TECHNOLOGIES

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- Fanoela
- Safidy
- Kasim
- Steevy
INTRODUCTION

In today’s fast passed world, technology plays a crucial

role in almost every aspect of your lives . From
communication to healthcare, education to entertainment,
understanding technology is essential for personal and
professional growth.
Technology plays a crucial role in modern life ,
influencing almost every aspect of how we work ,
communicate, and live.
 I. DEFINITION

 Technology is the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes or

applications, whether in industry or in our everyday lives.
 Technology is the product of transferring scientific knowledge to practical use .

So, basically, whenever we use our scientific knowledge to achieve some specific
purpose, we're using technology.

II. VOCABULARIES ABOUT TECHNOLOGY

 Hardware: tools, machinery and other durable equipment/ the machines, wiring and other
physical components of a computer or other electronic system.
Ex: -She bought some new hardware for her system.

 Software: a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute
specific tasks by a computer.
Ex: -There are several free software programs .

-She set up her own software firm.

 Computer: a device that can be programmed to carry out arithmetic or logical operations.
 Internet: a worldwide network of computers and systems that can share and send
information.
 To disrupt: to significantly alter the way things are done , often causing a major shift.
Ex: -Social media disrupted traditional communication methods.

-Electric vehicules have the potential to disrupt the car industry.

 -New technologies often disrupt existing business models.

 Scalable : able to be easily expanded or reduced in size or capacity to meet changing needs.

Ex: -The success of the social media app lies in its scalable infrastructure.

-Scalable software allows companies to adapt to growth without major infrastructure

changes.
-Building scalable systems is crucial for handing unexpected surges in user traffic.

 Interface (noun): a point of interaction between a user and a machine , system, or

software.

Ex : -A user-friendly interface makes software easier to learn and use.

-Touchscreens have become a popular interface for mobile devices.

 Bandwidth: the amount of data that can be transmitted through a network

connection in a given amount of time.

Ex : -Streaming high-definition videos requires a high bandwidth internet connection.

-Limited bandwidth can cause slow loading times and buffering issues.

 To access: to be able to get into.

Ex: -You’re accessing your e-mails.

 To boot up: to starts a computer

 To browse a website: to look at or to go through a website.
 To surf the web: to look at the website
 To download: to save a copy of file from the net
 To go / get online: to access in the net
 Cutting edge technology: it means that technology is very modern
 Break new ground: it is used when somebody invents or introduces something
completely new and innovative.

Ex: - The company’s revolutionary product broke new ground in the smartphone market.
  Tech-savvy (adj) : it is used to describe people who are knowledgeable and skilled in
using technology effectively.

Ex: - The tech-savvy team quickly adapted to the new software tools.

 Plug and play: it is used to describe technology that is easy to install and use without
requiring much configuration or setting up.

Ex: - The new device is plug and play, making it ideal for non-technical users.

 In the pipeline: it describes a project or innovation that is currently developing or

planned for the future.

Ex: - There are some exciting features in the pipeline for the next software update.

 Tech unicorn: we use this expression to talk about a startup company valued at over
one billion dollars, typically in the technology sector like Google, Bytedance,…

Ex: - The tech unicorn’s rapid growth attracted attention from investors worldwide.

 Disruptive technology: it describes innovations that significantly change or

revolutionize existing industries or markets.

Ex: - Electric vehicules are a disruptive technology, challenging traditional automobile

manufacturers.

III. Categories of technology

Here are the six different categories of technology :

 Communication technology
 Electrical technology
 Energy technology
 Mechanical technology
 Medical technology
  Transportation technology

1. Communication technology

Communication technology consists of any technology use to communicate with one

another. Some early examples of communication technology include Morse code and the
telegraph . Below are some examples of more modern communication technologies :

 Television: it sets transmit signals we can listen to and view audio and visual content.
People use television for entertainment, information and news, advertisements and
marketing and educational purposes, among other activities .
 Internet: Many people consider the internet the most popular and powerful
communication technology. It allows people from around the world to interact
through written messages and audio and video messages in real-time.

 Cell phones : they are a modern improvement over the telephone , enabling the
transfer of text , audio , and video content over the internet. With a cell phone,
people can call other phones and converse with people worldwide.

