International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 648-652 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Transmission Line Fault Detection Using

Gsm Technology
Mr. Maskar P. M,
Sutar Pooja Nagesh Wadkar Ashlesha Ajit JangamMegha Vasant
Patil Snehal Dilip
1. Guide of ProjectsElectrical Engineering , NMCOE, Peth.
2. Student of Electrical Engineering, NMCOE, Peth 416301
3. Student of Electrical Engineering, NMCOE, Peth 416301
4. Student of Electrical Engineering, NMCOE, Peth 416301
5. Student of Electrical Engineering, NMCOE, Peth 416301

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Submitted: 25-06-2021 Revised: 01-07-2021 Accepted: 03-07-2021
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT: line may get change from real existing values to
In this paper a smart GSM based fault detection another values, until the networks such as lightning,
system is used to sufficiently and accurately wind, storm, tree falling on line, apparatus failure
indicate the fault occurred in the distribution system etc. In our proposed system, the phase voltages and
and transmission system. The proposed system has phase current sense by CT & PT and these sensing
various protective equipment's, voltage and current values are continuously send to the microcontroller.
sense section, microcontroller section, LED display When fault occurred, the insulating path
section and GSM (global system for mobile and conducting path get affected which causes the
communication) module. This system will help to short circuit and open circuit of conductor. During
the electricity board and service man of that area to ideal operating condition, the power system
detect the fault in short time and avoid the equipment operated at normal voltage and current
transformer damages. In this system various rating. But in faulty condition, the voltage and
equipment are used such as Current transformer, current values are swing from their reference value.
Potential transformer, Microcontroller, RS-232 Normally our power system is protected by
cable, GSM modem. The fault are detected, switch-gear and protection equipment’s like relays,
analyzed and classified by this system automatically circuit breaker, fuses to reduce the losses of service
with the help of Micro-controller. This system also due to the electrical failure after the occurrence of
gives the information about which faults.
type of fault occurred in transmission line such as Fault: In an electrical power system, a fault
L-L (line to line), L-G (line to ground), L-L-G or fault current is any abnormal electric current that
(double line to ground) fault, L-L-L & L-L-L-G flows through the line. In three phase system, fault
(symmetrical fault). And this information is send to may occur between one or more phases and ground
the service provider company via SMS using GSM. or it may involve only phases.There are two main
Keywords:GSM technology, Fault, types of faults:
Microcontroller, Transformer, Transmission. A.Symmetric fault: This fault is also called as
balanced fault. It affects all the three phases of
I. INTRODUCTION transmission line equally. Approximately 5% faults
In overall electrical power system, more are symmetric, in total transmission line faults.
than 80% faults occur in transmission line. In this
paper the design and implementation of fault B. Asymmetric fault: This type of faults are
detection, classification and protection technique of unbalanced faults. All the three phases of.
transmission line are present. transmission line does not get affected by
When an electrical network, machines and asymmetric fault. It is again divided into three types
equipments are in operating condition, they suffered as follows:
by a different types of faults. Whenever the faults 1)Line-to-line fault: This fault occurs when there is
occur, the characteristic values of the transmission a short circuit between two lines originated when

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0307648652 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 648
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 648-652 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

those two lines comes into physical contact with reduction in loads, switching of loads, lightning
each other. Roughly 5% are asymmetric L-L fault. strikes, failure of control equipment like voltage
2) Line-to-ground fault: This type of fault occur regulators, displacement of neutral. This point of
when there is a short circuit between one line and overvoltage can damage to component connected to
ground. This happen due to physical contact the supply.
between line and ground conductor because of B.Under-voltage: Generally this point
storm damages and lightning etc. This is the most occur when the voltage supplying the drive is too
frequent fault occur in transmission line faults. low. It is occur when supply voltage is less than
3)Double line-to-ground fault: Whenever the two nominal voltage rating for example, a 440 V
line come into the physical contact with each other machine powered by 220 V will caused the under-
and the ground conductor it termed as double line- voltage.
to-ground fault. The percentage occurrence of this C.Overheating: There is a occurrence of
fault is 15-20%. overheating, if the temperature of the equipments
increases from the nominal values. Overheating
II. FAULT IN THREE PHASE DEVICES occur also when the equipments are overloaded.
AND THEIR CAUSES Problem which causes overheating are short circuit,
A.Overvoltage: An overvoltage is point single line to ground fault, LL fault etc. It can
occurs when the system voltage increases over damage the windings of equipments and also
110% of the nominal voltage rating. Overvoltage damage the electrical system.
caused due to many reasons such as sudden

III. PROPOSED WORK :

Figure: 1. Overview of multiple line fault detection system.

A. Block diagram

Figure: 2. Block diagram of multiple line fault detection system using GSM Technology.

