2− y
x x
¿∫ y dy +∫ y dy
0 2 0 1 2 0
1 2
1 1
¿ ∫ y dy+ ∫ y ( 2− y ) dy
2 2

20 21

¿
1 1 1
() (32 1
+ 8+ 4− − −2+
2 3 2 3 4
4
3 )
1 14 1 4 +120−112−3 9 3
¿ + 5− − = = = .
6 3 8 24 24 8

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
17
 1 √ 2− x2
xy
6.Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫∫ dydx.
0 x √ x2 + y 2
Solution: Given ‘ y ’ limits y=x to y¿ √ 2−x 2 ⇒ x2 + y 2=2,and ‘ x ’ limits
are x=0 to x=1.
By changing the order of integration
In R1, ‘ x ’ limits x=0 to x= y ,and ‘ y ’ limits are y=0 to y=1 ,
¿∈ R2 , ‘ x ’ limits x=0 ¿ x=√ 2− y 2 , ‘ y ’ limits are y=1 to y= √2 ,

1 √ 2− x2 1 y √ 2 √ 2− y 2
xy xy xy
∫∫ dydx ¿ ∫∫ dxdy +∫ ∫ dxdy
0 x √x +y
2 2
0 0 √x 2
+y
2
1 0 √ x2+ y2
1 √2
1 2 y 1 2 √ 2− y
2

¿ ∫ ( 2 y √ x + y )0 dy + ∫ ( 2 y √ x + y )0
2 2
dy
20 2 1
1 √2
¿ ∫ ( y 2 √ 2− y 2 ) dy +∫ ( y √ 2− y 2 ) dy
0 1

] ]
3 1 √2
¿√ + √ −
3 2 3
2y y y 2 y
−
3 3 0 2 3 1

¿ √ − + √ 2− √ − + = √
2 1 2 2 1 1 2− 2+ 6−4−3+ √ 2
3 3 3 √2 3 3 √2
1
¿
3 √2
.
Dr.D.B.Nirmal
18
 TRIPLE INTEGRATION

The triple integral of a function f ( x , y , z )over a 3-D region on

‘V’ is given by∭
V
f ( x , y , z ) dxdydz .

Consider a case of triple integral

b g2 ( z) f 2 ( y , z )

∭ f ( x , y , z ) dxdydz=∫ ∫ ∫ f ( x , y , z ) dxdydz
V a g1 ( z) f 1 ( y , z )

Here we integrate w.r.t ‘ x ’ keeping y , zare constants, the resul-

tant is integrated w.r.t ‘ y ’ keeping z constant and final resultant
is integrated w.r.t ‘ z ’ between the limits z=a and z=b .

PROBLEMS
a x x+ y

1. Evaluate ∫∫ ∫ e x+ y+ z dxdydz
0 0 0

a x x+ y a x x+ y

Solution: ∫∫ ∫ e
x+ y+ z
dxdydz= ∫ ∫ ∫ e x + y+ z dzdydx
0 0 0 x=0 y=0 z=0
a x
x+ y +z x+ y
¿∫ ∫ e 0 ] dydx
x=0 y=0
a x
¿∫ ∫ ( e 2 x+2 y −e x+ y ) dydx
x=0 y=0

( ) dx
a 2 x+ 2 y x
e
¿∫
x+ y
−e
0 2 0

( e2 −e )
a 4x 2x
e
¿∫
2x x
− +e dx
0 2

( )
4x 2x 2x a
e e e x
¿ − − +e
8 2 4 0
4a 2a 2a
e e e a 1 1 1
¿ − − +e − + + −1
8 2 4 8 2 4
4a 2a 2a a
e −4 e −2 e + 8 e −1+ 4+ 2−8
¿
8
4a 2a a
e −6 e +8 e −3
¿
8
.
2 2 1

2. Evaluate ∫∫∫ x 2 yz dxdydz .

1 0 0

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
19
 ]
2 2 1 2 2 1
x3
Solution: ∫∫ ∫ x yz dxdydz =∫∫ yz 2
dydz
1 0 0 1 0
3 0
2 2
yz
¿ ∫∫ dydz
1 0 3

