Remote SENSING ‘Concepts of remote sensing basics of remote sensing ~ Elements involved in remote sensing, Electromagnetic spect sensing terminology & units, energy resources, Energy Lnieractions with earth Surface features & atmosphere, Atmosphe Satellite orbits, Sensor resolution, Types of sensors, Remote sensing platforms and sensors, IRS satellites i ot (on for terrain ‘Remote sensing data interpretation visual interpretation techniques, Basic elements, Converging evidence, Interpretati evaluation, Spectral properties of soil, Water and vegetation, Concepts of digital Image processing, Image enhanceniénts, qualitative quantitative analysis and pattern recognition, Classification techniques and accuracy estimation, LEARNING OBJECTIVES (On completion of this unit, the student shall be able to urideritand the following concepts, ic effects, Concepts end elements Involved in remote sensing rn Electromagnetic spectrum, remote sensing terminology and units Sensors and types of sensors Remote sensing data interpretation visual interpretation techniques and their basic elements Interpretation of terrain evaluation . Spectral properties of soll, water and vegetation Concepts of digital Image processing, Image enhancements along with qualitative and quantitative analysis pts of digi a 99999999 Classification techniques and accuracy estimation INTRODUCTION : . The word remote means far away and the word sensing means acquiting Information, Remote sensing is the ‘rt and science to obtain information of a particular object, phenomenon under Investigation, phenomenon through dota analysis achieved by @ device which Is away from the object. Now-a-days the remote sensing is limited to ‘mean the process of achieving information of on object without Its physical contact irrespective of whether i smiles ‘way from the object or very cose fo I It Is alo required shat, Inthe a cchieved inthe intervening space between observer and jhe object. fence of any matter such sensing may be SIP IsPECTAUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS! 4 Scanned with CamScanneroe 7 REMOTE SENSING AND GIS LNTU-HYDER ABA) POINTS TO REMEMBER ‘Remote Sensing: It is the art and science fo obtain information of @ particular ae Phenomenon underiag Phenomenon through data analysis achieved by a device which is away from the object. os Concept of Remote Sensing : It is explained by taking computer monitor as an activity. A person viewing a serene, ‘computer monitor is said to be actively engaged in remote sensing, . * Absorption of Ozone: In stratospheric level fo.20 to 40 km, ozone isa trace gas, It dominates the short wave. radiation bij at these levels and the effect is ow at other heights, mage: Itisa picture which ses of Uhesesing proces tis displayed on the monitor of computer o its copys pring * Satelite: Risa artificial ornatural objet that revolves cin the arth o any oer plant or ts. Thelin ay by the remote sensing satellite roeords images of the earth which are then transmitted to receiving station using radio + RADARSAT: Itisa remote sen ing satellite that uses radar technology to take pictures of earth's surface. + LANPSAT:Itisa series of remote sensing satellites to record the images of the earth's Surface by Using) infrared and visita band of spectrum, : i Bee i issimilar to camera that records remote sensing image. + Sensor: (PART-A) SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Q1. Define and explain remote sensing. Answer : 4 Model Papert) Remote sensing is the art and science to obtain information of a particular object, phenomenon under investigation, Phenomenon through data analysis achieved by a device which is away from the object. Now-a-days the remote sensing i imied {mean the process of achieving information ofan object without its physieal contact respective whether it is miles away fem ihe obiecto very close tit Its also required tha, inthe absence of any matter such sensing may be achieved inthe interveing space between observer and the object. Basic Concept of Remote Sensing : The concept of remote sensing is explained by taking computer monitor as an act ‘computer monitor is said to be actively engaged in remote sensing. ity. A person viewing a screen of 8 The light emanates from that sercen of monitor isa source of radiation, The light passes over a distance and therefor it is remote until itis eaprured by a sensor (eyes). The eyes sends a signal toa process (brain). The data is recorded and interpreS into information. The awareness ofthe external world is gathered by several human senses by observing various signals rected ‘gr emitted. Therefore, the person hea disturbances carried as sound waves in atmosphere. Q3. "List the advantages of remote sensing. Answer : é Advantages of Remote Sensing |}. The remotely sensed data record the satelite images permanently so that the information canbe provided in different wavebands. 2. It provides regional survey of maximiam area coverage forthe purpose of identifying lange characteristics of diferent themes. 3. The dynamic themes such as water, agriculture are recorded due to repetitive coverage. 4,__ Data can be collected easily at various scales and resolutions, Q4. How does the atmospheric conditions influence the remote sensing? Answer : [Bay-19, R16, Ci(e}| Model Papert all Remote sensing is influenced by the atmospheric conditions in two ways, which are as follows, (a) _ In the traverse condition of atmosphere, the information reflected or radigted by the surface of the earth can be altered. (b) The absorption, reflection and scattering are utilized for estimating the temperature, pressure profiles, cloud heights, particulate and gas analysis, which is an advahtageous effect on remote sensing. WARNING: XeroxiPhotocopying ofthis book is a CRIMIAL at. Anyone found guy i LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings. Scanned with CamScanneynit-1_Remote Sensing as. What are the range of wavelengths in the various EMR spectrum? answer? ‘The various me of wavelength in EMR spectrum are shown in the table given below: : Parts of EMR spectrum Wavelength (im) Gamma rays Tess than 0.03 i X-rays 0.031003 . Ultraviolet rays 031004 4 ible region 04 10.0.7 : 5 Infrared region 0.710 1.0 6 Reflected infrared band 0.71030 % ‘Thermal infrared band 3.010 5.0 8 Radar ; 0.1 1030em 9. Radio waves Greater than 30.em ak Write a short note on atmosphere properti 3 , + Model Papert fe) wultiple scattering in the atmosphere. Thus ion for atmospheric contribution. This is Answer ¢ “The measurement of main part ofthe radiance from high flying sireraft leads tom sheiterprctation of remaining signa is carried out in terms of suspensions after a corect threaten the differing optical parameters of atmosphere should join the radiative transfer calculations. The emeS of sun ina rd spectral ange is the source of short wave radiation field in atmosphere. The solar constant and the ‘extraterrestrial irradiance {Ependson absorption and scattering process inthe chromosphere of sun andthe black body emission of sun's photosphere. @7. Write a short note on absorption of ozone. Model Papers, ttf) Answer ! In stratospheric level of 20 and 40 km, ozone is a trace gas. It domintes the short wave radiation budget at these levels - and the effect is low at other heights ‘The chlorophyll fluorescence transferred to the top of atmosphere is hinde cxyeen and water vapour in their Bands. The study of selective gaseous absorp by vemputing the transmission functions of oxygen and water from the parameters of absorPT On 28, Write a short note on energy interaction with earth surface features, ‘Sketch the approximate shape of the reflactance curve for clear water and turbid water. red by the process of absorption of molecular in radiative transfer calculations is carried out Answer + : Energy Interaction with Earth Surface Features ‘The proportions of energy that are absorbed, radiated and transmitted are unique to each and every earth feature. This unique speeval reflectance property is defined as the spectral signature ofthe earth feature. This proportions of energy that are absorbed, wriated and transmitted changes based on the wavelength ofthe energy and ‘YP= ‘of material with which they are interacted. y r E . y i 4 2 3 Reflectance curve - for clear water x (0.0) ——— 09) Wavelength . Wavelength Figure: Showing the Reflctanee ore for Clear Water Figure: Showing the Reflectance Curve for Turbid Water £ JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS, © ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-OW Scanned with CamScanner4 REMOTE SENSING AND GIS [JNTU-HYDERag sD) Q9. What are the various characteristics of a Visual image interpretation technique is significan, satellite? say require extensive training for the users. This hash a : more significant for ereatng spatial database for geogray newer information system, cal Characteristics of Satellite raat ikecedatiawiace, @) The orbit of the satellite is near-polar, sun-synchronous. a " * Gi) The satellite has 99.03 degrees inclination, 2) Detection of abjects Gi) The alinade of the satelite is 904 km, (b) Recognition of objects (iv) The satelite has 22 days of repeat cycle. (©) Wentifcation of objects () The eccentricity of the satellite is 0.002. (@) Classification of objects (vi) The satelite has 103 minutes of period. (©) _ Delineation of objects The equatorial crossing time of satellite is 10.00 hour Write about meteorological satellites, Answer May 18 (RON Meteorological Satellites The satellites which are specially designed to moniter and predict the climatic variations and weather condition ofthe ‘earth surface are knovin as meteorological satellites. ‘These satellites are incorporated with very larger spatial resolution sensors compared to other satellites. Based on their orbits, these satellites are characterized into two types. They are, 1. Geostationary Meteorological Satellite ‘The satellite which remains in geosynchronous orbit of our earth is known as Geostationary Meteorological Satellite. 