UNIT 2

ACADEMIC
READING AND
WRITING
 MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCIES

o Distinguish between patterns of development

in writing, namely, comparison and contrast,
cause and effect, problem–solution, and
process analysis; and
o Differentiate the uses of those patterns in
writing across disciplines.
 LESSON 1

PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING
PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT
• Patterns of Development refer to the
logical arrangement of ideas.

• It is the process of adding informative

and illustrative details to support the
main idea
WARM UP!
• RELATE AT LEAST
THREE (3)
SENTENCES THAT
HAPPENED TODAY
BEFORE YOU CAME
TO CLASS.
 • NARRATION
• A narration tells a story. It accounts for an incident
or reports a series of events leading to a
conclusion or ending.
• what happened, where, and when

• Narrative paragraphs contain action verbs that

move the story along in an interesting manner.
They also use transitional words or phrases to
indicate time or sequence.
 SAMPLE TEXT

• Yesterday morning, I was on my way to school when I came across an elderly man who
lived further down the street. He was pulling a stroller loaded with clay pots and small
sacks of soil. For a moment I stopped to observe him. He seemed to be breathing heavily,
so I came up to him and offered to help him pull his supplies. He looked at me and smiled
gratefully, and together we walked to his house. When we arrived, he thanked me and
offered me some snacks, but I had to refuse because I would be late for school. Later that
afternoon, when I arrived home, a box of homemade chocolate chip cookies was waiting in
my mailbox.
 2. DESCRIPTION
• A description provides information on what a person,
an object, a place, or a situation is like.

• When writing a descriptive paragraph, the writer makes

use of concrete and specific details, which are
carefully chosen to paint a picture in the mind of the
reader.
• Examples: Literary analyses, descriptive essays,
business plans, lab reports, and research papers
 2 TYPES OF DESCRIPTION
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

Objective Subjective
• aims to inform or to • aims to elicit special feelings
identify; factual. Sometimes or reactions because it is
called informative, scientific, suggestive or evocative.
or technical
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SAMPLE TEXT
• The axolotl is a type of salamander. They are amphibians, but
while most amphibians live on both land and water, they live
almost exclusively underwater. Also, unlike most amphibians,
they do not undergo a drastic transformation. Young axolotls
hatch from eggs as miniature versions of their lizard-like adult
forms. Axolotls have white or grayish bodies that can grow up to
18 inches long. Their colorful gills, which resemble antlers, show
prominently on each side of their head. They eat tiny aquatic
animals and can be very sluggish when not looking for food.
 3. DEFINITION
• A definition paragraph or essay explains what
something is in comparison to other members of
its class, along with any limitations.

• A definition clarifies the meaning of a word or an idea

in a simple and understandable language.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• Take note of the term to be defined and the detailed explanation of
the term, as these are the most important parts of this pattern.

• The following signal words will also help you in identifying this
pattern.
 4. EXEMPLIFICATION AND
CLASSIFICATION
• Exemplification - used to show or illustrate the characteristics of the
rest of the whole of something

• Classification - explaining something by dividing or grouping it into

types of categories

• These patterns of paragraph development are often used together with

another pattern of development since they provide the details necessary
to further develop a paragraph.
EXEMPLIFICATION
• In developing a paragraph using exemplification or
illustration, the writer develops a general statement,
the topic sentence, with one or more examples.
Illustrations through clear and specific examples
help explain abstract ideas and clarify the meaning of
texts.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying
exemplification.
Here’s an example of how the primary concept is made
more clear and more concrete by specific examples .
 SAMPLE TEXT
The Pantheon of Greek mythology is made up of various immortal beings.
According to the lore, everything began with the Firstborns, who embodied
different aspects of creation. These were Gaea, often called Mother Earth;
Pontus, the boundless Seas; and Oranos, Lord of the Sky. Through the union of
the First Borns came the Titans, the first gods, and later their offspring, the
Olympians, who became rulers of the universe. The strongest of the Olympians
were Zeus, God of thunder and king of Olympus; Poseidon, God of the sea and
king of the Ocean; and Hades, god of the dead and Keeper of the Underworld.
Under the Olympians’ dominion were the rest of the immortals, gods of nature
and civilization. Among them were Helios and Selene, the Sun and Moon;
Themis, goddess of order and prophecy; and Ilithyia, goddess of pregnancy and
childbirth.
 CLASSIFICATION
• sorting or arrangement of subjects (e.g., persons,
places, things, ideas) into groups or categories
according to their common or shared
characteristics.

• The purpose of a classification paragraph is to

clearly define something and place it in a group
according to some basis or rule.
 Example: Different Types of Schools

Different students attend various types of schools; they can usually be classified
as either public, private religious, private nonreligious, or alternative. Public
schools are funded by the state, and the majority of students in the United States
attend them. Private schools are schools that do not receive federal funding but
are instead supported by a private organization or funding from individuals.
Private religious schools are based around a particular faith, such as Catholicism,
Protestantism, Judaism, and so forth. Religion is part of the everyday lives of the
students and they also learn about their faith in addition to regular subjects. On
the other hand, private nonreligious schools do not receive state funding and
have the ability to make their own rules. Alternative schools can be made up of a
variety of different categories, such as the Montessori program or technical
schools, which are typically self-paced and hands-on. Most students who attend
class in a school building go to one of these types of institutions.
 5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

• Comparing people, things, places, events, situations, or even ideas is

done to illustrate how they are like each other.