]
2 2 2
y2 2z
¿∫ z dz =∫ dz
1
6 0 1
3

]
2
z2 4 1
¿ = − =1 .
3 1 3 3

3. Evaluate ∭ x y 2 zdzdydx taken over positive octant of the

V

sphere x 2+ y 2+ z 2=a2.
Solution: Here ‘ z ’ limits are 0 ¿ √ a2−x 2− y 2 , ‘ y ’ limits are 0 ¿ √ a2−x 2 ,and
‘ x ’ limits are 0 ¿ a.
a √ a2− x2 √ a2 −x 2− y 2
∫ ∫ ∫ 2
x y z dxdydz
0 0 0
√ a2−x 2
( )
a
z √a − x − y
2 2 2
2
¿∫ ∫ 2
xy dxdy
0 0 2 0
a √ a −x
2 2

1
¿ ∫ ∫ x y ( a −x − y ) dxdy
2 2 2 2
20 0

]
a 3 3 √a2− x 2
1 2 y 3 y y5
¿ ∫ xa −x −x dx
20 3 3 5 0

( )
7 a

−1 ( a −x )
a 5 2 2 2
−1
¿ ∫
30 0
−2 x ( a 2
−x )
2 2
dx =
30 7
2 0

1 7
105 .
¿ a

Class-9
4. Evaluate ∭ dzdydx where V is the region bounded by the planes
V
x=0 , y=0 , z=0∧2 x+ 3 y+ 4 z=12.

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
20
 1 1
Solution: Here ‘ z ’ limits are 0 ¿ 4 ( 12−2 x−3 y ) ‘ y ’ limits are 0 ¿ 3 ( 12−2 x ) ,

and ‘ x ’ limits are 0 ¿ 6.

12−2 x 12−2 x−3 y 12−2 x
6 3 4 6 3 12−2 x−3 y

∫ ∫ ∫ dzdydx=∫ ∫ ( z )0 4
dydx
0 0 0 0 0

12−2 x
6 3
1
¿ ∫
4 0
∫ (12−2 x −3 y ) dxdy
0

]
6 12−2 x
1 y2
¿ ∫ 12 y−2 xy −3
3
dx
4 0 2 0

{∫ ( 12−23 x )− 16 ( 12−2 x ) }dx

6
1 2
¿ 4 ( 12−2 x )−2 x
4 0

( )
3 2 3 6
1 2 2 4x 144 x 48 x 4 x
¿ 48 x−4 x −4 x + − + −
4 9 6 12 18 0

¿ 72−36−36+24−36 +36−12=12.
1 1 1− x

5. Evaluate ∫∫ ∫ x dzdxdy .
0 y 0

1 1 1−x 1 1

Solution: ∫∫∫ x dzdxdy= ∫ ∫ ( xz )1−x

z =0 dxdy
y=0 x= y z =0 y=0 x= y

1 1
¿ ∫ ∫ x ( 1−x ) dxdy
0 y

] ( )
1 1 1 2 3
x2 x3 1 1 y y
¿∫ − dy ¿∫ − − + dy
0
2 3 y 0 2 3 2 3

( )
3 4 1
1 1 y y 1 1 1 1
¿ y− y− + = − − +
2 3 6 12 0 2 3 6 12

12−8−4+ 2 2 1
¿ = = .
24 24 12

2 2
π a −r
2 asin θ 2
6. Evaluate ∫∫ ∫ r dzdrdθ .
0 0 0

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
21
 2 2
π a −r π
2 a sin θ 2 2 a sin θ a2−r2
Solution: ∫∫ ∫ r dzdrdθ=∫ ∫ ( rz ) 2
z =0 drdθ
0 0 0 0 0

