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A Reference Guide for English Studies
A Reference Guide
for English Studies

MICHAEL J. MARCUSE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford
University of California Press

Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press

Oxford, England

Copyright © 1990 by The Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Marcuse, Michael J. (1944—)

A reference guide for English studies.
Includes indexes.
1. English literature—Library resources.
2. Bibliography—Bibliography—English literature.
3. Reference books—English literature—Bibliography.
4. American literature—Library resources.
5. Bibliography—Bibliography—American literature.
6. Reference books—American literature—Bibliography.
7. Performing arts—Library resources.
8. Bibliography—Bibliography—Performing arts.
9. Reference books—Performing arts—Bibliography.
I. Title.
PR56.M37 1990 016.82'09 86-14675
ISBN 0-520-05161-0 (alk. paper)
ISBN 0-520-07992-2 (ppb.)

Printed in the United States of America

123456789
Hie paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Stan-
dard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
ANSI Z39.48-1984 ©
For Gisela, for Deborah, and for Anne
CONTENTS

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xvii
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Sigla xix
An Overview of the Organization of This Guide xxxi
An Overview of Entries Listing Journals xxxvii
An Overview of Entries Listing Frequently Recommended
Works and Similar Guides xxxix
A Short-Form Listing of All Main Entries xliii
Section A: General Works 1
Section B: Libraries 17
Section C: Retrospective and Current National Bibliography 35
Section D: Serial Publications 49
Section E: Miscellany 65
Section F: History and Ancilla to Historical Study 79
Section G: Biography and Biographical References 105
Section H: Archives and Manuscripts 119
Section I: Language, Linguistics, and Philology 137
Section K: Literary Materials and Contexts 161
Section L: Literature 191
Section M: English Literature 257
Section N: Medieval Literature 307
Section O: Literature of the Renaissance and Earlier Seventeenth
Century 323
Section P: Literature of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century 339
Section Q: Literature of the Nineteenth Century 349
Section R: Literature of the Twentieth Century 359
Section S: American Literature 369
Section T: Poetry and Versification 407
Section U: The Performing Arts—Theater, Drama, and Film 419
Section W: Prose Fiction and Nonfictional Prose 447
Section X: Theory, Rhetoric, and Composition 477
Section Y: Bibliography 521
Section Z: The Profession of English 541
Index of Authors, Compilers, Contributors, and Editors 573
Index of Titles 611
Index of Subjects and Authors-as-Subjects 701
PREFACE

The purpose of A Reference Guide for English Studies those supplementary descriptions, two books were pub-
is to introduce and describe unfamiliar reference lished that had similar intentions. First in 1976 came
sources that one may consult when dealing with any ref- Margaret Patterson's Literary Research Guide (see
erence question arising from current teaching or re- A-14), and then in 1977 came the United States publi-
search in any branch of English studies. For these pur- cation of Robert C. Schweik and Dieter Riesner's Ref-
poses, English studies are defined as all those subjects erence Sources in English and American Literature: An
and lines of critical and scholarly inquiry presently Annotated Bibliography (A-16), which had been issued
pursued by members of university departments of Eng- in Germany the previous year.
lish language and literature. Put more boldly, this When I compared my "summary characterizations"
work aims to provide more help to more people than with the annotations in these two books, I found that
any single reference guide we in English studies have though our intentions were similar, I had a different
hitherto possessed. view of the kind and amount of information that stu-
dents might require in a reference guide for English
HISTORY OF THE PROJECT studies. And when my students worked with first the
one and then the other published guide, they discovered
The work's title echoes that of Donald F. Bond's Ref- also that the brevity and descriptive character of their
erence Guide to English Studies, 2d ed. (1971) (see en- annotations—designed to help readers know about a
try A - l l ) , itself a more current version of the earliest work—were less helpful than my fuller and more
work of this kind, Tom Peete Cross's List of Books and dynamic, user-oriented summaries in making decisions
Articles, Chiefly Bibliographical, Designed to Serve as about which tools to consult and in what order.
an Introduction to the Bibliography and Methods of What we discovered was the difference between a
English Literary History, first published in 1919 and re- guide designed for the use of a hypothetical begin-
vised every few years through mid-century. Indeed, ner—deliberately and consistently introductory in its
the present volume began as a supplement to sheer-list perspective on the discipline—and a guide available to
student reference guides such as Bond's; the Selective the beginner but intended for a wider, more experienced
Bibliography for the Study of English and American Lit- audience and more than introductory use.
erature by Richard D. Altick and Andrew Wright, 6th
ed. (1979) (A-10); and A Concise Bibliography for Stu-
USE OF THIS GUIDE
dents of English by Arthur G. Kennedy and Donald B.
Sands, 5th ed., rev. William E. Colburn (1972) (A-12). The present work is of this more ambitious kind. It as-
My original aim was to supplement these lists with de- sumes serious use by students who are beginners only in
scriptions sufficient to alert students to the characteris- their unfamiliarity with the material and who seek more
tics and thus the potential uses of key reference works. than a passing acquaintance with the tools of their disci-
Armed with such descriptions, beginning researchers pline. For it has become my view that the best way to
would, I thought, spend less time consulting numbers of educate the apprentice is to treat him or her as a junior
works that might possibly be of use and more time using colleague. To reduce or simplify goals in order to ac-
appropriate tools to solve problems. I further anticipat- commodate the limited means of the apprentice is to
ed that instead of relying on the reference librarian, stu- shackle him or her finally with triviality, since appren-
dents would use the guidance of my descriptions to be- tices do not become masters by using dull tools or toy-
come more self-sufficient in theresearchlibrary. ing with their work. It is better in my opinion to sup-
A few years after I began composing and distributing port inexperience with patience and encouragement,
mimeographed "summary characterizations," as I called good tools, and valuable work than to falsify expecta-
Preface

