Exercises on Masses, Moles, and
Concentration
Teacher Dokta Urame
NAME
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GRADE CLASS
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Question 1. In the context of environmental science, understanding the mole
concept and Avogadro's number is crucial for addressing issues related to pollution
and resource management. For instance, when calculating the amount of a certain
pollutant, such as carbon dioxide produced during combustion, it is essential to
convert mass into moles to understand its impact on atmospheric chemistry. Given a
scenario where a factory releases 1,500 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the
atmosphere, calculate the number of moles of CO2 emitted. Additionally, discuss the
implications of this emission in terms of greenhouse gas effects and what measures
could be taken to reduce such emissions in industrial operations.
Question 2. In a recent experiment, a chemistry class prepared a sodium chloride
solution by dissolving 58.44 grams of salt in enough water to make a final volume of
1 liter. Molar concentration plays a crucial role in various real-world applications,
such as food science, pharmacology, and environmental studies. Considering the
relationship between mass, volume, and concentration, explain how to determine the
molar concentration of the sodium chloride solution. Additionally, discuss the
significance of understanding molar concentration in practical scenarios, such as
preparing medications or analyzing water quality.
Question 3. Discuss the relationship between molar concentration, volume, and the
number of moles in a given chemical solution. How can understanding this
relationship assist in real-world applications, such as preparing a specific
concentration of a solution for a laboratory experiment or in the pharmaceutical
industry? Illustrate your discussion with a hypothetical scenario where you must
calculate the amount of solute needed for a desired concentration and volume.
Question 4. During a practical Chemistry class, students are preparing solutions of
sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) from solid substances and water.
Suppose a group of students received 30 g of NaCl and 45 g of KCl. (a) Determine the
amount of moles of NaCl and KCl used in practice by the students. (b) If the students
decide to mix the two salts resulting in a 350 mL solution, calculate the concentration
(in mol/L) of each of them in the solution. (c) Based on the stoichiometric relationship
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of the reaction between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), which
forms NaCl and water, calculate the mass of NaOH needed to produce the amount of
moles of NaCl calculated in item (a). Data: Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol, Molar
mass of KCl = 74.6 g/mol, Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g/mol.
Question 5. In a recent chemistry lab, students were tasked with preparing a
sodium chloride (NaCl) solution to observe its effect on osmosis in plant cells. To
create a solution with a concentration of 0.5 moles per liter, the students needed to
calculate how many grams of NaCl were required to prepare 250 milliliters of this
solution. Given that the molar mass of NaCl is approximately 58.44 grams per mole,
calculate the mass of NaCl needed for the solution. Furthermore, discuss how
changes in concentration might affect the osmotic process in plant cells, considering
both high and low concentrations of NaCl in their environment.
Question 6. Discuss the significance of relative atomic mass and relative molecular
mass in the context of chemical reactions, specifically addressing how these
concepts influence the stoichiometry of a reaction involving a specific compound.
Additionally, analyze a real-world scenario where understanding these masses could
impact the production or use of a chemical product, considering factors such as cost,
safety, and environmental impact.
Question 7. In a chemistry lab, a student prepares a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution
by dissolving 58.44 grams of NaCl in enough water to make a total volume of 2.0
liters. The student needs to determine the molar concentration (M) of the sodium
chloride solution to understand its behavior in various reactions. Given this scenario,
which of the following options correctly represents the molar concentration of the
sodium chloride solution?
(A) 0.75 M
(B) 0.50 M
(C) 0.25 M
(D) 1.00 M
(E) 2.00 M
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Question 8. A laboratory technician is tasked with preparing a diluted sodium
chloride solution for an experiment that requires a specific molarity. The technician
starts with a stock solution that has a molarity of 3.0 M and needs to create 500 mL
of a 0.5 M sodium chloride solution. Using the dilution formula M1V1 = M2V2, what
volume of the stock solution should the technician measure out to achieve the
desired concentration?