( )
2 a sinθ
a2−r 2
¿∫ ∫ r drdθ
0 0 2

]
1 asin θ 4 1
a2 r 2 r 4 a
¿∫ dθ ¿ ∫ ( 2 sin θ−sin θ ) dθ
2 4
−
0
4 8 0 8 0

¿
a4
8
1 π
{(
3 1 π
2. . − . ∙
2 2 4 2 2
=
a4 5 π
8 16
= )(
5 a4 π
128
. )} ( )
CHANGE OF VARIABLES

Let the variables x , y be changed to new variables u , v with the rela-

tion x=f 1 ( u , v ) , y=f 2 (u , v ) then

∬ f ( x , y ) dxdy =∬ f ( f 1 ( u , v ) , f 2 (u , v ) )|J |dudv

R R

Where J is Jacobian of x , y with respect to u , v .

| |
∂x ∂x
|J|=
|
∂(x, y)
∂ (u , v )
=
|∂u
∂y
∂v
∂y
.
∂u ∂v

Case 1: Change of cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates.

2 2 2
x , y → r ,θ x=r cos θ , y =r sinθ∧x + y =r .

Then ∬ f ( x , y ) dxdy =∬ f ( r cos θ ,r sin θ )|J|drdθ

R R

| ||
∂x ∂x

|
∂(x, y) ∂r
Where |J|= ∂ ( r , θ ) = ∂ y | ∂θ = cos θ −r sin θ =r cos2 θ+r sin2 θ=r
∂ y sin θ r cos θ |
∂r ∂θ

∴ dxdy=rdrdθ.

Case 2: Change of cartesian coordinates to spherical polar

coordinates.

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
22
x , y , z → r ,θ ,∅

2 2 2 2
x=r sin θ cos ∅ , y=r sin θ sin ∅ , z=r cos θ∧x + y + z =r .

Then ∭ f ( x , y , z ) dxdydz=∭ f ( r sinθ cos ∅ , r sin θ sin ∅ , rcos θ )|J|drdθ d ∅

V V

| |
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂r ∂θ ∂∅

| |
rcosθ cos ∅ −r sin θ sin ∅
| |
sin θ cos ∅
∂(x , y , z) ∂ y ∂y ∂y
Where |J|=
2
= = sin θ sin ∅ rcos θ sin ∅ r sin θ cos ∅ =r sin θ
∂ ( r ,θ , ∅ ) ∂r ∂θ ∂∅
cos θ −sin θ 0
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂r ∂θ ∂∅

∴ dxdydz=r sin θ drdθd ∅ .

2

Case 3: Change of cartesian coordinates to cylindrical polar coordinates.

x , y , z → r ,θ , z
2 2 2 2 2
x=r cos θ , y =r sinθ , z=z∧x + y + z =r + z

Then ∭ f ( x , y , z ) dxdydz=∭ f ( r cos θ , r sin θ , z )|J |drdθ d ∅

V V

| ||
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂r ∂θ ∂z

|
cos θ −rsin θ 0
Where |J|=
(
∂ x, y ,z )
∂(r , θ , z )
=
|∂y
∂r
∂z
| ∂y
∂θ
∂z
∂y
∂z
∂z
= sin θ rcos θ 0 =r
0 0 1
∂r ∂θ ∂z

∴ dxdydz=rdrdθdz.
Class-10
PROBLEMS
a √ a 2− y 2
1. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ( x 2 + y 2 ) dxdy by changing into polar coordinates.
0 0

Solution: Given x=0 , x=√ a 2− y 2∨x 2+ y 2=a2 and y=0 , y =a

By changing into polar coordinates ‘r ’ limits are r =0 ¿ a and ‘θ’ limits are
π
θ=0 ¿
2
π π
a √ a 2− y 2 2 a 2 a