tions or trivialize the work for the sake of some easy tered on one author or one work, range so widely in
sense of achievement. treatment as to constitute essential, or at least frequently
A case in point was my decision to include foreign- recommended, reading for students of a particular peri-
language materials in this guide wherever I found them od or genre (as, for example, Tolkien on Beowulf,
to be without English-language equivalents or to be Brower on Pope, or Ellmann on Joyce). Access to such
otherwise worthy of note. To exclude all or most non- works is easiest through the author-as-subject entries in
English-language reference materials on the grounds the Index of Subjects.
that English-speaking students lack foreign languages is This guide only occasionally cites article-length mate-
to misrepresent the fact that scholars do indeed miss rials, on the grounds that most articles of surpassing
valuable resources under such circumstances. I did not value become anthologized or develop into books—and
want simultaneously to regret linguistic provinciality many such collections and books are cited in lists of fre-
and to construct a reference work that made competence quently recommended works. There are, however, oc-
in foreign languages seem unnecessary for serious casional exceptions to this limitation, dictated by my
scholarship. judgment that in a particular case an article is in fact of
such importance or stands so utterly alone in its field as
This example holds by analogy with my reasoning to make citation necessary.
throughout this guide, where sophisticated works used
by the advanced scholar are cited along with more ac-
cessible, elementary tools. OTHER USES OF THIS GUIDE
This work is not intended to be of particular use to the The primary use of this guide, then, is to locate appro-
specialist in his or her own field. But it should prove priate tools to consult for a particular reference ques-
informative whenever questions arise about adjacent or tion. But it does have other uses. Because of its scope
ancillary fields. The book therefore retains something it provides a survey map of reference resources in con-
of its original character as an information source for the temporary English studies. Thus it will offer an initial
uninitiated, but it also acknowledges that even the most reference bibliography for any field or subfield of Eng-
experienced scholar may be an apprentice outside what lish studies, including both basic and advanced refer-
seem to be increasingly narrow fields of primary spe- ence tools, and both scholarly journals and frequently
cialization. In addition, the publication explosion of recommended scholarly books. Again, the specialist
scholarly reference works during the last decades makes would not look here for that bibliography, having long
it possible that even in the familiar territory of a special- since become aware of the tools of his or her trade. But
ization the scholar will find here some unfamiliar works the apprentice preparing for an examination in, say,
that supplement or complement tools already well- English romanticism and the visitor from another spe-
known and used. Or the scholar may notice here unre- cialization suddenly assigned to design and teach a
cognized features or unexplored uses for works already course in children's literature, or a survey of common-
consulted regularly. In short, this work has been pre- wealth literature, or a general education course in the art
pared on the assumption that one reference guide might of biography will turn with profit to the relevant sec-
properly serve both the student and the scholar—terms tions of this guide.
that I have long thought nearly synonymous. Because of my intention to help the English-studies re-
Because of its broad scope die contents of this volume searcher become self-sufficient in the library, this guide
are difficult to characterize in themselves, for it is less also provides librarians with a fairly comprehensive in-
their nature and more the scholarly functions they might troduction to and overview of a contemporary English
serve that have led to their inclusion. Thus, where studies reference collection. In comparison with gener-
there are no available alternatives, works that are poorly al reference guides such as Sheehy (A-20), Walford
organized, inaccurate, or significantly out of date are (A-21), Malctes (A-22), or Totok (A-23), this guide is
included (with appropriate cautions). Where, on the more specialized. It includes a wider range of tools and
contrary, numerous works are available, the effort has describes them from a more specific point of view—that
been one of selectivity: appearing here will be the most of the research scholar. Thus it would be an appropriate
current, the most accurate, the best organized, and the resource for more specialized reference librarians, those
most useful of the lot. There is, in other words, a concerned exclusively with English studies, or lan-
marked inequality among items included in this guide: guages and literatures, or even humanities reference.
in common i s only my judgment of their utility as re-
sources for a particular class of scholarly reference CAUTIONS ABOUT INTENTIONS
questions. Few works are cited that are concerned with
one author or one work. The exceptions include Chau- Given such broad purposes and extensive uses, it may
cer (see entries N-45, N-47), Shakespeare (see 0 - 4 0 be well to indicate forcefully what this volume is not in-
through 0-59), and Milton (see 0-28). Further excep- tended to do. First, it does not claim bibliographical
tions include the two guides to major-author reference authority. While pains have been taken to make entries
works (see M-60 and S-50). Finally there are occa- bibliographically accurate, my central concern and prin-
sional biographical or critical works that, though cen- cipal occupation have been to make them informative.
 Prtface xi