2. Electrical technology

Many pieces of modern technology use electricity in some form. A few examples of electrical
technology include:

 Computers: computers operate through a rapid pulsing of electrical currents. The

core foundation of computers is binary code , which determines whether there is an
electrical current. They are vital in storing and retrieving information, performing
complex mathematical and scientific calculations , and executing software.
 Circuitry : a collection of electrical components that perform a particular function is a
circuit such as a computer ,remote controls , cell phones and appliances,…

 Artificial intelligence : or AI is a computer system designed to make decisions and

perform actions autonomously. Many of our daily tasks have varying degrees of
artificial intelligence sophistication. It used to determine the best results to display
for each unique user.
 Software: it contains a set of instructions and code that instructs the computer to
function as intended .
 Audio and visual technology: they comprises items such as cameras , microphones
and projectors.
 3. Energy technology

Energy technology aims to help generate , store and transmit energy for various
purposes .Common examples of energy technology include:

 Solar panels : they harness sunlight to generate electricity .People use these panels
to power buildings,homes,outdoor lighting systems, water heating systems and more.
 Wind turbines: use the kinetic energy of the wind to generate electricity . Wind
turbines are typically tall pillars located in open plains or within the ocean where
winds are the strongest. They generate energy, which the turbine stores in a battery
or transmits directly to a desired source.

 Batteries: batteries store energy for later consumption , and people use these to
power other forms of technology, such as a television remote .

4. Mechanical technology

Mechanical technology is the application of engineering principles to achieve tasks more

efficiently . People use this technology in a wide variety of machinery , with some common
examples of mechanical technology including:

 Manufacturing technology aims to produce goods faster and in a more cost-effective

manner. A popular example of manufacturing technology is an assembly line, which
greatly improved the speed of production processes.
 Heavy engineering: this technology helps professionals perform tasks such as
building bridges or digging tunnels and other construction activities more precisely,
accurately and easily while improving safety.

5. Medical technology

Medical technology helps improve people’s quality of life in several ways. Some examples
include:

 Diagnostics : these helps medical professionals attain more information about a

patient

Ex: thermometers, X-ray machines , electrocardiographs and stethoscopes.

  Pharmaceutical : researchers learn more about how different substances impact
humans using pharmaceuticals technologies ,such as nanotechnology,
microenvironments and artificial organs.
 Surgical: it allows surgeons to perform complex operations. Some recent examples
include smart surgical glasses that display essential information directly with a
surgeon’s glasses and remote robotics, which allow surgeons to operate remotely
with increased precision.
 Monitoring: healthcare professionals increasingly rely on technology to monitor a
patient’s health and status . A common examples is smart watches, which can
monitor biometric data such as heart rates and sleep quality.

6. Transportation technology

Thanks to technological improvements, it’s much easier to travel than it once was. Examples
of transportation technology include:

 GPS or a Global Positioning System , is a technology that can pinpoint locations on

Earth from satellites in Earth ‘ s orbit.
 Flight: it has become safer and more efficient over time due to innovations in
materials , aerodynamics and engineering. We use this in several ways from the
construction of planes to navigation equipment on an aircraft.

 Vehicles: similar to flight technology , vehicles are now faster and safer . In addition ,
they are more fuel-efficient and comfortable and often provide entertainment
options. It has improved how engines run, the safety features within vehicules , such
as airbags, and the entertainment options available in a car.

IV. Importance of technology

Technology is incredibly important in the 21st century for a multitude of reasons. Here are
some key areas where technology plays a vital role:

1. Communication:

 Connecting people: Technology has made it easier than ever to connect with people
across the globe. We can communicate instantly through messaging apps, video calls,
and social media platforms.
  Access to information: The internet provides access to a wealth of information on
virtually any topic. This has revolutionized how we learn and stay informed.

2. Education:

 Online learning: Technology has made education more accessible through online
courses and digital learning platforms. Students can learn at their own pace and from
anywhere in the world.
 Enhanced learning: Technology provides tools and resources that make learning
more engaging and interactive, such as educational apps, virtual reality experiences,
and interactive whiteboards.

3. Healthcare:

 Medical advancements: Technology has led to significant advancements in medical

treatments, diagnostics, and equipment. This has improved healthcare outcomes and
saved lives.
 Telemedicine: Technology enables remote healthcare through telemedicine, making
healthcare more accessible to people in remote areas or with limited mobility.