(A) 75.0 mL
(B) 110.0 mL
(C) 83.3 mL
(D) 90.0 mL
(E) 100.0 mL
Question 9. A chemistry class is conducting an experiment to determine the
number of moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) needed to create a saline solution with a
concentration of 0.9% (mass/volume) in 1 liter of water. Given that the molar mass of
NaCl is approximately 58.44 g/mol, how many grams of NaCl must be dissolved to
achieve the desired concentration?
(A) 6.00 g
(B) 5.90 g
(C) 0.58 g
(D) 8.44 g
(E) 9.00 g
Question 10. An aqueous solution contains 40% by mass of ethanol (C2H5OH) and a
density of 0.9 g/mL. Considering that the volume of the solution is 500 mL and the
formula of ethanol has a molar mass of 46 g/mol, calculate: a) the mass of ethanol
present in the solution; b) the molar fraction of ethanol in the solution. Explain the
concept of molar fraction and how it is calculated, relating it to the mass
concentration of ethanol in the solution.
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Answer Key:
Question 1. To calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by
the factory, the following steps are taken:
1. **Identify the molar mass of CO2**: The molar mass is calculated by adding the
atomic masses of its constituent elements. Carbon (C) has an atomic mass of
approximately 12.01 g/mol, and oxygen (O) has an atomic mass of about 16.00
g/mol. Since CO2 has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, the calculation for the
molar mass is as follows:
Molar mass of CO2 = 12.01 g/mol (C) + 2 × 16.00 g/mol (O) = 12.01 g/mol + 32.00
g/mol = 44.01 g/mol
2. **Use the mass of CO2 emitted**: The problem states that the factory releases
1,500 grams of CO2.
3. **Calculate the number of moles using the formula**: The number of moles (n) can
be calculated using the formula:
n = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol)
Substituting the known values:
n = 1500 g / 44.01 g/mol ≈ 34.09 moles of CO2
4. **Discuss implications of CO2 emissions**: The emission of 1,500 grams (or
approximately 34.09 moles) of CO2 into the atmosphere contributes to the
greenhouse effect, which is a significant driver of climate change. CO2 is a
greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming and its
associated environmental impacts, such as extreme weather events, rising sea
levels, and biodiversity loss.
5. **Suggest measures to reduce CO2 emissions**: To mitigate these emissions,
industrial operations can implement several strategies, including:
- Transitioning to renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind) to power operations.
- Improving energy efficiency through updated machinery and processes.
- Capturing and storing carbon emissions (Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS).
- Encouraging sustainable practices, such as reducing waste and recycling.
Through these steps, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the mole
concept, its application to real-world scenarios, and the environmental implications of
industrial emissions.
**Answer**: 34.09 moles of CO2 emitted. - To calculate the number of moles of
carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the factory, the following steps are taken:
1. **Identify the molar mass of CO2**: The molar mass is calculated by adding the
atomic masses of its constituent elements. Carbon (C) has an atomic mass of
approximately 12.01 g/mol, and oxygen (O) has an atomic mass of about 16.00
g/mol. Since CO2 has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, the calculation for the
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molar mass is as follows:
Molar mass of CO2 = 12.01 g/mol (C) + 2 × 16.00 g/mol (O) = 12.01 g/mol + 32.00
g/mol = 44.01 g/mol
2. **Use the mass of CO2 emitted**: The problem states that the factory releases
1,500 grams of CO2.
3. **Calculate the number of moles using the formula**: The number of moles (n) can
be calculated using the formula:
n = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol)
Substituting the known values:
n = 1500 g / 44.01 g/mol ≈ 34.09 moles of CO2
4. **Discuss implications of CO2 emissions**: The emission of 1,500 grams (or
approximately 34.09 moles) of CO2 into the atmosphere contributes to the
greenhouse effect, which is a significant driver of climate change. CO2 is a
greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming and its
associated environmental impacts, such as extreme weather events, rising sea
levels, and biodiversity loss.
5. **Suggest measures to reduce CO2 emissions**: To mitigate these emissions,
industrial operations can implement several strategies, including:
- Transitioning to renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind) to power operations.
- Improving energy efficiency through updated machinery and processes.