Readers needing precise citations will therefore wish to arrangement, and special features. In addition, supple-
verify bibliographical information for all entries by con- mentary and complementary works are cited, along
sulting standard authorities such as the National Union with cross-references to otherwise related tools.
Catalog (see B-10 and B-l 1). For further guidance about the character and use of a
A second use to which this guide should not be put is particular reference work (and, given the caveats sug-
as a closed bibliography aiming at anything like com- gested above, to compare my annotations with addition-
pleteness. As a guide, it is, in fact, extremely selec- al or alternative sources of opinion) users are referred to
tive, even in the reference works it cites. The rationale section E. VI, Reviews, and to the Index of Subjects en-
for an item's inclusion is its utility as a current reference tries under "Reviews" and "Bibliographic essays."
source and not simply the fact of its existence. And The character of my annotations is deliberately dynam-
though I may have overlooked works that should be ad- ic, as they are intended to provide prospective users of a
mitted under that principle, missing items, particularly reference work with information concerning it. The
if published before 198S, may have been considered prospective user will find my annotations sufficiently
and silently excluded on the grounds that something extensive to form what will turn out to be accurate ex-
more useful was available. While I might have ap- pectations about a work's utility. Some white space has
pended a list of the hundreds of works thus considered also been left for users of this guide to add further anno-
but excluded, I decided that such a list would serve too tation of their own.
narrow a purpose for the space it would take and the of- A second type of entry lists scholarly journals in partic-
fense it might cause. Suffice it to say, then, that many ular fields. The most recent title of the journal is given
more inclusive bibliographies of reference tools are (along with some previous titles); the current place of
available in such standard works as Howard-Hill (M-l, publication and publisher are cited (along with some
0-45), the New Cambridge Bibliography of English former places and publishers); the beginning date and
Literature ( M - l l , N - l l , 0-11, P - l l , Q - l l , and frequency (or range of frequencies) of publication are
R - l l ) , Nilon (S-l), and the Literary History of the given; whether the journal includes reviews or a current
United States (S-10), to mention only four leading bibliography is indicated; and whether and where it is
works of wide-ranging scope and much broader princi- cumulatively indexed is stated. The user should not (to
ples of inclusion (though they differ significantly one
repeat) rely on these entries only. For full, bibliographi-
from another in this regard).
cally authoritative publishing histories of each cited
The third and most serious misunderstanding of this journal, see the Union List of Serials (D-90) and New
volume would be to see it as somehow presenting or Serial Titles (D-91), along with other serials authorities
representing a consensus or corporate evaluation of the described in section D. See section D, also, for entries
reference system for English studies. For good or ill, on general periodical indexes and guides to indexing
this massive volume remains the work of a single indi- and abstracting services that might cover a particular
vidual. It has, then, a degree of coherence and even- journal.
ness of treatment that no guide composed by a commit- In these journal lists, my effort has been to strike a bal-
tee could hope to have. At the same time this single ance between including every possible journal in a field
perspective is an obvious limitation, for no individual, and including only the most important. There are nearly
however indefatigable, can hope to provide either the fifty such lists of journals interspersed through the vari-
depth or the range attainable in a large collaborative ous sections and subsections of this volume; a master
project. It may be that a subsequent edition of this list appears on page xxxvii.
guide—one informed and corrected by the help of its The third type of entry is the guide list of frequently
users and critics in all specialities—will be able to carry recommended works in a particular field. The purpose
a more general authority than is currently possible. In- of these lists is to present handy working bibliogra-
deed, such a broadly based, authoritative guide to refer- phies. Authors, tides, and places and dates of publica-
ence sources for English studies remains a desideratum. tion are indicated, along with Library of Congress call
But the present volume must be regarded as a single numbers. While every specialist will know of items
individual's view of what, in the interim, will be most that might readily be added or deleted from each list,
helpful. few will find that an included item has no serious claim
to a potential user's attention or that an item generally
thought indispensable is missing. I urge users to regard
ENTRY TYPES
these lists with all the suspicion proper to bibliographies
There are three types of entries in this guide. First and assembled by a nonspecialist. In working with this type
most frequent are entries concerned with a single work of entry especially the user should remember the
of scholarly reference. Basic bibliographical informa- caveats mentioned above and that this book presents the
tion is provided along with a description of the refer- judgments of a single individual. There are about ISO
ence work's history, purpose, principles of inclusion, such lists interspersed throughout the various sections
xii Preface

and subsections of this guide; a master list appears on traditional periods of English literary study (Section
pages xxxix-xlii. N—Medieval, Section O—Renaissance, Section
One subclass of entries in this category consists of the Q—Nineteenth Century); and the always anomalous
guides to major English and American authors (at M-60 field of American Literature—Section S.
and S-50 respectively). As is true of every other evalu- I have placed new fields of study within sections where
ative decision made in completing this guide, the desig- they seemed to find a plausible location (e.g. Folklore,
nation of "major" status reflects my own judgment of Symbology, and Intellectual History in Section
where to draw the line. These lists could be enlarged K—Literary Materials and Contexts; Children's Litera-
easily and almost as easily contracted. In this case, as ture and Women's Studies in Section J,—Literature;
in so many others, a degree of arbitrariness is simply Commonwealth Literature in Section M—English Lit-
unavoidable and might as well not be disguised. In erature; Chicano Literature in Section S—American
view of the ongoing, radical expansion of the canon, Literature; and Structuralism and Deconstruction within
these sections will undoubtedly seem among the most Section X—Literary Criticism and Literary Theory).
conservative elements in this work, a work in which I And I have relied throughout on my intention that the
have constantly tried to steer a moderate course between user would begin an inquiry with the Index of Subjects
the tradition of English studies and the immediate scene rather than the Table of Contents, knowing that the in-
in all of its tumultuous vitality. dex format would allow me most readily to point out
where tools on particular topics or texts were located,
since an inquirer's topic or text might include works
ARRANGEMENT
found in half-a-dozen or more locations within this vol-
Every reference work expresses its author's conception ume. Such reliance, I thought, freed me from having to
of the field it covers, and this work is no exception. But design a table of contents by either ignoring or having to
to interpret my expression correctly, some metadis- settle the very issues that make English studies today so
course may prove helpful. I think it within neither my exciting and so intractable. My arrangement is thus an
province nor my prerogative to predict the no-doubt re- act of evasion which is also, I believe, an act of appro-
lated outcomes of the current critical wars in literary priate modesty. Mediating between the evasions of the
theory and the current contentions for control of the in- table of contents and the multiple access points of the
stitutions of English studies. Nor have I wished to de- index are the numerous cross-references, designed to
fine the ultimate relationship which will emerge be- guide a user to such related materials as I imagined
tween English studies as practiced during the last twen- would most likely interest him or her.
ty years and the tradition of studies which have gone be-
Main entries, lists of journals, and lists of frequently
fore. I have, however, accepted the dual obligations to
recommended works are arranged, then, in twenty-four
represent available reference tools, many of which
major sections from A to Z (excluding J and V). With-
emerge from traditions of study no longer current, and
in sections, entries are further disposed into subsec-
to represent possible reference queries which will
tions. In general, the sequence of entries moves from
emanate not only from the immediate present, but from
more general to more specific works and from more dis-
the foreseeable future of English studies, whatever their
tant subjects and types of tools to those more immedi-
various contemporary forms will take. I thus envision a
ately and narrowly related to English studies. The lists
large and relatively stable terrain, with relaxed but de-
of scholarly journals and of frequently recommended
terminate, well-traveled borders to neighboring fields,
works generally come near the end of the sections or
which has recently been disturbed by natural disasters,
subsections to which they pertain.
zoning changes, and the arrival of various new inhabi-
tants, variously related, whose presence is of uncertain Sections A through E concern the most general sorts of
duration and significance. bibliographical and reference tools: bibliographies of
bibliographies; general reference guides; encyclopedias;
The arrangement of this guide is accordingly complex. library guides; national bibliographies; periodical bibli-
I have chosen a table of contents which allows a set of ographies, indexes, and finding lists; tools useful in lo-
twenty-four unequal sections (not called or considered cating and using dissertations, microforms, reprints, re-
co-equal chapters) on whole large topics of interest views, composite books, dictionaries of anonyms and
(Section B—Libraries, Section F— History and Ancil- pseudonyms, and both films and spoken recordings
lae to Historical Studies, Section Z—The Profession of from literary works. Sections F, G, and H treat history
English); broad general classes of reference works (Sec- and ancillae to historical study; biography and ancillae
tion A—General Reference Guides, Section C—Na- to biographical study; and manuscripts and archives,
tional Bibliography, Section D—Serial Publications); along with aids for their study. Section I, on language,
large general categories of literary study (Section linguistics, and philology, is followed by section K on
I—Language, Linguistics, and Philology; Section literary materials and contexts, including reference
K—Literary Materials and Contexts; Section U— The- works in the fields of folklore, mythology, Bible study,
atre and Drama; Section W—Prose and Prose Fiction);
 Preface xiii