2. Polar-Orbit Meteorological Satellite ‘The satellite which remains in polar orbit of our earth is known as Polar-Orbit Meteorological Satellite. Qi1. Explain ‘resolution’ in remote sensing with examples: “Answer : Resolution . ‘Mode Papers, a1() ‘The resolution deseribes the smallest object comprises in 4 data. The resolution and scale are related to each other because the object size has lower limit that can be shown of paper map. ‘Usually this limit is assumed as a thumb rule to be 0.45 mm, ‘such tha the effective resolution of 1:1000 map is about 50 cm. Geospatial databases are generalised intentionally by which the resolution is limited, The level of detail should be ‘matched by the database resolution required for the application Resolution plays an important role in interpreting. accuracy, Example: The spatial accuracy levels of two databases may be nearly equal but if there are different spatial resolutions, then the levels of accuracy does not give the same quantity level ‘Visual interpretation is defined as the process to analyse the objects and to evaluate their importance by examining satellite imagerics,Itis widely used for locating specific features and conditions and has been used in many fields, which includes agriculture, archeaology, conservation, engineering, forestry, ‘geology, geography, meteorology, military intelligence, natural resource management, oceanography, soil science and urban and regional planning. WARNING: Xerox/Photecopying ofthis book is & CRIMINAL act, Anyone found pulty is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings. | 43, What are the difforent interpretation keyay—~ Answer : A set of guidelines used to assist int identifying features quickly are known as inte The different interpretation keys are, (Selective keys Gi) Elimination keys. terpreters in tpretation keys, (Selective Keys The arrangement of selective keys are done in such g way thatthe example is selected by the interpreter it relates closely to the object. (i) Elimination Keys ‘The arrangement of elimination keys are done in sucha way that a precise stepwise process is followed by the interpreter that results in the elimination of all targets except the one which the interpreter is trying to find out Q14. Whatis meant by converging evidence’ interpretation for terrain evaluation? Answer : Converging Evidence . image Converging evidence is defined as the process of converging the description of all the interpretated information ofkey elements. This process is used for increasing the accuracy of visual interpretation. In visual image interpretation, al the key elements are analysed (or) evaluated by identifying the terrain information on aerial photograph (or) space images. The information obtained by analysing the key terran elements are ‘converged, in order to draw the inference curve. The inferences drawn are used for GIS data input, manipulation and analysis. Q15. Write in brief about an image. Answer Model Papert, 10) Ait image can be considered asa two dimensional plane, in which the variation of intensity or brightness at each point depends upon the scene. An image of any scene can be stored Processed, displayed and recorded by an image processing system, Image is categorized into two types as, analog image ‘and digital image. An analog image is composed of a continuous range of values indicating position and intensity. A digital image is composed by finite number of image elements called picture clements or pixels. Scanned with CamScanneYr uniT-1_Remote Sensing PART-B ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH ‘SOLUTIONS 4A Concerts OF Remote Sensinc {At Basics of Remote Sensing, Elements Involved In Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing Terminology and Units {q16. What is remote sensing? Give its classification? 7 Model Papert answer # emote Sensing ‘The word ‘remote’ means far away and the word ‘sensing’ means acquiring information or believing esing means to aequite information of things from faraway places. Amonggall he five senses of human, three senses are considered seme Sens0TS Le, sense of sight, sense of smell and sense of hearing, Remaining two senses ie, sense of touch and sense of dine are not considered as remote sensors because the object is being touched by our organs to collect the information: ‘Nowadays remote sensing is performed by using satellites, digital cameras and sensors. 1, Classification on Energy Source Sun is the natural source of energy and it is very suitable for remote sensing. The energy of sun is either reflected (for visible and reflective infrared wavelengths) or absorbed and then re-emitted (for thermal infrared wavelengths). Remote sensing systems used for measuring the naturally occurring energy are known as passive sensors and corresponding remote sensing is called passive remote sensing, Passive remote sensing within the optical region is possible onl when the sun illuminates as at night there is no reflected energy. orobserving. Remote region can be detected in both day and night. ination. These sensors emit radiation in the yeasured by the But, naturally emitted energy of thermal infrared wavelengths and microwave Onthe other hand, Active sensors provide their own source of energy for illumi direction of the target to be investigated. The radiation which is reflected from the target is detected and m active sensor. Accordingly, remote sensing is referred as active remote sensing, ‘Thus under this classification there are two types of remote sensing. They are, ( ” Passive remote sensing. i) Active remote sensing. Ae 2 g F) sate bd (Passive GiActive i FMS, Radar Figure: Remote Sensing antiatea cl 2% Classification Depending on Platform . Altiade Fsnss, rate stable platform located at a distance from the target is necessary to collect and ‘Airplane | Medium record energy emitted from a target, Remote sensor platform is situated on the i ‘nse ground, or on an aircraft, or on a satellite outside the earth's atmosphere, ‘Among these three platforms, mainly data collected from remote sensing is duc to | Helconter platfonns within the air and platforms in the space. Platforms within the ai such as Aircrafts, balloons, kites, pigeons ec. are called as airborne or acral platforms and at forms in the space such as air crafts, balloons, kites, pigeons etc.,are called as | alloon ii ei at 1 platforms inthe space such as satelites are called airborne or aerial platforms an r . 1s space or space borne plate forms. Corresponding types of remote sensing are, : id Ra 1 pole (i) Ground level remote sensing q "ass Gi) Air bore or aerial or sub or tical remote sensing. i (iii) Space or space borne or obriotital remote sensing. . eit ‘SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS on = on Scanned with CamScannerREMOTE SENSING AND GIS [JNTI HYDERa, ‘romagnetic Spect n Depending on the Regions of cpions of electromagnetic spectrum. They are, Remote sensing is classifi into four types based (© Optical remote sensing; This type of remote sensi «i «within the range oF optical region (03 jay yy Photographic remote sensing : It is used within the range of photographie rey on (0.3 1m 10 0.9 my, Gi)” Thermal remote sensing :Itis used within the range of thermal infrared region (3 4110 1 mm), GY) Microwave remote sensing : His used within the range of i. on 15cm 7Sem 38m 2aem 075 em 10mm (0.1 cm) Sete pie tie — pe Classification Depending on Imaging Meal ‘The image of the energy, Teflected or ‘emitted the energy reflected or emit from sf ‘of photographic imaging, chemical recat en ether photograph it : very variations. Wheres nc maging so ce og EY Fig. Dung te FS Conesponding emote sensing is efered ag, "OSGUCES Ike chage cou, ae ee . levices are use @ (ii) Digital imaging remote sensing, £ WARNING: erouPhatocapyingo this bok 2 Cag "Anyone oud guy tiny LE to face LEGAL proceedings.) Scanned with CamScannerFr: nit-1_Remote Sensing Photographic imaging remote seaming aeroplanes and spacecrafs. Digital nao een seasingis wed in satellites and aeroplanes Incaellies, photographic imaging cannot he weed since etl Femains in the space throughout its life it ienot possible to get the photographically recorded film to earth, Satellite transmits the digitally reconed data to cath through digital communication link. —o— Classification Depending on Number of Bands () Panchromatie Remote Sensing Where reflected, emitted or backscattered energy from an object is collected in a single band of electromagnetic spectrum then it is knows as panchromatic remote sensing. In this type of sensing images are collected within the range of visible region (0.4 ~ 0.7 um). In few eases wider region (Examples, 0.3 ~ 0.9 jum or 0.3 — 3 jm) is also used. Important to