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Lab 1

The report details an experiment conducted to analyze the tensile properties of low-carbon steel, focusing on determining key metrics such as yield point, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation. Using a Hounsfield UTM machine, the specimen was subjected to axial tensile stress until fracture, with various calculations performed to derive stress-strain relationships and material properties. The findings indicate that low-carbon steel exhibits significant ductility and strength, with a notable plastic deformation before failure.

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9 views9 pages

Lab 1

The report details an experiment conducted to analyze the tensile properties of low-carbon steel, focusing on determining key metrics such as yield point, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation. Using a Hounsfield UTM machine, the specimen was subjected to axial tensile stress until fracture, with various calculations performed to derive stress-strain relationships and material properties. The findings indicate that low-carbon steel exhibits significant ductility and strength, with a notable plastic deformation before failure.

Uploaded by

Willy Sastraleksana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SUBJECT: MECH 341

REPORT: # 1

Section 1
DUE DATE : 21/10/2009

PROFESSOR: CHARBEL SEIF


 Objectives:

Experiment one focuses on the concept of tensile forces applied on metallic


material and in determining certain key terms such as stress, strain,
elongation, elasticity, true stress, and true strain.

The main objective of this experiment is:


- Determining the yield point and the corresponding strength and
elongation.
- Determining the ultimate tensile strength.
- Determining the failure point corresponding to the maximum
elongation and area reduction of our mild steel specimen.

 PROBLEM APPROACH:

In this experiment, we performed a test on a low-carbon steel specimen with


given dimensions. The specimen is round and has a longitudinal cross
sectional shape of a dog-bone. We used a “Hounsfield UTM” machine. The
forces used in determining tensile strength and yield point are within the
verified force application range of the machine as per ASTM E4 standards.
Grips which are needed to lock the specimen for experimental usage are
available with the Hounsfield UTM. To insure pure axial tensile stress
within the gauge length, the axis of the test specimen should coincide with
center lines of the heads of the testing machine to avoid deviation which
would introduce bending stress. An extensometer is available with the
Hounsfield UTM which will give the elongation corresponding to the yield
stress and fracture.

After preparation of the specimen, it is locked to the grips of the UTM. The
grips are moved vertically apart at a certain rate thus producing the desired
strain rate. The UTM deforms the specimen at an elongation rate of 0.05
in/min. The UTM is left to work on the specimen until fracture occurs.
Then, the stress-stain curve is studied thus to ensure the accurate calculation
of the material properties.
 ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION:

Area:

 Proportional Limit Stress: (Pa)

σ pl = Stress value at which the stress-strain curves goes nonlinear


σ pl = 599522504.2 Pa (graphically).

σ pl =
(Via calculation).
 Yield point Stress: (Pa)

σ Y = Stress value at which the stress- strain curve goes horizontal


σ Y = 600848881.4 Pa (from the curve).

 0.2 % Offset Yield Stress : (Pa)

Draw a parallel line to the elastic region (slope E) from 0.002 strains =>
(See the stress strain graph in the appendix):

σ 0. 2%y = 601512070 Pa.

 Stress : ( Pa )

Where F (N) and A (m2)

 Strain : (unit less)


Where (mm)

 Ultimate Tensile Stress : (Pa)

Largest stress on the stress-strain curve:

(Calculation).
= 626050048.6 (graphically).

 Engineering Fracture Stress : (Pa)

 True stress : (Pa)

F
σ T= =σ (1+ε )
Ai
 True strain : (unit less)

( )
Li
ε T =ln =ln ( 1+ ε )
L0

 True Fracture Stress: (Pa)

 Modulus of Resilience: (Pa)


Area under the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve
The Modulus of elasticity of the linear part of the curve was calculated from
the graph using the Excel graph which is equal approximately to 817818.99
Pa.

σ
y2 600848881. 42
U r= = =827080 . 1039
2E 2(2 . 1825×1011 ) Pa (via exact calculation).

 Modulus of Elasticity: (Pa)

 Modulus of Toughness:

It is the area under the entire stress-strain curve, like we can see the excel
give us the graphs in a dissected way (by rectangular) calculating the area of
each one then adding up the areas of all the trapezoids, the answer is
approximately equal to: Ut = 58942852.15 J

 Energy at yield: (J)

The energy at yield is equal to the area under the elastic or linear part of the
load-deformation curve; we can get it easily from the first graph, area
= 68775 / 0.0011 = 2103 J

 Energy at break: (J)

The energy at break is equal to the area under the entire load-deformation
curve, using the same method when getting the modulus of toughness
(method known as the trapezoidal rule), thus the energy at break is
approximately equal to 170607 J.

 Percent Elongation:

Percent elongation=Lf - L0/L0*100= 9.8%


 Percent Elongation of L’ Gage Length:

= 3.24 x 100% (25) = 12.96%

Therefore the percentage of elongation of gage length is 12.96%


 Percent Reduction in Area :

Initial Area is A0 = 1.1309 * 10-4 m2


Final Area is Af = 1.0207 * 10-4 m2
So the reduction in area is: [(A0-Af)/A0]*100 = 9.74%

 Observations:

The specimen was locked on to the grips of the UTM with its axis
coinciding with the center lines of the heads of the machine. The machine
then began applying axial stresses to the steel.

In the beginning the variation of the length of the specimen was not visible
since elongation was occurring at a very low rate. After a period of time, we
started hearing noises that were resulting from the grips that were slightly
sliding off then re-capturing the specimen. The carving of “steps” at the ends
of the specimen is a result that was obtained due to these slides and grasps.
Then the experiment started to be very much visible to the naked eye since
under the effect of the applied stresses the specimen became thinner around
the gauge.

At the end of the experiment, a very loud noise was heard due to the sudden
break of the specimen being tested. It is at this instant that the breaking point
occurs and the specimen is therefore observed as two parts each grabbed by
a grip.

 Conclusion:
As shown by the stress-strain and load-deformation graphs, the specimen
carries out a plastic or elastic deformation up to a load of approximately
70800N. If the load is to be removed, the specimen does not regain its
original shape. This leads the conclusion that the material or specimen being
used is losing its linearity. Compared with different kinds of materials low
carbon steel has a stress-strain curve that is shortly horizontal.
After attaining the yield stress that is after the atoms being closely packed
against each other to resist the stresses applied, the graph immediately starts
decreasing when these atoms loosen up before breaking. It is also concluded
that a small increase in the stress will cause a very large deformation in the
specimen.

Finally, the specimen breaks with a maximum deformation of 2.45mm.


Low-carbon steel thus is relatively a strong material with a strong resistance
to stresses. Low Carbon steel is a ductile material where it experiences a
large plastic deformation before fracture, and the material begins necking at
the ultimate tensile strength until it reaches fracture noticing that the material
produces a high sound when failure .Besides after failure both sides are not
smooth (not like brittle material).

 Appendix:

The geometry of our specimen is shown below:


700000000 stress-strain
600000000

500000000

400000000

300000000
stress-strain

200000000

100000000

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
True stress-True strain
700000000

600000000

500000000

400000000

300000000
True stress-True strain

200000000

100000000

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Load-extension
80000

70000

60000

50000

40000 Load-extension

30000

20000

10000

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

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