4. Business and Economy:

 Increased efficiency: Technology automates tasks, streamlines processes, and

improves efficiency in businesses of all sizes.
 Global marketplace: The internet has created a global marketplace where businesses
can reach customers all over the world.
 Innovation: Technology drives innovation, leading to new products, services, and
industries.

5. Daily Life:

 Convenience: Technology makes many aspects of our daily lives more convenient,
from online shopping and banking to smart home devices and transportation apps.
 Entertainment: Technology has revolutionized the entertainment industry, providing
access to on-demand movies, music, and games.

6. Accessibility:

 Assistive technologies: Technology provides assistive technologies for people with

disabilities, enabling them to participate more fully in society.
 V. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY

New technology has a range of advantages and disadvantages for businesses and business
stakeholders. It is important for businesses to assess the risk and make informed decisions
about whether to use the latest technology.

Advantages of new technology include:

 easier, faster and more effective communication

 better, more efficient manufacturing techniques
 less wastage
 more efficient stock management and ordering systems
 the ability to develop new, innovative approaches
 more effective marketing and promotion
 new sales avenues

Advantages of Technology in detail

The pros of technology bring many benefits to businesses today:

o 1. Encourages Collaboration

Technology helps people work together, even when they're far apart. It enables businesses
to collaborate across different locations by providing communication tools such as video
conferencing, project management software, and collaborative platforms. These tools allow
teams to share ideas, provide real-time updates, and work together seamlessly.

o 2. Cost & Time Efficiency

Technology is like a super-fast helper for businesses. It can do many jobs quickly and without
mistakes. This saves both time and money. For example, a computer can sort through lots of
information much faster than a person can. This means companies can get more done and
spend less. Technology solutions can reduce operational costs by automating processes and
streamlining digital operations.

o 3. Automation & Productivity

AI and machine learning automate repetitive tasks, freeing up human resources for more
strategic and creative work. This automation leads to increased productivity and efficiency
within various business operations. For example, businesses can enhance their workflows by
using Chat GPT and it's alternative to automate tasks like content creation, freeing up teams
to focus on strategic initiatives.

o 4. Increased Revenue Streams

Technology creates new revenue opportunities for businesses through ecommerce

platforms, digital marketing, and mobile apps. This helps expand their reach and offer
innovative products and services to increase revenue streams.
 o 5. Doing Business Online

Operating digitally allows businesses to expand their reach to global markets through online
stores and virtual services. A strong online presence improves customer engagement and
provides ample opportunities for business growth and expansion.

o 6. Impact on Operating Costs

Investing in technology leads to long-term savings by streamlining processes, reducing

manual efforts, and optimizing operational costs through efficient digital solutions.

o 7. Better Customer Experience

Technology enhances customer interactions and satisfaction by providing personalized

experiences through data analytics, chatbots, and CRM systems. Fast response times and
efficient service delivery further contribute to an improved overall customer experience.

o 8. Quick Communication

Fast and efficient communication is crucial for business operations. Technology tools such as
instant messaging, email, and social media enable quick communication and collaboration,
thereby improving decision-making and problem-solving processes. Additionally, businesses
can generate QR codes online to streamline communication, allowing instant access to
information, quick sharing of contact details, and seamless connections between digital and
physical spaces, enhancing overall collaboration.

o 9. Makes Teaching Easy

Technology aids in educational environments, including online classes and e-learning

platforms, by providing tools like video conferencing, educational apps, and virtual
classrooms. These tools leverage the learning experience and make teaching more accessible
and interactive.

o 10. Better Storage

Digital storage solutions such as cloud storage, data management systems, and backup
solutions offer advantages over traditional methods. They provide easy access, data security,
and scalability, improving data management and accessibility.

Overall, technology has changed how businesses work in big ways. These merits of
technology expanded the space for people to work together, and for companies to run
smoothly, and has created new ways for businesses to grow.