realize that even if a sensor is capable of collecting energy in a single band in microwave region it cannot be referred as panchromatic image. It must use the visible region or a wider region which contains visible region. Multi - Spectral Remote Sensing. When reflected, emitted or back scattered energy from an object is collected in a multiple bands of electromagnetic spectrum then it is known as multi ~ spectral remote sensing. In this type of sensing, energy is detected by multispectral sensors in a Jess number of broad wavelength bands. It can be performed in optical (0.3 to 3 um), thermal (3 im to I mm) and microwave (I mm to 1 m) regions. Hyper - Spectral Remote Sensing f Itis the extension of multispectral remote sensing technique. The images produced by multispectral sensors are very few with broad wavelength bands whereas images produced by hyper - spectral sensors as are in dozens or hundreds with adjacent spectral bands. It is performed in optical region (0.3 to 3 pm) of electromagnetic spectrum. Qi7. Explain the classification of remote sensing: system. Answer : Classification of Sensing System The sensing system is broadly classified into two types. There are as follows, 1, Active sensing system 2, Passive sensing system ‘Active Sensing System ‘The active remote sensing system generates its own energy to iluminate the target and record the reflected energy. The microwave partin clectromagnet=sPectumn Forme the base for operating active remote sensing system. ai) i) coo spECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS) 7 rely on solar radiation This type of system does not jerowave 1 the solar adiation gets neglected in the mi region, The wavelength of active remote sensing system {is preater than 1 mm.’The best example of this type of system is synthetic aperture radar. 2. Passive Sensing System Jve remote sensing system generates its energy te the target. ed part in electromagnetic spectrum forms the base for operating the passive remote sensing system, The wavelength of passive remote sensing system lies between 0.4 to | fim. Any electromagnetic remote sensing system is the example of passive remote sensing system. Q18. Explain In detail about the remote sensing data input. Answer Remote Sensing Data Input The remote sensing data obtained from aircraft and satellite are analysed through digital and analog forms in order to update rapid data and building temporal database for lange areas. In remote sensing data input, digital datas are obtained based on raster format in which pixels records the clectromagnetic radiations as number of radiometric values, depending on the type of system used. Input data from raster GIS are easily obtained, because raster GIS is similar to data structure. When remotely sensed data are considered as input to GIS, then such data are used for determining the cost, utility ‘and accuracy compared to data from alternate sources. Under remotely sensed input data, exotic data are avoided whenever possible. Most of the maps like topographical, soil and stereo are obtained from aerial photography. Therefore, such photography ‘cs as a primary source for obtaining base map data for various products. The data obtained from aerial photography are directly ‘used as input data. The images in aerial photography don't involve the characteristics like seale, relief and tlt distortions, therefore special aerial photographs such as orthophotographs or orthophotoquads are used for determining the input data. Under these process the point by point correction of seale and relief displacement are carried out In remote sensing data input, two major products are derived for input to the GIS, they are digitally enhanced imagery and classified image, digital images are designed to highlight ‘edge features for analysis whereas classified images are desigied to replace visual analyst as classifier features. These classified images are obtained from complex computer manipulations ‘which update or compare their classifications with classified data. The images clasified from satellite develop accurate result ‘and improve the techniques like insertion of topographic data, preclassified data, rule sets et. Scanned with CamScannerREMOTE 7 Jrnswer , SENSING AND GIS [JNTU-HYDERABAp, 9, Explain the essential components of a remote sensing ‘system. ‘The essential components of a remote sensing system are as follows, Source of uniform encray Non-interfering atmosphere Series of unique energy Super sensor Realtime data handling system Multiple data users. irrespective of time and place. 2. Non-interfering Atmosphere - The energy from the source is not mo 3. Series of Unique Energy The reflected or emitted signals are generated due to the mat selective corresponding to wavelength and also are in variant surface. 4. Super Sensor Itis a type of sensor which i highly sensitive to all wavelengths that yield spa brightness from a scene. S, Real-time Data Handiing System ‘When the radiance Vs wavelength responses over a terrain element is generated in the real-time data handling system, they are processed into an interpretable format and are recognized as unique to a specific terrain element from which they ary 1 \dified due to non-interfering atmosphere, ter interactions at the surface of the earth. These signals are ftand unique to every individual characteristics of the exh lly detailed information on the absolute received. 6. Multiple Data Users ‘The multiple data users are highly skilled users who possess the knowledge of remote sensing data acquisition and analysis techniques. 20. Explain the components of remote sensing with aneat sketch. Answer : [NovsDee.-17, {R13}, C48) | Model Paper, i] Various clements of remote sensing are as follows, Sources of energy Radiation and the atmosphere Target interaction sey Recording energy through sensor 3 Electronic forms like transmission, reception and processing Analyzing and interpretatng the data Application of data, 1. Sources of Energy Remote sensing requires energy to illuminate electromagnetic energy tothe target, Such energy for remote seine 8 2. Radiation and the Atmosphere . sensing energy which transfer from it i eee ae oe ch ans fer from its source tothe target gets interacted with the stmosphere and reflec thE Target Interaction ‘After receiving the remote sensing energy thro i ee. " se th ost, interact with the target based on target and radiation WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying ofthis book isa CRIMINAL act. Anyone found ity js UABLE tof ° i aco LEGAL proceedings. ce ely Scanned with CamScanneyr uN + Gi. Explain the procedure of el > Answer Procedure of Electromagnetic Remote Sensing, 7-1. Remote Sensing s+ 9 ‘Recording Energy through Sensor ‘The energy emitted from the target are collected and recorded by elect sic rad és. waded by elect netic radiation senso! Electronic forms (Transmission, Reception and Processing) form to processed the in electron ‘The energy recorded by the sensor are transform t0 re 7 receiving and processing st data into an image (or) hardcopy (or) digital form ‘Analysing and Interpretating the Data “The data processed into image are anal Te te ge are analysed visually (or digitally (or) eleeonically in order to obtain the information Application of Data blems, Tnremote sensing process, the information about the target obtained from the images ate applied for solving a Pro revealing new information and for better understanding of remote sensing process. jectromagnetic.remote sensing. ‘Two main processes are involved in elecromagnetic remote sensing, Hey are a8 follows, 1. Data acquisition 2. Data analysis. Data Acquisition Various elements are used for acqui Source of enerey Radiation of energy through atmosphere Energy interaction Recording energy 1 sor dat ‘space borne through sensors like air borne, the form of pictures or digital information, (v) Generation of sens (Sources of Energy : remote sensing requires et uninate electromagnetic energy to the target. Such energy for ined from sunlight. rough Atmosphere fer from its sources to the tar ‘The remote sensing energy which transfer - reflects the same from target to the sensor. ~ gpECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING stupents) eee nergy (0 il “The process of remote remote sensing is obtait Gi) «Radiation of Energy ™ ; et gets interacted with the atmosphere and Scanned with CamScanner10 REMOTE SENSING AND GIS [JNTU-HYDERABAn) 2 Digital : Digital refers to things which are defined y nee ier of mubers. isthe anonym of muioge 8 mote sensing energy through “ Stvupret ert wi the tage based on | 2. Digital Anayss: Analysis though digital satay seat een ues peal image involves special computer programs which ge pe stretch and distor digital image so a to ensure Gv) Recording Energy through Sensors lke Air the image is clearly visible, ia ee Detection : Detection means to find whether something “he enengy emitted from the target are collected i tase or ot trough or scsr by ela aS 1d recorded by electromagnetic radiation sensors : : a : = Electromagnetic Spectrum: The energy range the Basalt tere (6) peot bore: consists of bands like visible, infrared, ultraviole, (©) Generation of Sensor Data ~ | mbtowave: gamma aye letomgnetc gts “The energy recorded bythe Sensor are transform to of different bands have different wavelengths set receiving and processing station