∫ ∫ ( x 2 + y 2 ) dxdy=∫∫ r 2 ( rdrdθ )=∫∫ r 3 drdθ

0 0 0 0 0 0

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
23
 π π

( )
2 4 a 4 2 4 π
r a
¿∫
4
dθ=
4
∫ 1. dθ= a4 ( θ )02
0 0 0

()
4 4
a π a π
¿ = .
4 2 8

∞ ∞

∫∫ e−( x + y ) dxdy .
2 2

2. By changing in to polar coordinates evaluate

0 0

Solution: Given x=0 , x=∞ and ‘ y=0 , y =∞

By changing into polar coordinates ‘r ’ limits are r =0 ¿ ∞ and ‘θ ’ limits are

π
θ=0 ¿
2

π π
∞ ∞ 2 ∞ 2 ∞

∫∫ e−( x + y ) dxdy=∫∫ e−r ( rdrdθ )=∫∫ r e−r drdθ

2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0

π π π
2 ∞ 2 2

¿
1
∫∫ e−t dtdθ= −1
20 0
∫ ( e ) dθ=−1
2 0
∫ ( 0−1 ) dθ
2 0
−t ∞
0

π
1 2 π
¿ ( θ )0 = .
2 4

1 √ 2− x2
3. Evaluate ∫∫
0 x
( x +x y ) dydx by changing into polar coordinates.
2 2

Solution: Given y= √2−x2 ∨x2 + y 2=2 and x=0 , x=1 and y=x ,

By changing into polar coordinates ‘r ’ limits are r =0 ¿ √2 and ‘θ ’ limits are

π π
θ= ¿
4 2

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
24
 π π
1 √ 2− x2 2 √2 2 √2
∫∫
0 x
( 2
x
x +y )
2
dydx=∫ ∫
π 0
4
r2 (
r cos θ
π 0
)
rdrdθ=∫ ∫ ( cos θ ) drdθ
4

π π
2 2 π
¿ ∫ ( r )0 cos θ dθ=√ 2 ∫ cos θ dθ= √ 2 ( sin θ )
√2 2
π
π π 4
4 4

( π π
¿ √ 2 sin −sin = √ 2 1−
2 4
1
√2) (
=√ 2−1.
)
a √ a2− x2
4. By changing in to polar coordinates evaluate ∫ ∫ y ( √ x 2 + y 2 ) dydx .
0 0

Solution: Given y=0 , y =√ a2−x 2∨x 2 + y 2=a 2 and x=0 , x=a

By changing into polar coordinates ‘r ’ limits are r =0 ¿ a and ‘θ’ limits are
π
θ=0 ¿
2

π π
a √ a2− x2 2 a 2 a

∫ ∫ y ( √ x 2 + y 2 ) dydx=∫∫ rsin θ ( r ) ( rdrdθ )=∫∫ r 3 sinθ drdθ

0 0 0 0 0 0

π π

( r4 ) sin θ dθ= a4 ∫ sin θ dθ

2 4 a 4 2
¿∫
0 0 0

π
a4 a4 a4
¿ −cos θ 0 = ( 0− −1 ) = .
2
( ) ( )
4 4 4

2 2
5. By changing into polar coordinates evaluate ∬ xx2 +yy 2 dxdy , where ‘R’ is
R
the angular region between 2 circles x 2+ y 2=a2 and x 2+ y 2=b2 ( b> a ) .

Solution: By changing into polar coordinates

‘r ’ limits are a ¿ b ‘θ’ limits are 0 ¿ 2 π .

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
25
 2 2 2π b 4 2 2 2π b

∬ xx2 +yy 2 dxdy =∫∫ r cos rθ2 sin θ r drdθ=∫ cos 2 θ sin 2 θ ∫ r 3 drdθ
R 0 a 0 a

( ) ( )∫ cos θ sin θ dθ
2π 4 b 4 4 2π
r b a
¿ ∫ cos θ sin θ
2 2 2 2
dθ= −
0 4 a 4 4 0

( b4 − a4 ) 4∫ cos θ sin θ dθ=(b −a )( ( 2−1

4 ( 4−2 ) )( 2 )
4 4 2
2 2 )( 2−1 ) π 4 4
¿
0

π 4 4
¿ ( b −a ).
16

Class-11
APPLICATIONS

Finding the area of plane curves and volume of solids :

1. The formula to find the area of plane curve in terms of double

integration is given by ∬ dxdy∨∬ dydx∨¿ ∬ rdrdθ ¿.