- Capturing and storing carbon emissions (Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS).
- Encouraging sustainable practices, such as reducing waste and recycling.
Through these steps, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the mole
concept, its application to real-world scenarios, and the environmental implications of
industrial emissions.
**Answer**: 34.09 moles of CO2 emitted.
Question 2. To determine the molar concentration of the sodium chloride (NaCl)
solution, the following steps should be followed:
1. **Identify the formula for molar concentration**: Molar concentration (M) is defined
as the number of moles of solute (in this case, NaCl) divided by the volume of the
solution in liters. The formula is:
M = moles of solute / liters of solution
2. **Calculate the number of moles of sodium chloride**: The number of moles can
be calculated using the formula:
moles = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol)
The molar mass of NaCl is approximately 58.44 g/mol (23.0 g/mol for sodium and
35.44 g/mol for chlorine). Therefore, for the 58.44 grams of NaCl:
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moles of NaCl = 58.44 g / 58.44 g/mol = 1 mole
3. **Determine the volume of the solution**: The final volume of the solution is given
as 1 liter.
4. **Substitute into the molar concentration formula**: Now that the moles of NaCl
and the volume in liters are known, we can substitute into the molar concentration
formula:
M = 1 mole / 1 L = 1 M
Thus, the molar concentration of the sodium chloride solution is 1 M (molar).
**Significance of Understanding Molar Concentration**: Understanding molar
concentration is crucial in various practical scenarios:
- In **pharmacology**, accurately determining molar concentrations ensures that
medications are prepared with precise dosages, which is vital for effective treatment
and patient safety.
- In **food science**, knowing the molar concentration of solutions can help in
controlling flavoring agents and preservatives, thus enhancing food quality and
safety.
- In **environmental studies**, analyzing the molar concentration of pollutants in
water can inform regulations and health standards, contributing to public health
initiatives.
By mastering molar concentration, students can apply this knowledge across multiple
disciplines, reinforcing the importance of chemistry in everyday life and professional
fields. - To determine the molar concentration of the sodium chloride (NaCl) solution,
the following steps should be followed:
1. **Identify the formula for molar concentration**: Molar concentration (M) is defined
as the number of moles of solute (in this case, NaCl) divided by the volume of the
solution in liters. The formula is:
M = moles of solute / liters of solution
2. **Calculate the number of moles of sodium chloride**: The number of moles can
be calculated using the formula:
moles = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol)
The molar mass of NaCl is approximately 58.44 g/mol (23.0 g/mol for sodium and
35.44 g/mol for chlorine). Therefore, for the 58.44 grams of NaCl:
moles of NaCl = 58.44 g / 58.44 g/mol = 1 mole
3. **Determine the volume of the solution**: The final volume of the solution is given
as 1 liter.
4. **Substitute into the molar concentration formula**: Now that the moles of NaCl
and the volume in liters are known, we can substitute into the molar concentration
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formula:
M = 1 mole / 1 L = 1 M
Thus, the molar concentration of the sodium chloride solution is 1 M (molar).
**Significance of Understanding Molar Concentration**: Understanding molar
concentration is crucial in various practical scenarios:
- In **pharmacology**, accurately determining molar concentrations ensures that
medications are prepared with precise dosages, which is vital for effective treatment
and patient safety.
- In **food science**, knowing the molar concentration of solutions can help in
controlling flavoring agents and preservatives, thus enhancing food quality and
safety.
- In **environmental studies**, analyzing the molar concentration of pollutants in
water can inform regulations and health standards, contributing to public health
initiatives.
By mastering molar concentration, students can apply this knowledge across multiple
disciplines, reinforcing the importance of chemistry in everyday life and professional
fields.