in electron form frequencies, co area mean imsas oP wrdcory |g, Image mags ia picture which isrenulof be eng (0) digital form, process. Its displayed onthe monitor of compare 2 Data Analysis its copy is printed. The analysis of remote sensing data can be donein two | 7, Enhancement : When an image is modified so that t techniques. They areas follows, becomes more accurate, faster or simpler to analyze and (0 + Vieual image interprtation techniques interpret by human eye then itis a form of enhancement, De wge sechitia 8. Image Analysis: The study of an image in order to Dae Se lange tec explain, map, count, measure or monitor, what son the (Visual Image Interpretation Techniques earth's surface, ‘The analysis of remote sensing data using visual Monitoring : Monitoring means to track things that image interpretation techniques involves the changes with respect to time. For example, manrieg fundamental picture elements like texture, pattern, the rate at which glacier is melting or how the crops are toe anes nd shape fr anling nd poate, identifying diferent objects. The data obtaine tou ection stot be maps | 10 Oris Thepa need using various photogrammetric instruments, Three ‘he plant. dimensional images in visual interpretation are ‘Ul. Reflection : When light or radar signals bounce off obtained by using stereoscopic instruments like ‘the target then reflection takes place. Reflection is very aerial or satellite imagery. important in remote sensing because its cause and its Digital Data lmage'Techniques eft gives lot of information about the target. Satellite : A satellite is artificial or natural object that revolves around the earth or any-other planet or sta, by asotellt as itrevolyes around a If the data of remote sensing is in digital form | 12. then computer system are adopted for analysing such type of data, in order to obtain stati ical ‘The instrument carried by the remote sensing satelite and thematic information about resources these records images of the earth which are then transmited "techniques are used for certain functions such as ‘o receiving station using radio waves. height extraction, edge detection ete by adopting | 13, RADARSAT: RADARSAT is a remote sensing satelite specialized image processing techniques. The that uses radar technology to take pictures of earth's analysis of daa ung this techniques provide surface. Also, it is the first canadian satellite Se arrenteeeee tem | ue Lammectruyeuarvensn ceesecadt data technique. The thematic information obtained satelite to record images of the earth's surface by using, using modified by means of image classification | | infrared and visible bands of spectrum, Itis owned and and provide input data for a GIS system, launched by United States of America. Q22. Discuss remote sensing terminology and units, | 15: Platform : It is the thing which carries the sensor. Q22. Discuss remote sensing terminology and units. leuk esti eee ee Answer + : tower satellite or anacroplane, ‘Terminology of Remote Sensing 16. Sensor : Sensor is similar to camera that records remote 1. Analogue : Analogue refers to things which are not sensing image, defined in terms of numbers. It is the antonym of digital.” For example, photo shot with film camera would be an analogue picture, ‘Transmit : The energy which passes through an abject can be termed as transmitted energy, The glass window allows light to transmit so as to see through glass. | WARNING: XerouPhotoofyng of tis bok ia CIMINAL act. Anyone found ulti IABLE to fae LEGAL proceedings. Scanned with CamScanneuniT-1_Remote Sensing wv. 20. a B. 4 B Units Used in Remote Sensing L 2 a 23. Whatare the advantages and disadvantages of Answer : Advantages of using Remote Sensed Data 1 Cloud: When an optical satellite cloudathe satellite image shows only the clowte aud the features below the clouds are not via Ac the surrounding nearby, a clouid shadow is visible which of the same shape as that of cloud, 5 Backscattering : The energy which i his scattered hack from the same direction where it came from is known as back scattering, Earth Observation ; To observe earth from ar craft and satellites with the help of sensors and taking images of it to study about the objects on or near the carth’s surface. Emit : Emit means "sent out” or "given off". As the radiation is emitted by the sun, some amount of it is felt as heat and some other as ight. Line of Sight : Two objects are said to bein line of if they have nothing in between them, In ease of satellite and eceiving station, ifthe earth comes in between them, then satellite and receiving station are not said to be in line of sight. Receiving Station : The signals sent by an orbiting satellite is collected by antennas atthe receiving station. Electronic devices stores the data by processing the signals. Resolution : Resohition describe the quality ofa picture. Ifthe picture is blurry and small objects are not visible then it means that the resolution is poor. Similarly, ifthe picture is shart and even small objects are clearly visible then the resolution is good. ‘Target : Targets are the features which are studied in a remote sensing image. Pixel :Itis the smallest unit of digital image. Millimeter = Itis the unit in which photographic film is measured. Micrometer = It is the smallest unit of bands of electromagnetic spectrum. It is denoted by ym. using remotely sensed data? Mode! Papers, Q3(0) Remote sensed data records the satellite images permanently, so that useful information are provided in different wavebands. It provides regional survey of maximum area coverage to identify large features of various themes. Dynamic themes like water, agriculture ete are recorded due to repetitive coverage. Data is easily collected at various: ‘The data of single remotely sensed image are used for, scales and resolutions. 6. 10. 1 a2 2 Various applications and purposes. {SPECTRUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS) Disadvantages of a Tomputers are used processing the remotely sensed data fastly. is economical. The analysis of remote sensing data is economicaly thecause the images are analyzed inthe laboratory itself Therefor, field work cost is reduced ‘The revision of map is economical and faster from ‘medium to small scales, Three band images are used for producing color composite because it provide proper details of area than single band image oF aerial photograph For three dimensional studies, stereo satellite data’s are adopted. Jing, Remotely Sensed Data Remotely sensed data are expensive for one time analysis and small area. Specialized training are needed for analyzing images. It cannot make large scale engineering maps through satellite. Aerial photographs are costly, because the study of dynamic features are required when repetitive photographs are used. ___ Photographs are ie _________—_ What are the different applications of remote sensing? State its uses. Answer t Applications of Reriote Sensing 1. - Geology and geomorphology mapping 2. Soil classification mapping 3. Land use mapping 4, Forestry and vegetation mapping 5. Agriculture 6. Water resources. Geology and Geomorphology Mapping (@) Geology (i) To update the geological maps which exist, (ii). To identify the favourable features for mineral + localisation, (iii) To prepare reconnaissance maps of inaccessible, unmapped areas. (iy) Tectonic and lineamént maps are prepared rapidly. (b) Geomorphology - To prepare regional geomorphological maps. Soll Classification Mapping Itis used to study surface manifestation and improve the effectiveness of soil surveys. Scanned with CamScanner12 3. Land use Mapping manning ‘The spatial ditbuton owledge of land use apg isuseful to administrators and regional planners fe sensing datas usc tnacheve to-date lan se al of large areas, Forestry and Vegetation Mapping ‘The remote sensing helps to provide, @ Forest hazands detection like disease, fire excessive felling GD dea of forest cover types and give information about the forest caver extent Agriculture ‘The remote sensing provides the information of area ‘Measurement under various types of crops, crop ‘measurement 6 Water Resources Remote sensing data is useful to provide, © Determination of potential ground water zones, (@) "Snow cover mapping and run-off prediction (0 ‘Steam pattem and surface water mapping (®)_ River configuration of pre-flood and post flood and food plain mapping, {igsted aca studies and its monitoring. € reget is sun. The data reflected or mitted from electromagnetic are recorded throu, igh, Photographic and non. hic remote sensi fey ofc nn aga Sensing system. The re Fiation is inversly proportions wave ets ie., ew ‘wavelength has high frequency ‘cosmic: long wavelen, th has short fr Juer 1 Visible region of el ‘e mine ate in 44-07 HM). In these regi for, recording the radiations. The el ing from atmosphe ‘Atmosphere contains fe toearth. This ig because Scatter (or) absorb Yarious aerosol and pay molecules which the electromagnetic energy REMOTE SENSING AND GIS [JNTU-HYDERABAD, radi eye ge tedccicd, eGacted and iranartcl agen Th energy nels reflected, refra ns ttjet hich borin sul energy wl ransmit it abject which abso ee ee sakes sensing system, The electromag raion energy gots ellection depending onthe electroma dified in the ea ynetic energy gets mod a sting wat heures of eat sua. These Moditeg the form op itd energy