proverbs, quotations, symbology, and stoff und motiv- nonfictional prose of the period. Subsections within
geschichte. The guides to historical contexts which the three genre sections include the major subgenres.
conclude section K list in one place standard works in Subsections in section L treat the major literatures of the
social and cultural history; works on costume and world; those in section M treat each of the major Com-
courtesy; works on the history of taste and related prob- monwealth English literatures; those in section S treat
lems; works on intellectual history and the history of each of the major regional and ethnic American litera-
ideas; and finally studies in the history of learning, in- tures. The Overview of the Organization of this Guide
cluding education, scholarship, and librarianship. (pp. xxxi-xxxvi) will aid the user in grasping this orga-
These lists alone make it imperative that users not ex- nization more completely.
pect to find all works pertinent to a certain broad subject In arrangement of sections and sub-sections, I sought
area—Eighteenth-century studies, for example—enu- to steer a middle course between an overly simple and
merated in one place. Many are in section P, on the an overly elaborate organization. A very simple organi-
Restoration and Eighteenth Century, to be sure, but oth- zation would have been entirely inadequate; a fully sys-
ers are here in section K, and there are pertinent works tematic arrangement would have left users entangled by
in a dozen other sections, all of which are identified in complexity. Thus there are numerous divisions and sub-
the Index of Subjects. divisions, but I have not sought to make them all follow
Section L begins the specifically literary focus of this a single system of categories; they are convenient rather
guide and treats general and comparative literature; gen- than logical divisions and are meant to be overstepped
eral literary dictionaries; classical studies; and modern or ignored as necessary in an individual researcher's use
languages and literatures (except for the English lan- of the work.
guage and its literatures); along with the newest fields Still there should be no illusions about the value of this
of general literature: children's literature, and women arrangement. It is a relatively flexible and thus fairly re-
and literature. Section M treats English literature, with alistic way of organizing a vast, various, and ever-
separate sections on Scottish, Welsh, and Irish studies, expanding volume of materials. I do not mean for the
along with Commonwealth literature and world litera- Short-Form Listing of all main entries (pp. xliii-lxxii) to
ture written in English. Sections N through R cover the be the only or even the best (though it will probably be
traditional periods of English literary history: medieval, the most frequently used) means of access to the con-
Renaissance, Restoration and eighteenth century, nine- tents of this volume. And I suspect that the experi-
teenth century, and twentieth century. enced user will not treat it as such.
Section S treats American literature, with sections on Given the Guide's functional emphasis and the multi-
local and regional literature and on ethnic American plicity of uses to which almost any reference tool can be
languages and literatures. The genres follow in sections put, experienced users will learn to turn first to the de-
T through W, treating poetry and versification; drama, tailed Index of Subjects. There in a single alphabet will
theater, and film; and prose fiction and nonfictional be found the most convenient means of locating all the
prose respectively. Section X concerns reference tools likely to be worth considering for a particular ref-
works in the fields of literary theory, rhetoric, and com- erence question. Index entries include not only the
position; Y includes the fields of analytic and enumera- subject matter of reference works but also terms refer-
tive bibliography, textual criticism, the history of the ring to their type ("indexes and indexing—newspaper,"
book, book collecting, and libraries and librarianship. "student bibliographical guides"); their arrangement
Section Z, finally, treats works concerning the profes- ("arrangement—chronological"); and the character of
sion of English, including historical studies, directories their entries ("short-title catalogs," "bibliography, de-
of scholars, expositions of purposes and methods of scriptive").
scholarship, and guides to research, to research meth- In addition to the Index of Subjects, users will find an
ods and techniques, to computer-assisted research, to Index of Authors, Compilers, Contributors, and Edi-
grants and fellowships, to publication, to the job mar- tors; and an Index of Titles. There are also cross-refer-
ket, to pedagogy, and to alternative careers. It thus ences at the beginnings of most sections and subsections
brings the arrangement back full circle to the broadest and cross-references within entries. These constitute
and most general contexts for the work of English stud- yet another means of reorganizing this guide. My prac-
ies. tice in cross-referencing has been to cite a work under
Within these twenty-four major sections, arrangement any heading where it makes a fundamental contribution,
generally moves from guides and reviews of research to either because it is itself a major tool (but classed in an-
standard closed and serial bibliographies, to other refer- other section where it is also of the first importance) or
ence works, such as encyclopedias, companions, dictio- because the paucity of available works is such as to
naries , and standard reference histories. Subsections of make it an essential resource, though it is a work of
sections concerned with one period of literary history more general utility. Cross-references between period
treat works on the poetry, drama, prose fiction, and and genre listings are examples of the first type; repe-
xiv Preface