Disadvantages of new technology include:

  increased dependency on technology
 often large costs involved with using the latest technology (especially for small
businesses)
 increased risk of job cuts
 closure of high street stores in favor of online business
 security risk in relation to data and fraud
 required regular updates
 can go down or have faults, which can stop all business operations instantly

Disadvantages of Technology in detail

When it comes to the cons of technology we need to understand that it can disrupt your
business efficiency which includes:

o 1. Increased Dependency on Technology

Businesses heavily rely on computers and the Internet for their daily operations. However,
when these systems malfunction, it can lead to significant disruptions. For example, a store's
inability to process credit card payments due to a system failure or the frustration of dealing
with a non-functional phone highlights our dependence on technology.

o 2. Expenses

Integrating new technology into a business can be costly. Beyond the initial purchase of
hardware and software, companies often need to invest in training staff and paying experts
for setup and implementation. Additionally, there are ongoing expenses such as software
updates, hardware maintenance, and subscription fees for certain technologies, which can
burden small businesses financially.

o 3. Security

As more business activities move online, the risk of cyber-attacks increases. Businesses must
invest in security measures, including specialized software and employee training,
to safeguard their systems and data. Despite these precautions, data breaches can still occur,
damaging a company's reputation and resulting in costly recovery efforts.

o 4. Unemployment

The advancement of technology has led to automation replacing traditional jobs, causing
concerns about unemployment, particularly for positions that involve repetitive tasks. For
example, the use of robots in factories and self-checkout machines in stores has reduced the
need for human workers in these roles, leading to worries among the workforce.
 o 5. Regular Updates

Technology evolves rapidly, necessitating frequent updates to software and hardware, which
require both time and money. Businesses are tasked with ensuring that their technology
remains current to avoid falling behind and maintain optimal performance.

o 6. Training

Introducing new technology into a business requires training employees on its usage.
Training programs can be costly and may need to be conducted regularly as technology
continues to evolve. Employees might struggle to adapt to new technology, particularly if
they are accustomed to older methods, highlighting the importance of effective training for
maximizing the benefits of technological advancements.

o 7. Environmental Impact

While technology offers numerous benefits, its production and disposal processes can have
negative effects on the environment. The manufacturing of devices consumes significant
resources and energy, and improper disposal of electronic waste contributes to pollution.
Additionally, the substantial energy consumption of internet servers can contribute to
climate change if not sourced from renewable energy.

o 8. Over-Reliance on Automation

Although automation can improve efficiency, over-dependence on it poses risks. If

automated systems fail, employees may lack the skills to carry out tasks manually, leading to
bottlenecks in business operations. Overreliance on technology can also hinder employees'
critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.

o 9. Digital Distractions and Reduced Productivity

The constant connectivity provided by technology can lead to increased workplace

distractions and reduced productivity. Employees may spend excessive time on non-work-
related activities online, impacting their focus and overall output.

o 10. Technology Compatibility Issues

As businesses adopt multiple technological solutions, compatibility issues often arise,

hindering the seamless integration of different systems and software. These challenges can
result in data silos and require additional time, money, and resources to resolve, potentially
slowing down business processes.

Businesses need to think carefully about these demerits of technology. They need to find a
balance between using helpful technology and managing the problems it can bring. This
might mean choosing tech wisely, training people well, and thinking about the long-term
effects. By understanding both the merits and the drawbacks of technology, businesses can
make better choices about how to use it.
VI. How about technology in Madagascar ?

Technology in Madagascar has seen significant growth in recent years, particularly in the
telecommunications and mobile services sector. Mobile phone adoption has exploded, even
in rural areas, allowing companies to develop new applications and services to meet the
needs of the population.

However, Madagascar ranks only 110th out of 133 countries in the 2024 Global Innovation
Index. The country has notable progress in some areas like connectivity, but lags in others,
like low-carbon industrial production.
CONCLUSION

Technology has become an indispensable part of our

lives, transforming the way we live, work, and interact with
the world. From the advent of the internet to the rise of
artificial intelligence, technology has enabled us to connect
with others, access information, and automate tasks with
unprecedented ease. It has revolutionized industries such as
healthcare, education, and transportation, leading to
groundbreaking discoveries and advancements that were
once unimaginable.
However, the rapid pace of technological progress also
presents challenges. Concerns about privacy, security, and
the ethical implications of emerging technologies must be
addressed to ensure that technology is used responsibly and
for the benefit of humanity. As we continue to push the
boundaries of what's possible, it's crucial to strike a balance
between innovation and regulation, fostering a future where
technology empowers us to solve global challenges and
improve the quality of life for all.