reflected from earth suf" Metig sure eral A rough surface reflect th, or ess and nature of mater 4 eee ‘srighter and diffused than a smoother surfs There ened om eases re nv sa absorbed through a detector of wavelength of emission region Thus cameras or detector's are netic spectrum for recording the Tequired fo, reflection op Explain the major divisions of electromagnei; spectrum, Answer t @ — Radio Itis the longest wavelength portion of electromagnetic Svectrum. In this region the various classed operate with very long wavelengths, Gi) Radar itis an active form of microwave remote sensing. The image of radar are acquired at different wavelength bands. (i) Thermal IR e It has the Principal atmos, am thermal egion. At thi Acquired by special vidi ‘Scanners. The microwave longer can Penetrate into fo; (iv) Reflected IR Band Ttisa reflected solar, adiation having information about thermal Properties of materials, The band of range G7 10 0.9 um is deectable wink film and is called the Photographie IR band, Ww) Infrared {n this, the interaction with ‘matter differs with wavelength atmospheric transmission windows se also separated, (wh Visible is imaged with itty and i : Photodetectors. It also inchites ‘iy ‘ellected energy peak Of earth at 0.5 jum, tographte UV Bang Nistansmitted thoy ind phot here. It can defected with atmospheric scattering in Scanned with CamScanner_ UNIT-1_Remote Sensing gaz, Discuss in detail abo fi characteriatca for rement answer = Ifthe temperature ofthe ob inet jects is greater than zero, they emit radiation. The conversion of main parts of th — ugogen to helium generates enerpy which is raised fom tas inyers The distibution of energy wecstved m tneetge af Win lax density known as soar constant, The eat eile ct Wit 35 percent ofindecent radiant fx which includes energy fy materials of cart surface and the atmosphere absorbs 17. cent the snes prey then it woul Be ken fer plack bd The tansformation of heat energy no radiant ation ofhea imo radia ie anid out by a black bd la rable ae const sith Planck's law which describes the black body existence spectrally. 0% 3 forremefe sen Gq M, = Gaene Where, 2 = Wavelength M, — Spectral existenée per unit wavelength T —Temperature in K C, = 3.742 «107 Wm ‘The characteristics of radiation sources apply some drawbacks on wavebands range used in remote sensing. ‘Normally, the wavebands are selected based on, (i Scattering and atmospheric absorption effects 13 {h)__ Stephen Boltzmann's Law Stephen Boltzmann’s law explains the property thatthe amount of energy radiated by any object is a function df surface temperature ofthe object. He states that con tinuous Electro Magnetic Radiations (EMR) are emitted when the particle has an absolute temperature of OK oF 273°C. In Stephen Boltzmann's law, the energy content js directly proportional to temperature (i.e. inerease in temperature inereases the amount of energy to be emit- ted). In order to determine the total radiant existence from the surface of the materials Boltzmann used an equation, M= or" Where, |M~ Total radiant existence from the surface of material (Wir?) 9 Stephen's constant (5.6697 » 10% Wmv? K*) T—Absolute temperature (K)-* (©) Wein’s Displacement Law Wein’s displacement law relates the temperature with wavelength of maximum spectral radiant existence [At this wavelength, a black body radiation curve reaches maximum value]. It is related with the equation given below, 2,7 AIT “Where, 3, — Wavelength of maximum spectral radient existence (jim) T — Temperature (K) : A= 2898 (unk) | : (@) The target nature (i), The radiation source properties. @8. Briefly discuss the followin: (a) Planck's law (b) Stephen Boltzmann's law (c)_ Wein's displacement law. Answer + (a) Planck's Law Planck's law defines the spectral existence flock body and explain the effect of photo electric. In'Planck’s lav, the energy content are inversely proportions) 1 Wale, length (ie, increase in wavelength deeresset the energy coment) As per Planck's law, the spectral exiseenee Per ott wavelength is determined using the equation: age Glew G/AN-M Where, a ; +" y4— Spectral existence Per unit wavelength : ue's Cand C, are-constants Whose Vi is equal fo 3.742 * 10% watts per m? Explain the phenomenon of energy interactions with earth's surface materials. 7 [May-19, (R16), A5(b) | Model Peparat, 20011 oR Describe interaction of radiation with th surface features. arth Answer + NowDee.-16, (R13). O51) Energy Interaction with Earth Surface Features “The principle of conservation of energy has given the basic interactions with earth features, when the electroniagnetic energy is incident on the earth surface, The equation js as follows, . EQ) = E,0.) + E,0) + E/0) Where, £2) — Blectromagnetic Energy incident on earth surface. £,(4)—Radiated energy (on reflected enerey)* 10-2 m°K respectively. ey ner ea a . E,()- Energy absorbed T- ‘Temperature (Kelvin) * Ef) - Energy ‘eansmited » ee ‘gpECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS! ¥ Scanned with CamScanner14 Ease E,0¢&) E,0) = nent eray E, (0) = Traanitedeneny (y= Anceces ene ‘Therefore, the reflected energy in remote sensing E,() is givenas, E,Q)= £40) -[E,Q) + £,0)] Dividing both sides with E,(2) ExQ) _E,() [B® E,Q) | - Fe ray we (1) Ey) ~ EQ) | Ey(8) * £,0) a Since, E,Q)_ Fry = Reflectance ie, 1) EQ) _ . Egy) ~ Absorbance = af) F,0) sananiaace= Fray ~ Tarsmitance 10) ++ The equation (1) can be written as, PQ) =1-[0@)+0)} .Q) As the earth features are less transmitting, therefore neglection the transmittance term i.e., y(A) and Kirchof’s law of Physics takes the absorbance term [ie (2) as emissivity @). +.” The equation (2) becomes, PO) =1-80) WEA) ‘Then p() 5/0) = 8,0) Example: Snow ‘When &(.) = 1, ‘Then p(2)=0 Example: Black body like lamp smoke. Q30. Explain briefly about the atmospheric interactions with lectromagnetic radiation. Answer: ‘The electromagnetic radiation is detected by a remote ‘sensor. This radiation has to pass through the atmosphere, before and afler its interaction. This passage will change the intensity, direction of radiation, speed, frequency and spectral distribution, ‘This results in atmospheric scattering and absorption. In visible and infrared wavelengths, these effects are highly severe. and a= REMOTE SENSING AND GIS [JNTU-HYDERABAp, When the energy transmission takes place through atmosphere, the interaction of light with gases takes place q, particulate matter in atmospheric scattering process, Se altering and nonselective scattering are the two major p ering, The selective type scattering are Rayleigh, and Mie. Non selective scattering is produced by partie Which have more than 10 um radi such as ice fragments any water droplets. The contrast of the image is reduced by type of scattering, During passage through atmosphere, the electromagnetic radiations is absorbed by particulates and pases Besides oxygen and molecular nitrogen, other constituent iy hydrogen, methane, helium, nitrogen compounds, water va Play a vital role in modifying reflected radiation and inesien radiation. By this, the image contrast reduces and radiomett errors are introduced. The electromagnetic spectrum region, with a transparent atmosphere are called atmospheric windows Q31. What are the types of scattering? Explain, Answer : (priate, (R19, Na} | Model Pepara, Scattering : Scattering is defined as the changeable diffusion of radiation in atmosphere through particles. The diffusion of electromagnetic energy is carried out by suspended particles atmosphere. Scattering are classified into two types they are, 1. Selective scattering, and 2. Nonselective scattering, Selective Scattering ; Selective scattering are classified into three types, which are as follows : (@ _ Rayleigh’s scattering i) Mie’s and ii) Raman’s selective scattering Rayleigh’s scattering Rayleigh’s scattering is also known as clear atmosphere scattering It takes place in the upper part of atmosphere when the radiations interacts with the atmospheric and small dust particles, In Rayleigh's scattering, the diameter of particle is smaller than the wavelength of interacting radiations. Rayleigh’s scattering is inversely Proportional to wavelength (ie., the particle has ‘maximam probability to undergo Rayleigh's scattering with shorter wavelength). Rayleigh’s scattering easily ‘explains the concept of blue sky. Ee lective OCR seg ta o Raph Where, 2— Wavelength (um). ies Scattering Mie’s scattering takes place at the, lower part of atmosphere (i.e, rom 0 10 5 km). These scattering att caused due to the rarticles of water vapour, pollen grains ‘and dust. In Mie's scattering, the diameter of particle has the same wavelength of the radiations observed. In visible region, longer wavelengths and electromagnetic radiations are effected by Mie's scattering. cy ' WARNING: XeroxPhotcopyng of this books a CRIMINAL act. Anyone found uit is ABLE to face LEGAL proceedings. | Scanned with CamScannerYF en ynit-1_Remote Sensing has larger, smaller, (or) equal wavelength that of the energy is either observed or transmitted with inet have an elastic collision with the atmospheric particles. Non-Selective Seattering Non selective scattering is prosuced by particles which have more than 10 jum radii such as ice fragments and water droplets. The contrast of the image is reduced by this type of scattering. During passage through atmosphere. the electromagnetic radiations are absorbed by particulates and gases, Besides oxygen and molecular nitrogen, other constituents like hydrogen, methane, yelium, nitrogen compounds, water vapour play @ vital role in modifying reflected radiation and incident radiation. By this, the image contrast reduces and radiometric errors are introduced. _—arcece 32. Explain the spectral reflectance signature. Answer! spectral Reflectance Signature Reflectance is defined as the ratio of energy of the sanelength reflected from the object [E,(2)] to the energy of wavelength incident on the object [E(A)]. Such reflectance of bject with respect to wavelength are termed as spectral ‘wfertnce. Spectral reflectance are common foreach and every céjec. The reflectance of the object is given by the equation ExQ) £,0) Where, p, Reflectance of the object (%) E,@.)