ated cross-references to the MLA International Bibliog- is among several that together constitute the history of
raphy (L-50), the MHRA's Annual Bibliography of the genre. Thus Hallet Smith's Elizabethan Poetry is at
English Language and Literature (M-21), the Year's T-49; Robert D. Hume's Development of English Dra-
Work in English Studies (M-22), and American Liter- ma in the Late Seventeenth Century is at U-80; and Ka-
ary Scholarship: An Annual (S-13) are examples of the thleen Tillotson's Novels of the Eighteen-Forties is at
second sort of cross-reference. W-49.
The full entry for each reference work appears, how- American literature is treated in a separate section,
ever, only once in the volume, in the place where it though works relevant to its study are found in virtually
seemed to me most appropriately cited. These judg- every section of this volume. When a work treats
ments are not always obvious in their logic, however, American or indeed another of the world literatures
and I have had to rely on a number of rules according to written in English along with British literature, it will
which I have placed certain items. most likely be found in section M, along with other
If a work is confined to one literary period (or a part of works concerned exclusively with English (that is, Brit-
a period), its main entry is placed within the section ish) literature. But the user with a question concerning
concerning that period. Thus, the Old English Newslet- some particular aspect of American literature or Ameri-
ter is in section N, on medieval literature, subsection on can studies would best consult the Index of Subjects,
Anglo-Saxon (N-22); the journal Contemporary Litera- where references are made from a multiplicity of sub-
ture is in the list of scholarly journals in section R, on ject terms, rather than the table of contents, where each
the twentieth century (R-18); and the standard work of item if cited at all can be cited, alas, only once, no mat-
F. O. Matthiessen on the American Renaissance is in ter its complexity or variety.
the list of frequently recommended works on American
literature (S-19). OTHER FEATURES
If a work is confined tr one genie, the work is in the
section concerned with that genre. Thus Ian Watt's Standard abbreviations and short titles for journals and
The Rise of the Novel is among frequently recommend- major reference works are given in brackets after the
ed works on the novel in section W, on prose and prose full title. Also provided, when possible, are Library of
fiction (W-9), rather than in eighteenth-century stud- Congress call numbers. Note, however, that LC num-
ies, though no serious student of the eighteenth century bers are uniform only in their first elements, the letters
will want to miss reading it, even if its scope is ulti- and numbers that identify the subject area of the work.
mately broader than a treatment of the eighteenth- Subsequent elements (and particularly those identifying
century novel. In contrast, Ronald Paulson's Satire authors and editions) may vary slightly in other libraries
and the Novel in Eighteenth Century England is cited that nevertheless use the LC system. The numbers cit-
among the frequentiy recommended works for ed here are those actually used at the Library of Con-
eighteenth-century studies (P-19), for though it treats gress, where most of the work of preparing this Guide
the novel, its treatment is confined to novels of the eigh- took place. Most users will find the deviation from this
teenth century. But Paulson's Fictions of Satire, which number at their research library relatively slight and
treats some eighteenth-century novels, is in section W, will, therefore, have use for this feature.
among frequently recommended works on satire Here and there some not-yet-published works are cit-
(W-159), for its focus is broadly generic. ed, but only when they are likely to be worth consulting
If a work treats one genre in one period, as in the above as soon as they are published—that is, when they fill a
example, the entry is in the genre subsection of that gap in existing resources.
period's section. A frequent exception is when such a Features that some reference guides have included but
work helps to constitute what might be regarded as a that I have excluded are citation of Dewey decimal
multivolume series, in which case it will be cited in the numbers (on the grounds of their infrequent use in re-
genre section. The London Stage 1660-1800, search libraries); reference to the rapidly changing facts
1800-1900, and 1890- will be found in section U, on of microform versions or reprints (see the pertinent ref-
drama and theater (U-77, U-78, U-79), rather than in erence tools in section E.IV, on microforms, and E.V,
sections P, Q, and R. Similarly, Chambers's Elizabe- on reprints); and reference to the even more rapidly
than Stage, though it is as essential a work of reference changing facts of publication: prices, paperback edi-
for the student of Renaissance drama as the stage calen- tions, and in-print status (see tools in section C such as
dars are for students of eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and Books in Print, C-39).
twentieth-century theater, will nevertheless be found in
section U beside his work on the medieval stage and the SOME PECULIARITIES
works of Bentley on the seventeenth-century stage and
Harbage on Cavalier drama (U-73, U-74, U-75, One oddity that users will probably regret, but which I
U-76). Another important exception is when the work found expedient for indexing and other purposes, is my
decision to delete initial definite and indefinite articles
 Prtface XV