R R R

2. The formula to find volume of a solid in terms of triple integra-

tion

is given by ∭ dxdydz ∨∭ r 2 sinθ drdθd ∅ ∨∭ r drdθdz.

V V V

PROBLEMS

1. Find area of a circle x 2+ y 2=a2 using double integration.

π π π

( 2 ) dθ= 42a ∫ dθ
2 a 2 2 a 2 2
Solution: Required area ¿ 4 ∫ ∫ r drdθ=4 ∫ r
0 0 0 0 0

( )
π
π
¿ 2 a2 ( θ ) =2 a2 −0
2
0
2
¿ π a =area of circle .
2

2. Find area of the cardioid r =a ( 1+cos θ )using double integration.

π a ( 1+cos θ )

( )
π a( 1+cos θ )
r2
Solution: Required area ¿ 2∫ ∫ r drdθ=2∫ dθ
0 0 0 2 0

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
26
 2 π π
2a
¿
2
∫ ( 1+cos θ ) dθ=a ∫ ( 1+2 cos θ+cos 2 θ ) dθ
2 2

0 0

( ) ( )
π
2 3θ sin2 θ 2 3π
¿a +2 sin θ+ =a +2 sin π +sin 2 π
2 2 0 2

2
3π a
¿ =area of cardioid .
2

3. Find by double integration the area lying inside the circle r =a sin θ
and outside the cardioid r =a ( 1−cos θ ) .
π π

( )
2 asin θ 2 a sinθ
Solution: Required area ¿ ∫ r2
∫ r drdθ=∫
2
dθ
0 a ( 1−cos θ ) 0 a ( 1−cos θ )

π
2 2
a
¿
2
∫ sin 2 θ−( 1−cos θ )2 dθ
0

π
2 2
−(1+ −2 cos θ ) dθ
a
¿
2
∫ 1−cos
2
2θ 1+ cos 2 θ
2
0

( )
2 π
a θ sin 2 θ θ sin 2 θ
¿ − −θ− − +2 sinθ 2
2 2 4 2 4 0

¿ (2 sinθ− −θ)
2 π
a sin 2θ 2
2 2 0

¿ (2−0− )=a ( 1− ).
2
a π π 2
2 2 4

4. Find by double integration the area of lemniscate.

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
27
Solution:
π
4 √ a2cos 2 θ
Required area¿ 4 ∫ ∫ r drdθ
0 0

( )
4
r 2 √ a cos 2 θ
2

¿ 4∫ dθ
0 2 0
π
4

( ) =a ( 1−0 )=a .
π
sin2 θ
¿ 2∫ a cos 2 θ dθ=2 a
2 2 4 2 2

0 2 0

5. Find the volume of the sphere x 2+ y 2+ z 2=a2using triple inte-

gral.
Solution: In spherical polar coordinates, in first octant ‘ r ’ limits
π π
are 0 to a , ‘θ’ limits are 0 to 2 , ‘∅ ’ limits are0 to 2 .
π π π π

(3)
2 2 a 3 2 2 a
Required volume ¿ 8 ∫ ∫∫ r 2 sinθ drdθd ∅ =8∫∫ sin θ r dθd ∅
0 0 0 0 0 0

π π π
3 2 2 3 2 π
8a
¿
3
∫∫ sin θdθd ∅ = 83a ∫ (−cos θ ) 2
0 d∅
0 0 0

π
2 π

( )
3
8a 8 a3 8 a3 π 4 π a3 .
¿ (−0+ 1 )∫ d ∅ = ( ∅ )02 = −0 =
3 0 3 3 2 3

6. Find the volume of tetrahedral bounded by the planes

0∧x y z
x=0 , y=0 , z= + + =1.
a b c
Solution:

Dr.D.B.Nirmal
28