- Energy of wavelength reflected from the object Efi.)~ Enesgy of wayelength incident on the object — Wavelength (ym), Energy gets transmitted, absorbed or reflected, when the ‘ola radiations collide with the target surface. Such that various "atrial (or objects reflects and absorbs differently at different Yavelengths (this is because the amount of solar radiations ‘fects, absorbs or transmits changes with wavelength). ‘The "flectance spectrum of a material are drawn with fraction ‘Fradiation reflected. and the incident of wavelength. These Mectance act as a common signature for each materials, In fra, the spectral reflectance signature idemfies material with ‘iferent substances and separate them with other materials. Under multi-speetral remote sensing, more than two Wavelengths are adopted for identifying materials with more “arations from other materials. a ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS, 15 0 sau ow ors losw cg ttt I yh wo TH efkeuree at 038 me Figure: Showing tho % Reflectance at Various Wavelength Where, GL Grass land PW Pine wood RS — Red sand SW - Silty water. . G33, Whatare the different effects of atmosphere on spectral response? Answer Effects of Atmospliere on Spectral Response Figure: Showing tha Effect of Atmosphora on Following are the various effects of atmosphere on spectral response, ‘The energy illuminating the ground surface are mini- mized through atmosphere. ‘The path radiance are added to the signals observe by the sensors through atmosphere. ‘The effect of atmosphere on spectral response are shown in the flowchart is given below. wae ictus rete I a rates Where, Ly Path radiance E- Inradiange on the object T— Energy transmitted by atmosphere p— Terrain reflectance, L,~ Total spectral radiance, Scanned with CamScanner16 4.2 SaveuLire Onntrs, Sensor RESOLUTION, TYPES 2 @ a Satellite ‘satellites. [tis also used to observe oceans, and surface. | Classification of Satellites Answer = or SeNsors, REMOTE SENSING PLATFORMS AND Sensor, IRS SATELUTES Q34. Whatis a satellite? How are’ satellites class sified? Answer = ‘The earth and solar systems. are observed by using cearth’s atmosphere ‘The satellites are classified as follows, 1, Based on the purpose 2. Based on the orbit around which they revolve. Based on the Purpose (Communication satellite + (ii) Earth resources satellite ii) Spy satellite (iv) Weather satellite. Based on the Orbit around whieh they Revolve (i) Geostationary orbit satellites Gi) Inclined orbit satellites Gi) Polar orbiting satellites (iv) Molniya orbits. Q35, Explain the following satellites, (i) Sun synchronous satellites. (il) Geostationary satellites (ili): Polar orbiting satellites (iv) - Earth resources satellites. Model Peper, 2b) Sun Synchronous Satellites ‘The location of sun synchronous satellites is at very lower altitudes, normally a few hundred or thousand kilometers from earth surface. There isa special case of polar orbits in which they rotate. The travelling of these satellites is from north pole to south pole as the earth tums below it: Sun synchronous satellites pass once the same part of arth each day atthe samne local time making acollection of different forms of data and communication more easy. Geostationary Satellites ‘At an elevation of 35790 km, geostationary satellites orbit because the orbital period produced by itis equal to the earths rotation period. A bigger view of the earth is provided by these satellites. Therefore it provides facility of covering weather events. WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying ofthis book is @ CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL REMOTE SENSING AND GIS [JNTU-HYDERABan, ww Q36. What are the various ort * and 36000 km Polar Orbiting Satellites “These satellites orbit at a height of 700 to 800 km nex polar inclination. They cover the dificult parts sucha, ‘Antarctica. Passing of these satellites through latitude ‘and equator is at the same time and enables reguly data collection and providing facility of long term ‘compromises. Earth Resourees Satellites ‘These satellites are sun synchronous satellites used for observing and accessing the resources of earth. The “objective of these satellites is to provide multispectral images for proper information of earth’s resources, change in environment, effects of human activities, | which satellite can exist? Discuss. Answer : Satelite orbits are defined as the specific paths in which satellite will revolve around the earth, It is not fixed that the arth should have only one satellite. These satellites have their own specific paths called orbit paths and these orbits are placed around the earth with a fixed small radius or large radius depending on the functioning of the satellite. By this iis clear that different types of orbits exist. The various types of bis ‘used in satellite communication are, 1. Low earth orbit [LEO] 2. Medium earth orbit [MEO] 3. High earth orbit [HEO) 4. Geosynchronous orbit [GEO] Low Earth Orbit [LEO] Anotbit whose limits are between 750 km and 1500 kx i.e., upper orbit altitude 1500 km and lower orbit alitude 750 kim is known as low earth orbit. It is abbrevited as LEO. ‘The power required for the satellite to orbit in LEO is low. Since propagation delay is directly relatedt0 height, it is also low for LEO. Medium Earth Orbit [MEO] The abbreviation ‘MEO’ stands for medium earth ov The orbital height of MEO is limited between 1500 65 lower orbit altitude is at 1500 k= and upper orbit altitude is at 36000 km. It is wed ® navigation applications and propagation delay é¢ © this is moderate, 2 Geosynchronous Orbit [GEO] “GEO” stands for geostationary orbit. It is orbit with circular shape. In other words, the orbit with inclination and eccentr sions? orbit is 35.786 oe ‘The height of geo: ad Scanned with CamScannerywit-1_Remote Sensing 7 High Earth Orbit [HEO] es The full form of ‘HEO" is highly et ‘38. What are the types of resolution involved in THe fa FB Cheer ight tia oni. isan Remote Sensing? Explain. Site high al ee ate y aida aie hha soe Deeling (ay [Apriay-18, R13), Q5() | Model Peper, 09(2 elongated orbits during the approach and descont hon be apogee. escent: from Explain briefly the types of Resolutions of @ Examples, Sensor used in Remote sensing. sauitigeli neh tt, ‘Answer # Novsoee.17, (R13), 0518) ime Various parameters of sensors are as follows, 1, Spatial resolution 2. Spectral resolution 3. Radiometric resolution 4, Temporal resolution. 1. Spatial Resolution Figure: Representing Four Types of Orbits Spatial resolution is defined asthe detection of eee amount of change in spectral through sensors. In gr. What are sensors? How are the sensors spatial resolution, object size are limited through pixel classified based on their functions? t Size. (ie. the object cannot be make smaller than the svswer i pixel size) ground surface area are measured by single Hetector element in given short period, in order to the intrinsic resolution of imaging system — deter The remote sensing instruments designed to calculate |” Se eth te Ea ot iet the tephotons are known as sensors. The charged plates are the Coe ea nari rs like improper focusing, note the sensors which are made up of height sens Stmospherie scattering and target motion results to -— are made up of height sensi" decrease the intrinsic resolution of imaging system. Guerial, When sensors are subjected to beam of photons, decrease the nig Med inthe image using “high are emitted, The reflected EMR fiom the objects resolution” image with small pixel size. Whereas, the erted into electrical ‘Course features are observed in the image through “low rreorded by sensors. The radiations are conv resolution’ image with large pixel size. ‘signals by these sensors. Chssification of Sensors based on their Functions . 2 Spectral Resolution 3 Spectral resolution i defined as shortest area detected 09 te groind by a detector placed ona sensor. Bandwidth - ae acetromagnetic radiations are used for determining the spectral resolution of sensors: Narrow. width of, Images, Sounders, ANTES pendwidths develop high spectral resolution compare to broad width of bandwidths. They provide accurate spectral signature for smaller objects. 3. Radiometric Resolution magi Traging spe rl Radiometers ] Radiometric resolution is defined as the detection of minimum change in intensity through sensing system based on signal to noise: ratio of detector. ‘The radiometric ‘Spectro Polarimeters resolution ina digital image are restricted by ‘number of spectrometers | pagiometers |] Radiomett discrete quantization levels. These discrete quantization [Seatteromet level continuously decrease the intensity value. 