Question 3. To understand the relationship between molar concentration, volume,
and the number of moles in a chemical solution, one must first grasp the formula that
defines this relationship: C = n / V, where C is the molar concentration (in moles per
liter, or M), n is the number of moles of solute, and V is the volume of the solution (in
liters). This equation shows that the concentration of a solution is directly
proportional to the number of moles of solute and inversely proportional to the
volume of the solution. Understanding this relationship is crucial in various real-world
applications, including laboratory experiments and the pharmaceutical industry. For
instance, in a laboratory setting, a scientist might need to prepare a specific
concentration for a reaction. If they require a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride (NaCl)
in a total volume of 2 liters, they can rearrange the formula to find the number of
moles needed: 1. Rearranging the equation: To find the number of moles (n), the
equation can be rearranged to: n = C × V 2. Substituting the known values: In this
scenario, C = 0.5 M and V = 2 L. Thus: n = 0.5 M × 2 L = 1 mole 3. Calculating the
mass of the solute: To find out how much sodium chloride is needed, the mass can be
calculated using the molar mass of NaCl (which is approximately 58.44 g/mol): mass
= n × molar mass; mass = 1 mole × 58.44 g/mol = 58.44 g 4. Final preparation
steps: The scientist would then weigh out 58.44 grams of sodium chloride and
dissolve it in water to make a total volume of 2 liters, ensuring the desired
concentration is achieved. In the pharmaceutical industry, this knowledge is equally
vital. For example, if a pharmacist needs to prepare a medication solution at a
specific concentration for patient use, they would use the same principles to ensure
accurate dosing, which is crucial for patient safety and efficacy. By understanding the
relationship between molar concentration, volume, and the number of moles,
students can apply these principles to practical scenarios that require precision and
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critical thinking, such as in chemical reactions and medical formulations. - To
understand the relationship between molar concentration, volume, and the number
of moles in a chemical solution, one must first grasp the formula that defines this
relationship: C = n / V, where C is the molar concentration (in moles per liter, or M), n
is the number of moles of solute, and V is the volume of the solution (in liters). This
equation shows that the concentration of a solution is directly proportional to the
number of moles of solute and inversely proportional to the volume of the solution.
Understanding this relationship is crucial in various real-world applications, including
laboratory experiments and the pharmaceutical industry. For instance, in a laboratory
setting, a scientist might need to prepare a specific concentration for a reaction. If
they require a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) in a total volume of 2 liters,
they can rearrange the formula to find the number of moles needed: 1. Rearranging
the equation: To find the number of moles (n), the equation can be rearranged to: n
= C × V 2. Substituting the known values: In this scenario, C = 0.5 M and V = 2 L.
Thus: n = 0.5 M × 2 L = 1 mole 3. Calculating the mass of the solute: To find out how
much sodium chloride is needed, the mass can be calculated using the molar mass of
NaCl (which is approximately 58.44 g/mol): mass = n × molar mass; mass = 1 mole
× 58.44 g/mol = 58.44 g 4. Final preparation steps: The scientist would then weigh
out 58.44 grams of sodium chloride and dissolve it in water to make a total volume of
2 liters, ensuring the desired concentration is achieved. In the pharmaceutical
industry, this knowledge is equally vital. For example, if a pharmacist needs to
prepare a medication solution at a specific concentration for patient use, they would
use the same principles to ensure accurate dosing, which is crucial for patient safety
and efficacy. By understanding the relationship between molar concentration,
volume, and the number of moles, students can apply these principles to practical
scenarios that require precision and critical thinking, such as in chemical reactions
and medical formulations.
Question 4. (a) The amount of moles of NaCl and KCl used in practice by the
students is approximately 0.513 mol and 0.603 mol, respectively. (b) The
concentration of NaCl and KCl in the 350 mL solution is approximately 1.466 mol/L
and 1.723 mol/L, respectively. (c) The mass of NaOH needed to produce the amount
of moles of NaCl calculated in item (a) is approximately 20.52 g.