B. Working three phase parameter i.e voltage, current,

Figure shows block diagram of multiple temperature senses by respective sensing equipment
line fault detection using GSM technology. The . Once the fault occurred in transmission line,

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0307648652 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 649
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 648-652 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

voltage and current values varies from the nominal reference values then microcontroller send signal to
ranges. This values continuously send to the ADC the GSM, which indicate that the fault occurred in
(analog to digital converter), ADC convert this the system( i.e change in the values of voltage,
analog values into digital values which is required current & temperature) then GSM take this signal
to the microcontroller, microcontroller takes digital from microcontroller and send SMS to the service
values from ADC and compare with reference provider company as well area service man.
values. If the real time values are not identical to the

C. CIRCUIT INTERFACING WITH MICRO-CONTROLLER & LCD.

Figure: 3. Circuit Interfacing with Micro-controller & LCD

IV. HARDWARE REQUIRED DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the
A. Microcontroller ATMega 328 state of a sensor, or a switch.ATmega328 is
The atmega328 has different ports, each commonly used in many projects and autonomous
one having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of systems where a simple, low-powered, low-cost
23 I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output micro-controller is needed. Perhaps the most

Figure: 4. Pin Diagram Of Microcontroller At 89s52

interrupting the execution of the program be treated from the software point of view as an 8-
according to external events, performing serial data bit variable called 'register', each bit being
transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to connected to a different Input /Output pin.
update the software. Each port has 8 pins, and will

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0307648652 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 650
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 648-652 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

B. Fault Display LCD

Figure: 5. Fault Display LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel
electronic display module and find a wide range of matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic Command and Data [4].
module and is very commonly used in various The command register stores the command
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
over seven segment and other multi segment LCDs. instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task
The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
programmable; have no limitation of displaying cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
special & even custom character (unlike in seven register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
segments), animation and so on. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about
characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this internal structure of a LCD.

C. GSM MODEM

Figure: 6. Module

GSM moduleisused to establish V. ADVANTAGE

communication between a computer and aGSM 1. This system gives the exact information about
system. Global System for Mobile communication which type of fault occurred in the line such as
(GSM)is an architecture used for mobile LG, L-L etc.
communication in most of the countries. Global 2. We can easily monitor the transmission system
Packet Radio Service (GPRS)is an extension of from the any corner of the world because of the
GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM system that gives real time status of the
GSM/GPRS module consists of a GSM/GPRS system.
modem assembled together with power supply 3. This system is more flexible than the existing
circuit and communication interfaces (like RS-232, system which can easily overcome the time
USB, etc) for computer. The MODEM is the soul of required for finding the fault in any
such modules. environmental condition.
4. We can easily mount the system on pole,
because of its small size, light weight.
5.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0307648652 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 651
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 648-652 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

VI. FUTURE SCOPE a GPS (global positioning system) attached to it so

The purpose of this paper is that to send a that it would be send exact location of fault occur in
quick message to the service provider authority as transmission line in terms of longitude and latitude.
soon as there is fault in transmission line. In this In future we can used appropriate programming for
model, we predict the location of fault with the help finding distance of fault from substation.
of distance from pole to pole. In future we can have

VII. RESULT

Figure: 7. Result displayed on LCD and Mobile phone Inbox

By using this system we get result shown

in above fig. Here the result shows line-to-ground REFERENCES
fault on LCD and the fault occurred is in blue [1]. Ms.Devjani Banerjee, Prof
phase. SMS also send to the service provider Dr.Mrs.N.R.Kulkarni , “Three Phase
company and serviceman of that area. Similarly all [Parameter Data Logging and Fault
the other faults such as L-L fault, L-L-G fault, etc Detection Using GSM Technology”,
can also be detected. International Journal of Scientific and
Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 2,
VIII. CONCLUSION February 2013 1 ISSN 2250-3153
Here, In this paper we have designed a [2]. P.A. Gulbhile, J.R. Rana, B.T. Deshmukh, “
GSM and Microcontroller based transmission line Review for overhead line fault detection
fault detection system that send information and using GSM technology”, International
classification of fault to the electricity board via Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
SMS. Also it send real time values of current a Electronics and Instrumentation
voltage to the electricity board. Engineering, Volume5, Issue12, December
2016 ISSN 2278-8875
[3]. Proteus PCB design and simulation
software, Altium designer
[4]. K. Saravanababu, P. Balakrishnan and K.
Sathiyasekar, "Transmission line faults
detection, classification, and location using
Discrete WaveletTransform," 2013
International Conference on Power, Energy
and Control (ICPEC), Sri Rangalatchum
Dindigul, 2013, pp. 233-238. [5] Power
system analysis and design by B.R. GUPTA.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0307648652 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 652