4, Temporal Resolution Spec informa Cay ater ‘Temporal resohiton is the smallest period in which ates) repetitive coverage of ground area are observed through 3 remote sensing system. ED Figure ror ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Scanned with CamScanneREMOTE SENSING AND GIS [JNTU-HYDERpp teristics. 18 39. List the indian Satellite and Sensor resolution charac Nowbee-17 iy Answer : Satelite N ; nena Cartosat - 2D Resource Sat ap Satelite Name Cartosat2 atosat —s “ —— 7 Cartosat -2D Satellite for ean Full Name Carioca 2 Cariosat 2 monies a 7 Torthe PO Might unit ofthe [3° Aight unit Satelite Deep [high onvatthe [7H Aah wither tee cartosat progamme | cartosal prog >. eee 15,2017. _ | December7, 2a) s £23, 2017, 2016, Launch Date Ton 12th 2018 Tune 23,201 : PSLV-C PSLV-CH Launch Vehicle PSL = C40) PSLV - C38 PSLV- C37 {e 6 Orbit Smngrnchronsuspolar | Sunsynchronous orbit | Sunsynchronous orbit. | Sunsynchronous apy orbit, Mass TOK 72k [rake 1206 kg (Dry many Power 986 wats 986 watts 986 watts 1250 wats Aitade 305 km 305 km 505km 817 km Main Mision Earth observation [Land observation [Land observation | Land observation Q40. What are the different platforms that are used in remote sensing? Answer = Based on the objects under study on the surface of the earth are classified into two types. 1. Air bome platforms z . 2. Space borne platforms. 1. Air Borne Platforms ‘The air borne platforms comprise of balloons and aircrafts. Balloons : (a) The meteorological factors like velocity of wind and direction limits the utilization of balloons. (©) They are commonly applied in resource rapping, i (€) Balloons cover a lage range of aliudes for remote sensing measurements i the stratosphere. (4) The instruments for balloons provide an opportunly for extra correlative information that depends on sali (i) Aircrafts (a) The airerafis are used for ol ing the aerial photographs, (b) Aircrafts can fly at relatively low altitudes, (ce) Aircrafts can easily alter the scheduling 'é for avoiding weather problems like clouds that block the view of ground for passive sensor, (@)_ ‘The maintenance of sensor, repair and ulteratio in configuration can be easily made to platforms of aircraft (©) They ae also helpful in large-scale mapping and regional coverage, 2. Space Borne Platforms (@)_Imspace bome remote sensing, sensors are mounted on spaccerf orbiting the earth, (b) Space borne platforms compris ofthe rockets sutelies and pace shuts, (©). These platforms range between 100 to 36000 km above the surfice ofthe earth, (a These platforms ae useful in etouce mapping, meteorological and communication applications. °F WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying of this book is @ CRIMINAL get Anyone ound guy is LINBLE to face LEGAL proceedings Scanned with CamScanneryuT-t_ Remote Sensing 19 ‘at do you meai at he in by IRS? Give Examples, wae pray 18,191.01) an acronym for = ai rer ain Remote Sensing Satelite, Ii a satellite based remote sensing system, designed to et ei i uurees, The principal components used in the plannin; (i Athree axis stabilised polar sunsynchronous satellite with multispectral sensors Data reception on ground i) Multispectral data recording and processin nd implementation of IRS are as follows, (i (iv) Ground systems for controlling in-orbit satellite and for tacking suppor (v)_ Hardware and software components and their analysis. ‘The Indian remote sensing satelite in the order oftheir launch are, system information IRS-1A, IRS=1B, IRS-PI, IRS-P2, IRS-IC IRS-P3, IRS-1D, Oceansat-1, TES, ResoureeSat-1 Cartosat-t, Cartosat-2, Cartosat-2A, IMs-, Oceansat-2, Cartosat-2B, ResourceSat-2, Megha-Tropiques, RISAT-1, SARAL, Here, IRS - Indian Remote Sensing Cartosat — Cartography Satellite IMS - Indian Mini Satellite RISAT — Radar Imaging Satellite SARAL — Satellite with Argos and Altika. 042. Write in brief about the sensor characteristics of: (a) IRS satellite. (b) -LANDSAT. ‘Answer + Model Pepar-ll, Q3(b) () “IRSSatellte ) IRS stands for Indian Remote sensing satelite. “The fiture desirable event of IRS mission is the evaluation of natural resources by. planning and riplementation of satellite based system of remote sensing. The componets of IRS mission are: ‘Apolar sun synchronous satellite stabilised in three axis with multispectral sensors. : Data reception based on ground Systems of recording and processing for multispectral data. System of ground fr the contro of inorbit seit, which inches network tracking wih the supporting systems associated. Element of software and hardware for user oriented data products generation. : Analysis of data and archieving. ‘The series of RS satellitesare IRSA, IRS IC and IRS ID also have similar {RSIB,IRSIC\IRS IDand IRSPY.IRS IA and IRS IB hassame orbital and sensor characteristics. characteristics while, IRS PY is an oceanographic stellt Satellite Characteristics ‘Orbit Altitude Inclination . Equatorial Crossing Time : Becentticity : Period rs {SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS é Scanned with CamScannera. 20° REMOTE SENSING AND GIS LINTU-HYDERAB Ap, (Capabilities of Sensor Linear Image Scanning System : LISS ‘Number of LISS Cameras_[LRS (1) [MRC (2) ‘Number of Spectral Bands | 4 4 IFOV (Microrad) 30 _|40 Geometric Resolution [725 [3625 ‘Swath width 148k [74 km Radiometric Resolution [7bits | 7bits Band-to-Band os [os : Applications of IRS satelite 1. Agyicutual resources ianagement ‘ 2. Forest resources inventory 3. Geological mapping 4, Water resoures estimation 5. Quality water surveying () _LANDsAT fates of Earth Resources Technology sete (ERTS), wee plant aah by National Aeronautics al Space Adiistainn GNASA) of USA ncollabraion with US Dearne of intr, Om July 28,1972 ERTS ~ 1 was kucha ya Thor Dela nek pated tl Janay 6, 1978 which represent asthe design of fist urmarend satelite for acquiring data of eat ess ee small, media resolution repettine and multispectral bans Ths ERTS was reared as Lana” programma ty NASA erent it from the series of eceanngraphic ar meterokpical stella Innched by USA atc. ERTS - I was tena s eng Frans of lands slic have bem rch il wey, Laat prgrammme has evolved ata global sou mong programme. Three types of sensors such as Retr Hear vain (RBV) carera stern, the Multispectral Scanncr (MSS) gute the Thematic Mapper (TM) are used (Capabilities of Satellite Particulars Landsst— 1103 [Landsat ~4and 5 ‘Altinade 705 km ‘ Orbit ‘Neat_Polar | ‘Sun-Synchronous Sun-Synchronous “ Inclination oF 982° 4 Period 105 minutes 9 minutes Equatorial 0930 hes 0985 hes Crossing time 18 days 16 days | Repeat eycle Swath width [185 km 185 km Data speed [15.06 Mbps $5.9 Mbps Capabilities of Sensors ‘ Sensor | Mission] Channel | Specual Spatial ] Spatial Resolution | Radiomeaic : Resolution in Resolution Microns RBV _ | Landsat 1t03 [1 0475—0575_|80m ‘bits 2 0.580—0.680 [80m (27 levels) 3 0.690 —0.830_[80m 4 0505-0750 [80m MSS__[ Landsat 1105 |1 05-06 79/82 a ~ 22 79782 a é bits 3 79782 ma (127 kevelsy Scanned with CamScannerye eS 1 yNiT-1_Remote Sensing 21 ¢ oan) [mame = 10.4-12.6 240m TM Landsat 4 to 5 [1 0.45 — 0.52 30m 2 0.52 - 0.60 30m 3 Joss—069 [30m This 4 076-09 30m (255 levels) | 3 fiss—178 [30m 6 faos=235 [30m 7 10.4-12.5 120m + For Landsat — 1, 2 and 3 spatial resolution is 79 m and 82 m for Landsat 4 and $ _Agpliations of LANDSAT 1, Used in agriculture, botany, cartography, evil engineering, environmental monitoring, forestry, geography. 4, Used forplanning oflanduse 4, Analysis of quality water. 413) Remore Sensino Dara InrenPretaTion ee A 043: {4 Visual Interprotation Techniques, Basic Elements, Converging Evidence, interpretation "for Terrain Evaluation, Spectral Properties of Soll, Water and Vegetation What is visual intorprotation? What aro the basic elements to be considered during visual interpretation of satellite images? OR Write In detail the basic elements of visual interpretation techniques with suitable exampl . May-19 (10), 08 Answer t Visual Interpretation ofabject. Under aerial (or) satellite image conditions, visual Visual interpretation is defined asthe process of analysing satelite images. in order to identify and estimate the importance 1 image interpretation involves purposes like detection, recognition, classification, identification and delineation of objects. ome = “The basic elements to be considered during visual interpretation of satellite images are as follows, Tone Shape Size Texture Pattern Shadow and Association. Tone ‘Tone in satellite imageries is referred to brightness or colour ofan object. tacts as fimndamental element fot differentiating “targets in an image. é Shape : Shape is generally refered to structare (or) ouline of ch object. Basically irreguiar shapes represent forest, whereas thon (or) agricultural fields are represented as stsight edge shapes. Size icine fancion of scale Te absolute size of tage supports terpretation, Therefore tis important to, he size of target ‘to other objects in the segment. aoe ‘SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS |” RAE ST Scanned with CamScanner22 Texture ‘The arrangement and frequency of tonal variation in specific areas of image is refered as texture. Texture is of two types, they are, @ Gi) Smooth texture. Rough texture and Under rough texture grey levels vary suddenly into small ‘reas, and in smooth texture, very less tonal variations are ‘observed. The examples for smooth and rough textures are grasslands and forest canopy respectively. Pattern Pattern is defined as the spatial arrangement of visible discemible objects. 