Question 5. To calculate the mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) required to prepare a
0.5 moles per liter solution in 250 milliliters, students first need to convert the
volume from milliliters to liters. Since there are 1000 milliliters in a liter, they can do
this by dividing the volume in milliliters by 1000: 250 mL = 0.25 L. Next, they can use
the molarity formula, which is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution. The goal is to find out how many moles of NaCl are needed for 0.25 liters at
a concentration of 0.5 moles per liter. This can be calculated by multiplying the
volume of the solution (in liters) by the desired molarity (in moles per liter): moles of
NaCl = 0.5 mol/L × 0.25 L = 0.125 moles. Now, to find the mass of NaCl required,
students need to use the molar mass of NaCl, which is approximately 58.44 grams
per mole. They can calculate the mass by multiplying the number of moles by the
molar mass: mass of NaCl = moles of NaCl × molar mass of NaCl. Substituting in the
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values they have: mass of NaCl = 0.125 moles × 58.44 g/mol = 7.303 grams.
Therefore, students would need approximately 7.30 grams of NaCl to create a 0.5
moles per liter solution in 250 milliliters. Regarding the effects of concentration on
the osmotic process in plant cells, it is important to consider how the concentration of
NaCl can influence the movement of water across cell membranes. In environments
with a high concentration of NaCl (hypertonic solution), water will move out of the
plant cells, leading to cell shrinkage and potentially wilting because the concentration
of solutes outside the cell exceeds that inside. Conversely, in a low concentration of
NaCl (hypotonic solution), water moves into the cells, which can cause them to swell
and may lead to turgor pressure, benefiting the plant. In summary, for a 0.5 moles
per liter NaCl solution in 250 mL, approximately 7.30 grams of NaCl is required.
Changes in the concentration of NaCl will significantly affect osmosis and the overall
health of plant cells. - To calculate the mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) required to
prepare a 0.5 moles per liter solution in 250 milliliters, students first need to convert
the volume from milliliters to liters. Since there are 1000 milliliters in a liter, they can
do this by dividing the volume in milliliters by 1000: 250 mL = 0.25 L. Next, they can
use the molarity formula, which is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter
of solution. The goal is to find out how many moles of NaCl are needed for 0.25 liters
at a concentration of 0.5 moles per liter. This can be calculated by multiplying the
volume of the solution (in liters) by the desired molarity (in moles per liter): moles of
NaCl = 0.5 mol/L × 0.25 L = 0.125 moles. Now, to find the mass of NaCl required,
students need to use the molar mass of NaCl, which is approximately 58.44 grams
per mole. They can calculate the mass by multiplying the number of moles by the
molar mass: mass of NaCl = moles of NaCl × molar mass of NaCl. Substituting in the
values they have: mass of NaCl = 0.125 moles × 58.44 g/mol = 7.303 grams.
Therefore, students would need approximately 7.30 grams of NaCl to create a 0.5
moles per liter solution in 250 milliliters. Regarding the effects of concentration on
the osmotic process in plant cells, it is important to consider how the concentration of
NaCl can influence the movement of water across cell membranes. In environments
with a high concentration of NaCl (hypertonic solution), water will move out of the
plant cells, leading to cell shrinkage and potentially wilting because the concentration
of solutes outside the cell exceeds that inside. Conversely, in a low concentration of
NaCl (hypotonic solution), water moves into the cells, which can cause them to swell
and may lead to turgor pressure, benefiting the plant. In summary, for a 0.5 moles
per liter NaCl solution in 250 mL, approximately 7.30 grams of NaCl is required.
Changes in the concentration of NaCl will significantly affect osmosis and the overall
health of plant cells.
Question 6. To address the significance of relative atomic mass and relative
molecular mass, it is essential to understand that both are fundamental concepts in
chemistry that play a crucial role in stoichiometry, which is the quantitative
relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
1. **Definition of Terms**:
- **Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)**: This is the weighted average mass of an atom of
an element compared to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It allows
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chemists to compare the mass of different elements in a standardized way.
- **Relative Molecular Mass (RMM)**: This is the sum of the relative atomic masses
of all atoms in a molecule. It provides a measure of the mass of a molecule relative to
carbon-12.