in English-language titles except in the titles of works of have given advice freely on most sections and whose
literature. Another peculiarity is my decision to exclude help is acknowledged below. But the University of
lists of frequentlyrecommendedworks from the index- California Press and I recognize the opportunity that
ing process, save that die general subjects of those lists only publishing creates to secure the advice of hundreds
are included in the subject index. of colleagues about errors of exclusion and inclusion,
There are also peculiarities arising from the once errors of fact, of emphasis, and of judgment. We will
ground-breaking but now antiquated main-frame word be grateful for the receipt of all such advice and hope to
processing and document design programs through incorporate it in a revised edition. Needless to say, all
which this book has been typeset. These include unu- such errorsremainmy sole responsibility.
sual hyphenation practices, particularly in foreign lan- It is difficult ever to let a book of this sort be pub-
guage words, and sufficient formatting difficulty to lished. As has been true for each of the last twelve
make it necessary sometimes to accept tides in one col- years of work on A Reference Guide for English Stud-
umn whose description is in another. While an effort ies, yet another year's tinkering will certainly improve
has been made to over-ride these automatic inelegan- it. But there is no end to such effort, and every year of
cies, it has not been possible always to catch or to cure tinkering brings on another year's worth of revised,
them. supplemented, and new reference works that must be
One consequence of the unusual manner in which this evaluated for inclusion. As it is, the entries in this vol-
book has been typeset is that it has taken several years ume are current only through 1985 or so, though I have
to complete the process. While an effort has been made considerable effort to cite later items as they came
made to add important new titles, they have sometimes to my attention. Because the entire text is stored on
for convenience sake been appended as ancillary titles computer, it has been possible continuously to revise
to an earlier entry when they should under more flexible and update it until the point at which camera-ready copy
circumstances have changed places and become main was generated, roughly six months before actual publi-
entries themselves. cation. Still, if this book succeeds in being the guide I
I am aware, also, of the unfortunate peculiarity that have intended to write, a later edition will certainly im-
this volume fails consistendy to practice nonsexist us- prove on this one.
age, particularly in my more than occasional employ- I cannot conclude this Preface without referring users
ment of masculine pronouns andreferencesin their "ge- to the Acknowledgments. Though {his has been a sin-
neric" sense. I have myself only recently been able to gle and quite lonely project, my work has been sup-
acknowledge the offensiveness of this practice and I ported at every turn by colleagues and Mends. Without
apologize for it. I am also aware of, but was unable to their interest, encouragement, and help, I would never
act on the need to change "Afro-American" references have been able to bring it even to this provisional con-
to the preferred designation of "African-American." clusion.

College Park, Maryland Michael J. Marcuse

FURTHER CONCERNS December 1989
Although I have worked alone on this guide, I have not
been without the benefit of colleagues and friends who
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Your Imperial and Royal Majesty's
faithful servant and subject
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand,
Prince de Benevento.

SIGNATURE OF EMPRESS
MARIE LOUISE AS REGENT,
JULY, 1813.
 A.L.S. OF JOSEPH BONAPARTE,
AFTERWARDS KING OF SPAIN,
JANUARY, 1806.
In this letter, dated April 20, 1808, Talleyrand conveys to the
Emperor, then at Bayonne, his congratulations on the birth of the
future Emperor, Napoleon III., at which he was present, and it must
have been written the very day when that event took place. In his
"Life of Napoleon III.," at page 10, the late Mr. Archibald Forbes
writes thus: "It was on the afternoon of April 20, 1808, in her hôtel
in the Rue Cérutti, now the banking-house of the Rothschilds in the
Rue Lafitte, that Queen Hortense gave birth to her third son, the
future Napoleon III. The Empress was then at Bordeaux and the
Emperor at Bayonne. Talleyrand, with other high officers, had been
commanded by Napoleon to be present at the impending
accouchement of Queen Hortense. She thus notes regarding him:
'The visit of M. de Talleyrand aggravated my nervous state. He
constantly wore powder, the scent of which was so strong that when
he approached me I was nearly suffocated.' Talleyrand looked down
solemnly on the new-born infant; some thirty years later, in Lady
Tankerville's drawing-room in London, he did not choose to
recognise the son of Hortense. The heir of the Empire was then an
exile, and Talleyrand was serving a new master."

A.L.S. OF TALLEYRAND IN PARIS TO

NAPOLEON I. AT BAYONNE
CONGRATULATING HIM ON THE BIRTH
OF NAPOLEON III., AT WHICH HE HAD
BEEN PRESENT, APRIL, 1808.
 LETTER SIGNED BY THE EMPRESS
JOSEPHINE, 3 VENTOSE AN X
(FEBRUARY 22, 1802).
I possess letters and documents signed by Napoleon in Egypt (1798-
99), at Rambouillet (1807), at Bayonne (1808), and on a pardon
(1812). Possibly the finest is on a letter written in 1805 from the
camp at Boulogne. I paid £5 for this; it is worth at least five times as
much now. Letters of most of Napoleon's Marshals vary in value
from 10s. to 20s. The rarest are those of Desaix (killed at Marengo)
and Poniatowski (drowned in the Elster in 1813). They are worth
from £3 to £5. An autograph letter of the Duc d'Enghien would
probably bring its owner £20. I gave £5 for a good L.S. Letters of
Murat are worth from 15s. to 20s. I bought the letter written to
Napoleon by him for 12s. 6d. in England. Letters of Eliza Bonaparte
and Marshal Masséna are now somewhat hard to procure, as those
of the former are purchased by an historian, while the present
holder of the title of the Prince d'Essling is credited with being a
liberal buyer of the MSS. of his gallant ancestor.