1 is produced when similar texture is repeated orderly. Orchards with evenly spaced trees {s the best example for pattern. Shadow For better identification of target, shadows are used. ‘This is because, shadow provides an ideal profile and relative height of a target. Targets within shadows are {ess discernible than their surroundings. Association Association develops a relationship between observable objects and proximity of the target. Commercial property + associated with proximity of major transportation route is an example of association. Do en hi Q44, What are the instruments used for visual image Interpretation and transfer of data? Answer t ‘The instruments used for visual image interpretation and transfer of data are: (a) (b) (8) Aerial photographs (b) Satellite single band imageries (©) False colour composites. Aerial Photographs In-aerial photo, the image is interpreted. by using the features of the image of earth's surface such as tone, colour, shadow, texture, shape and size, and also by using certain ground features such as land form, vegetation, land use, drainage, erosion and lineaments, Satellite Single Band Imageries In satellite imagery process, there are two possibilities for interpretation as itis available in both graphic forms and digital form, The technique used in aerial photograph is applied in graphical form. For the imagery on different * hands, a special emphasis has to be applied because of very small scale of imagery (i.e. 1.1 million or 30). “These are used in areas such as natural hazards, flooding, Iandslide, earthquakes etc, and also used in forestry and ‘vegetation studies. © i 2 Answer Applications of Aerial Photo Interpretation are broadly used, REMOTE SENSING AND GIS [JNTU-HYDERARa), False Colour Composites A group of colour rendering methods utilized to images in colour is known as false color, The interpretation of the remote sensi false colour composites. MSplay a] ig data depends gt Q45. “Explain the different applications of aerial pho~ ial hows iterpretation. Model Peparst, ay) Following are the areas where eral photo interpretation ‘Topographical Mapping Jn topographical mapping, aerial photographs are yey for overlap between two successive photos informed and lateral directions. Forward direction isthe direing of sireraft flight with a minimum forwatd overlap of 60 percent. The lateral overlap varies ftom 25 10 $y Percent at right angle to the forward ditection. Tig overlap photos are arranged in stereo projectors such that the ground models are reproduce and userabveney determines the three-dimensional view of the ground Geology Anacrial photographs inthe keological mapping include both surface and sub-surface mapping for mineral and other geophysical exploration. The aerial photograph provide a synoptic View of terrain (bird eye view) fom «given height. Higher the height of terrain (from where the photo is taken) greater isthe synoptic view. The principle of aerial photo interpretation ate used for carrying out the geological mapping like resistance to erosion, rock type boundaries, outerop boundaries, topographic expression, drainage patter, lineament Patter, vegetation cover, joints and faults along with their patterns Soll Mapping Soils are derived from rocks, and the surface features of soil mapping are different when compare with forest, geology and other mappings, therefore direct mapping is not possible. A photo is used for preparing base map in which ground information is entered and the relation between type of soil, tone and texture are identified on aerial photograph. These photos under stereoscope provide 3-dimensional view to the observer. The factors Of soil type mapping like soil moisture, soil texture surface roughness, presence of iron oxide and organic ‘matter content are identified through aerial photograph in soil mapping. Forest Area Aerial photograph interpretation are used by forestry 0 achieve the following applications. (@ _ Prepatation of base map (il) Idemification of tree species (Gi) “Quantitative measurements of density, height ‘crown shapes and volume of trees. WARNING: Xerox!Photocopying ofthis books» CRIMINAL act. Anyone found put is IABLE vo face LEGAL proceedings. a Scanned with CamScanneyniT-1_Remote Sensing Terrain Evaluation For answer refer Unit-tt, Qas, «Land Cover (or) Land Use Mapping ‘The term land cover referto the ty on the surface of earth human activity ass pe of feature available And land use is related to the iated with a specific piece o Acti photographessilydeineated iene Land cover. This photos are observe vision, The resolution are identified of photos adopted (larger the seale of photo greater is ther resolution), Generally inland ue! Tas eevee shapping a large scale of 1:10,000 0 1:5000 are provided. Colour photos are also used which enhance the features and provide more information, 4, Ageieuttural Area ‘Aerial photograph interpretation in a applied in three major areas which are, (Crop condition assessment (i) Classification of crop type and (iii). Estimation of crop yield. ‘The steps of photo interpretation involved in agricultural studies are related to estimation of drainage patter and analysis, photo tones, texture, vegetative features and their patterns, 4. Water Resources The application of aerial photo interpretation in water resources involve two types, they are, () Mapping sirface water bodies and (i) Mapping ground water potential. ‘Water bodies like streams, rivers, lakes etc., are easily identified on the aerial photos. It also identifies the location of ground water and indicate the presence of topography, vegetations, springs, wells and other seepages. Present aerial photo interpretation technique ‘are unable to determine the depth of ground water. 5. Environmental Studies In environmental studies, aerial photo interpretation are applied for studying the causes of water pollution, deforestation, industrial pollution and denudation. This pollutions are observe on aerial photos and delineated through various tones and textures. Aerial photo interpretation technique are also used for measuring and preventing flood damage by taking aerial photos before and after flood. 046. Explain the various Interpretation techniques. Answer : Interpretation Technique Following are the various interpretation technique used 'n geographic information system: 1,. Two-dimensional technique ¢ 2. Three-dimensional technique 3. Two-dimensional planimetric view 4, Three-dimensional perspective view and Animation method. under stereoscopic based upon the seale culture are 23 ‘Two-dimensional Technique ‘Two-dimensional technique are adopted for interpretating the relationship between two numerical variables like line graph and seattr plot. Itis also used for producing. multivariate view of many data sets like parallel co- ordiante plot. : 2, Three-dimensional Technique Three-dimensional technique is also known as surface technique, Itis adopted for interpretating the relationship among three numerical variables like percentage of reflectance, number of columns and number of rows. 3. ‘Two-dimensional Planimetric View ‘Two-dimensional planimetric view technique are adopted in conventional cartographic interpretation, where the spatial variation and patterns producing from data + analysis are effectively represented using various colors “and symbology. 4. Three-dimensional Perspective View Three-dimensional perspective view technique are generated in number of ways like geometric modeling, video imaging, geometric video imaging and image dropping etc. This technique is created in geometric modeling for observing simple three dimensional perspective drawings at a range of landscape to relative complex wireframe models. Photo realistic quality view is produce in video imaging which depict the conditions of landscape. In geometric video imaging, geometric ‘modeling and video-imaging techniques are combined in order to depict small changes and high image quality Draping.of image include digital orthophoto in three dimensional prospective view produce by geometric modeling, Animation Method Animation is a computer graphics method for interpretating time-dependent spatial data. In ‘method, two dimensional planimetric view technique - are adopted for interpretating the changes of spatial data. This technique uses animation sequence like virtual world for moving and observing any part of animated scene. Q47. Explain: briefly about concept of converging evidence? Answer : The information about terrain can be derived by interpreting visual images of aerial or space through identification, evaluation, analysis ofkey elements such as erosion, vegetation, land use etc. The information obtained from key élement can be Converged and all the evidences of image element identification is combined together for drawing the inferences which are useful for GIS data input, manipulation and analysis. Convergence evidence is defined as the process of converging the description of all the interpreted results of key elements. ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS n= Scanned with CamScanner