2. **Influence on Stoichiometry**:
In any chemical reaction, the stoichiometry is determined by the balanced chemical
equation, which indicates the ratios in which reactants and products combine or
form. The use of RAM and RMM allows chemists to calculate the amounts of
substances needed or produced in a reaction. For example, consider the reaction of
hydrogen and oxygen to form water:
Here, the RMM of H2 is approximately 2 g/mol, and the RMM of O2 is approximately
32 g/mol. This means that to produce 36 grams of water (RMM of H2O is 18 g/mol),
one would require 4 grams of hydrogen and 32 grams of oxygen, demonstrating how
RAM and RMM guide the precise measurements needed for reactions to proceed
effectively.
3. **Real-World Scenario**:
A relevant real-world scenario can be found in the production of ammonia through
the Haber process:
The relative atomic masses of nitrogen (14 g/mol) and hydrogen (1 g/mol) inform
the stoichiometric calculations necessary to produce a specific amount of ammonia.
Understanding these masses can significantly impact production costs, as they
influence the quantities of reactants required. For instance, if a factory miscalculates
the amount of hydrogen needed due to a misunderstanding of its RMM, it could lead
to excess raw material costs or insufficient production, affecting profitability.
4. **Safety and Environmental Impact**:
Additionally, the accurate understanding of these masses is vital for safety and
environmental considerations. Excess reactants could lead to hazardous situations if
proper quantities are not observed, especially in large-scale operations. Furthermore,
the environmental impact of producing chemical products can be assessed by
understanding the amounts of waste generated, which can be influenced by the
stoichiometric ratios derived from RAM and RMM.
In summary, relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass are critical in shaping
the stoichiometry of chemical reactions, directly affecting the efficiency, cost, safety,
and environmental impact of chemical production processes. - To address the
significance of relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass, it is essential to
understand that both are fundamental concepts in chemistry that play a crucial role
in stoichiometry, which is the quantitative relationship between reactants and
products in a chemical reaction.
1. **Definition of Terms**:
- **Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)**: This is the weighted average mass of an atom of
an element compared to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It allows
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chemists to compare the mass of different elements in a standardized way.
- **Relative Molecular Mass (RMM)**: This is the sum of the relative atomic masses
of all atoms in a molecule. It provides a measure of the mass of a molecule relative to
carbon-12.
2. **Influence on Stoichiometry**:
In any chemical reaction, the stoichiometry is determined by the balanced chemical
equation, which indicates the ratios in which reactants and products combine or
form. The use of RAM and RMM allows chemists to calculate the amounts of
substances needed or produced in a reaction. For example, consider the reaction of
hydrogen and oxygen to form water:
Here, the RMM of H2 is approximately 2 g/mol, and the RMM of O2 is approximately
32 g/mol. This means that to produce 36 grams of water (RMM of H2O is 18 g/mol),
one would require 4 grams of hydrogen and 32 grams of oxygen, demonstrating how
RAM and RMM guide the precise measurements needed for reactions to proceed
effectively.
3. **Real-World Scenario**:
A relevant real-world scenario can be found in the production of ammonia through
the Haber process:
The relative atomic masses of nitrogen (14 g/mol) and hydrogen (1 g/mol) inform
the stoichiometric calculations necessary to produce a specific amount of ammonia.
Understanding these masses can significantly impact production costs, as they
influence the quantities of reactants required. For instance, if a factory miscalculates
the amount of hydrogen needed due to a misunderstanding of its RMM, it could lead
to excess raw material costs or insufficient production, affecting profitability.
4. **Safety and Environmental Impact**:
Additionally, the accurate understanding of these masses is vital for safety and
environmental considerations. Excess reactants could lead to hazardous situations if
proper quantities are not observed, especially in large-scale operations. Furthermore,
the environmental impact of producing chemical products can be assessed by
understanding the amounts of waste generated, which can be influenced by the
stoichiometric ratios derived from RAM and RMM.
In summary, relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass are critical in shaping
the stoichiometry of chemical reactions, directly affecting the efficiency, cost, safety,
and environmental impact of chemical production processes.
Question 7. B - To find the molar concentration (M) of the sodium chloride (NaCl)
solution, the student needs to calculate the number of moles of NaCl by using the
molar mass of NaCl, which is 58.44 g/mol. The number of moles is calculated as n =
mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol) = 58.44 g / 58.44 g/mol = 1 mol. The volume of the
solution is 2.0 liters. The molar concentration (M) is calculated using the formula M =
n / V, which results in M = 1 mol / 2.0 L = 0.50 M. Thus, the molar concentration of
the sodium chloride solution is 0.50 M.