• There is a need to identify the points of comparison and make a list of

similar characteristics or qualities for each point of comparison.

• Like, both, as…as, similarly, in the same way, equally important, and
likewise
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST

• A paragraph that shows comparison and contrast has a unifying idea or

purpose. There must be a balance in such a way that there is an equal
amount of information for each subject to avoid bias.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SAMPLE TEXT

Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo are regarded as two of the greatest artists
of the Renaissance. Both were geniuses; they mastered techniques that made
them superior to their contemporaries. They were also similarly interested in
anatomy, which helped them produce highly realistic works. However, they each
had a distinct style. Da Vinci developed a style that was feminine and full of light.
On the other hand, Michelangelo preferred his works to be masculine and dark.
 6. CAUSE AND EFFECT

• A cause states why something happens while an effect is what

happens. If they are combined, they can be used as a writing
development pattern.

• With the cause-and-effect pattern, the writer can better explain how an
event or action leads to another.
 Three (3) Different Ways to Utilize Cause and Effect

Cause to Effect
Pattern
• the cause, which is either an event or action, is stated right at the
beginning of a paragraph, followed by statements on its effects
• single cause with multiple effects

Effect to Cause
• the effect is stated at the beginning of the text, followed by sentences
and paragraphs that explain further the causes (optional)
• single effect with different causes

Consecutive Cause and Effect

• Each cause has its corresponding effect, and they are tackled one by
one in a few sentences or paragraphs
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SAMPLE TEXT
The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in
modern society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know, globalization
has affected the world in many ways. First, it catalyzed worldwide trading, thus
allowing countries to access foreign products. Although this had positive effects, it
also posed a real threat to the merchandise of local traders. Second, globalization
affected the financial market. As a result, different countries had more access to
funds, and the exchange in national currencies dramatically increased.

Finally, globalization also led to the privatization of various facilities, such as public
health institutions. These institutions were being privatized due to the idea that the
private sector could better manage and provide health services. In consequence,
health policies become more and more of a commodity on a global scale.
 7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
• Problem – an unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties
that need to be solved

• Solution - a way to deal with the situation so that the troubles or

difficulties are removed

• Problem-solution pattern of development is used to deal with topics that

logically pose problems and present solutions.
 Variations of Problem-Solution
Pattern

Problem-process-
Problem-solution Problem-cause-
solution
• The problem solution
• discusses the
is stated • the cause of the
process or
simply, and a problem is
procedure
possible identified and
extensively which
solution is analyzed before
addresses the
given a possible
problem while the
solution is
leaders are led to
presented
the solutions
 SAMPLE TEXT
Today, most of the energy resources we have are generated from coal, oil, and natural
gas. However, these resources are limited. If continuously consumed at an alarming rate,
fossil fuels necessary for generating power to operate vehicles and factories will run out
before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved using alternative sources of energy
and conservation efforts. First, using alternative sources of energy such as solar energy
and fusion energy would lessen pollution. These alternatives are more accessible and
cost-efficient. Although there are some potential risks in using fusion energy can be
mitigated by implementing strict safety measures. The second solution that governments
can adopt is the enhancement of conservation efforts. To do this, governments need to
make the public more aware of the benefits of conservation, as well as ways of conserving
energy, such as recycling. Laws can also be passed to mandate the public and all
stakeholders to recycle energy.
 8. Process Analysis

• Process - a series of actions or steps toward a specific end

• Analysis - to a detailed examination

• As a pattern of development, process analysis discusses the steps

taken in a given process.
 SAMPLE TEXT
Before you transplant, you need to make the new location ready to receive your
roses. You would not want to transfer the plant where the root ball becomes
susceptible to sun exposure or loss of moisture. If you are moving the rose plant to
its new location using a vehicle, you must ensure that the roots are fully covered by
a wet piece of cloth or burlap. One tip for you is to keep watering the plant the day
before you unearth it. Lots of water will prevent the dryness of roots and wilting of
the roses. If the roots have been watered enough, the rose plant will survive the
transplant since it will have enough nourishment to last the time it is being moved.
When you are digging out your roses, likely, you will not be able to get all the roots.
Since rose plant roots grow very deep into the soil, you will probably not be able to
get all of them. However, if you have watered your roses in advance, then there is a
greater chance that the plants will still flourish after the transfer.
 9. PERSUASION

• It organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical

conclusion or argument.

• It presents the issue, the position, and the supporting evidence that
supports the position.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SAMPLE TEXT
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act to end
a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or grave
illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an
unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level,
euthanasia still takes a life. The majority of the countries in the world, including
those that have legalized it, consider it a homicide. Aside from being a crime,
euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates the principle
of “primum non nocere” which means “first, do no harm”. In their code of ethics,
doctors have the responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which is
why euthanasia can never be acceptable.
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