A.L.S. OF MARSHAL NEY, PARIS,

DECEMBER 23, 1813.
 EXERCISE OF THE KING OF
ROME, DUKE DE REICHSTADT,
CIRCA 1827.
As regards the Roi de Rome (Napoleon II.), I have already referred
to his exercise-books. If he had lived he would have had a rival in
the Comte de Chambord, of whose early compositions I now give an
example. His handwriting was excellent. Few boys at eight write
anything like as well:—
Exercise of Count de Chambord, 1820-83.
François Premier après avoir vaillamment combattu sous
les murs de Pavie, fut fait prisonnier par les Espagnols. Ce
roy chevalier annonça son malheur à sa mère par ces
mots écrits sur le champ de bataille 'Tout est perdu fors
l'honneur.' Il fut conduit en Espagne et mené à Madrid où
il fut gardé dans un château. Charlequint l'y laissa long
temps sans l'aller voir.
St. Cloud le 18 Juillet 1828.
Nearly half a century later the writer preferred to lose his chances of
a throne rather than renounce the white flag of his ancestors. If I
mistake not he used the very words of Francis I. recorded on the
copy-book page now in my possession!

PORTION OF ESSAY ON GUNNERY

WRITTEN BY THE LATE PRINCE
IMPERIAL OF FRANCE WHILE A
CADET AT THE WOOLWICH
MILITARY ACADEMY.
Ordinary letters of Napoleon III. and the Empress Eugénie are priced
at figures varying from £l to £5. Like Napoleon I., the heir to the
Napoleonic traditions was an industrious letter-writer. I possess
many examples of his letters, ranging from 1830 to 1870. Here is
one written during his detention in Germany:—
Wilhelmshoe le 29 Oct. 1870
Mon cher Lord Alfred,—Je suis bien touché de votre bon
souvenir; les sentiments qui renferme la lettre que vous
avez bien voulu m'adresser m'ont fait grand plaisir et je
vous remercie des nouvelles que vous me donnez de
l'Imperatrice et de mon fils.
C'est une vrai consolation pour moi dans mon malheur
que de recevoir des preuves de sympathie comme les
votres, et je vous prie de dire à Lady Paget combien je
suis sensible à son souvenir. Je vous prie aussi de vouloir
bien vous charger de la lettre ci-jointe pour Sir John
Burgoyne. Il m'a écrit une lettre très aimable, mais on m'a
pas donné une adresse, et je perir à le remercier.
Recevez, mon cher Lord Alfred l'assurance de mes
sentiments d'amitié.
Napoléon.

PAGE OF A.L.S. OF
NAPOLEON III. TO DR.
 O'MEARA, MARCH 9, 1836.

SKETCH BY THE LATE PRINCE

IMPERIAL, CIRCA 1866.
Autograph letters of the Prince Imperial fetch very high prices indeed
—anything from £5 upwards. The fine essay written by him at the
Royal Military College, Woolwich, is worth quite twice that sum.
Letters of the Empress Eugénie are now generally priced higher than
those of her husband, and I have known as much as £10 asked for
one. Her Majesty is, or was, a zealous collector of autographs.
Twenty years ago she was credited with possessing several letters of
Catherine of Aragon, and a letter from Henry VII. to King and Queen
Ferdinand and Isabella, of the highest historical importance.
Fine letters of Louis XVIII., Charles X., and Louis Philippe can be
obtained for a pound or less, and the correspondence of the
statesmen who served under them is even cheaper. I gave 20 francs
for a very confidential letter written to the last-named monarch by
Count Molé (1781-1853) in July, 1835. It begins thus:—
Sire,—His Majesty will probably recollect that by means of
a little monthly arrangement I have very nearly silenced
the grape-shot of the Morning Chronicle, obtaining
occasionally even favourable mention. I have undertaken
now and then to obtain news paragraphs from London.
Here is the first. It is curious, very curious indeed. I
 believe in the truth of its contents. I have opened up
relations with The Times.
At this point he suddenly drops the subject, and enlarges on certain
gossip from the German Courts and the lack of intelligence shown by
the War Minister, General Bernard.

A.L.S. OF ADMIRAL BRUEYS, THE

FRENCH ADMIRAL COMMANDING-
IN-CHIEF, WHO WAS KILLED AT
TRAFALGAR, DATED MAY 25,
1797.
The official letters of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods are
often distinguished by engraved vignettes of great artistic beauty.
The designs of the earlier ones are often classical. The letters of
naval officers are often headed by a medallion on which a Roman
galley figures conspicuously. It was by carefully studying the sale
catalogues that I obtained the letter of Talleyrand to Napoleon at an
outlay of 27 francs. For 52 francs I purchased in the open market
one of the earliest official letters of Villeneuve to the Minister of
Marine at Paris, after the battle of the Nile.
Some of the autographs of the Revolution fetch very high prices.
Letters of Mirabeau are comparatively cheap, but those of the
Robespierres and Anacharsis Cloots command almost as much as
those of Montesquieu. Letters of Madame Roland and Marat are also
much in request. Autographs of Charlotte Corday are probably more
valuable than those of Marie Antoinette.