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Question 8. C - To find the volume of the stock solution needed to prepare the
diluted solution, the technician will use the dilution formula: M1V1 = M2V2. The steps
are: 1. Identify the variables: M1 = 3.0 M, M2 = 0.5 M, V2 = 500 mL. 2. Rearrange
the formula to solve for V1: V1 = (M2 × V2) / M1. 3. Substitute the known values: V1
= (0.5 M × 500 mL) / 3.0 M. 4. Calculate: 0.5 M × 500 mL = 250 mL·M; V1 = 250
mL·M / 3.0 M = 83.33 mL. 5. Round to one decimal place: 83.33 mL ≈ 83.3 mL. Thus,
the technician should measure approximately 83.3 mL of the stock solution.
Question 9. E - To determine how many grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) are needed
to create a saline solution with a concentration of 0.9% (mass/volume) in 1 liter of
water, the following steps should be taken:
1. **Understand the Concentration Definition**: A 0.9% (mass/volume) solution
means that there are 0.9 grams of solute (in this case, NaCl) for every 100 milliliters
of solution. Since the students are preparing 1 liter (which is 1000 milliliters) of
solution, they need to scale up the amount of NaCl accordingly.
2. **Calculate the Total Mass of NaCl Needed**:
- For 100 mL of solution, 0.9 grams of NaCl are needed.
- Therefore, for 1000 mL (1 liter), the calculation is:
Total grams of NaCl = 0.9 g / 100 mL * 1000 mL = 9 g
3. **Match the Calculation to the Answer Choices**: The calculated amount of NaCl is
9 grams. Now, the students should look for this value among the provided answer
choices:
- A) 5.84 g
- B) 9.00 g
- C) 58.44 g
- D) 0.90 g
4. **Identify the Correct Answer**: The correct choice that matches the calculated
amount of 9 grams of NaCl is option B.
Thus, the amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) required to create a 0.9% saline solution
in 1 liter of water is 9.00 g.
Question 10. To solve the question, follow these steps: Step 1: Calculate the mass
of ethanol present in the solution. To do this, multiply the mass concentration of
ethanol by the mass of the solution. The mass concentration of ethanol is 40%, which
is equivalent to 40 g of ethanol in 100 g of solution. So, in 500 mL (or 500 g, since
the density of the solution is 0.9 g/mL) we have (40/100) * 500 g = 200 g of ethanol.
Step 2: Calculate the molar fraction of ethanol in the solution. The molar fraction (Xi)
of a substance is the ratio of the number of moles of the substance (ni) to the total
number of moles of the solution (ntotal). The molar mass of ethanol (C2H5OH) is 46
g/mol. First, convert the mass of ethanol (200 g) to moles by dividing by the molar
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mass: 200 g / 46 g/mol = 4.35 moles. Then, calculate the total number of moles of
the solution, considering the density of 0.9 g/mL and the volume of 500 mL: 500 g /
0.9 g/mL = 555.56 mL = 555.56 g, which is approximately equal to 555.56 moles
(considering the density of water as 1 g/mL). Since water is the solvent, almost the
entire volume is water, and for simplicity, we consider that the total number of moles
is equal to the number of moles of water. Therefore, the molar fraction of ethanol (Xi)
is 4.35 moles / (4.35 moles + 555.56 moles) = 4.35 moles / 559.91 moles. Now,
calculate the numerical value of Xi: Xi = 4.35 / 559.91 ≈ 0.00777. The molar fraction
of ethanol in the solution is approximately 0.00777, which means that out of every
100 moles of the solution, 0.777 moles are ethanol. The relation with mass
concentration is that mass concentration is a measure of the amount of solute
relative to the total mass of the solution, while the molar fraction measures the
amount of the solute relative to the total number of moles of the solution, regardless
of their individual masses.
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