TWO SIGNATURES OF MARIE

ANTOINETTE ON A WARRANT,
OCTOBER, 1783.
 A.L.S. OF NAPOLEON III. TO
LORD ALFRED PAGET FROM
WILHELMSHOHE, OCTOBER 29,
1870.
In the early part of the nineteenth century MSS. of every description
were sold at prices which now seem incredible. Miss Berry tells us
that the "Deffand collection of letters and documents consisting of 1
folio of œuvres de Boufflers; 1 do. of letters from different persons;
2 do. of letters from Voltaire to Madame de Deffand; 1 do. Journal of
do.; 1 do. divers ouvrages of do.; 5 large bundles of manuscript
papers; 1 packet containing several hundred letters from Voltaire,
Rousseau, Delille, Montesquieu, de Staël, Walpole, Henault, and 7
large packets containing 800 letters from Madame de Deffand to
Horace Walpole were sold in one lot to Dyce Sombre for £157."
Lucky Nabob! I may say without indiscretion that the single letter
from Napoleon to Talleyrand mentioned at the opening of this
chapter obtained a better price. Letters of Voltaire are worth from £1
to £5 each. I gave 10 francs for the apothecary's account for the
embalming of his body prior to its inhumation in the Pantheon. The
following letter in English from Voltaire to Lord Chesterfield—
certainly a rarity—cost me £3 3s.:—
Voltaire to the Earl of Chesterfield.
À FERNEY PAR GENEVE,
5 August 1761.
my Lord,—give me leave to apply from the foot of the Alps
to the english nobleman whose wit is the most adapted to
the taste of every nation. j have in my old age a sort of
conformity with you. tis not in point of wit, but in point of
ears, mine are much hard too. the consolation of deaf
people is to read, and sometimes to scribble. j have as a
scribbler, made a prety curious commentary on many
tragedies of corneille. t'is my duty since the gran daughter
of corneille is in my house.
if there was a gran daughter of Shakespear j would
subscribe for her. j hope those who take ponticheré will
take subscriptions too. the work is prodigeously cheap and
no money is to be given but at the reception of the book
nurse receives the names of the subscribers. yr name will
be the most honourable and the dearest to me.
I wish yr lordship long life, good eyes and good stomak.
my lord souvenez vous de votre ancien serviteur Voltaire
qui vous est attaché comme s'il était a londres.
The original spelling of the letter has been preserved.

FIRST PAGE OF LETTER IN

ENGLISH FROM VOLTAIRE TO
EARL OF CHESTERFIELD, FERNEY,
AUGUST 5, 1761.
It is needless to discuss the value of such priceless treasures as the
autographs of Rabelais and Molière, the subjects of so much
discussion and (if truth be told) so much deception. Like the
signatures of Shakespeare, they may be described as the Koh-i-
noors of calligraphy. They do not come within the domain of
practical autograph collecting.
XI

A CENTURY
OF AMERICAN
AUTOGRAPH
COLLECTING

CHAPTER XI
A CENTURY OF AMERICAN AUTOGRAPH
COLLECTING
The great collectors and collections of the United States—
The autograph sale-rooms of New York, Boston, and
Philadelphia
"How very inconsiderate some of our great people have
been in the matter of epistolary correspondence! If
Thomas Lynch, jun., and Button Gwinnett, and John
Morton had only understood the feelings of a collector,
they would surely have favoured their friends more
frequently with an A.L.S. or even an A.N.S. When they
were signing the Declaration on that warm July afternoon,
and committing themselves to the famous fallacy that 'all
men are created equal,' they might have foreseen the day
when every American collector would begin his
 colligendering career by gathering 'signers.'"—Adrian H.
Joline.
If the conscript fathers of autograph collecting can be fairly claimed
by the country of their birth, the majority of their most ardent and
enthusiastic successors are to be found to-day on the other side of
the Atlantic. It is in New York, Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, San
Francisco, St. Louis, Savannah, and elsewhere that one must now
look for many of the choicest and most priceless literary MSS. in
existence, and it is obvious that the New World has in a measure
become the guardian of many of the traditions and treasures of the
Old. Before me lie the calendar of the Emmet collection of papers
relating to American history, presented some ten years ago to the
New York Public Library, which fills no less than 563 closely printed
pages; next to it is the catalogue, in three parts, of the Louis J.
Haber collection, sold in December, 1909, by the Anderson Auction
Company of New York, the successors of the historic firm of Bangs;
the monograph, "Privately Illustrated Books," by Daniel M. Tredwell,
of New York—the largest and most carefully written book on the
subject yet produced in America (475 pages, handsomely printed in
De Vinne's best style), the exhaustive catalogue of that treasure-
house of Southern history, beneath the laurel and jasmines of
historic "Wormsloe," Georgia, recently sent me by Wimberley J. De
Renne; the already often-referred-to "Meditations" of Mr. Adrian H.
Joline; the standard American book, "Autographic Collections of the
Signers of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution," by
the late Lyman C. Draper, LL.D., the interesting MSS. so carefully
arranged by Chas. De F. Burns, of New York, whose knowledge of
early American collecting is very great; and, last but not least, a pile
of valuable notes and statistics from the pen of my excellent friend
Mr. Telamon Cuyler, without whose aid the present chapter could
never have been written. My initial difficulty is a plethora of
interesting information. I must not even attempt to summarise the
autographic trophies to be found in such famous libraries as those of
Mr. Pierpont Morgan, Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet (at the present
moment the Nestor of the world's great collectors of MSS.), Mr. W. J.
De Renne of Wormsloe, or Mr. W. H. Bexby of St. Louis.
Dr. Emmet, now the most vigorous octogenarian in New York, and
divided only by a single generation from the Irish patriot of 1804 (his
uncle), forms a living link between the days of Israel K. Tefft of
Savannah, the pioneer of American autograph collecting, whose
library was sold half a century ago in Philadelphia, and men like Mr.
Louis J. Haber, Mr. Bexby, and Mr. Telamon Cuyler himself; for is not
my enthusiastic confrère himself the proud possessor of a holograph
document containing seven times the name of Button Gwinnett? To
nine-tenths of my lay readers the mention of B. Gwinnett, who was
killed in a duel in May, 1777, and T. Lynch, drowned at sea in the
same fateful year, will probably have no particular signification. Let
me tell them that if they could discover a fine autograph letter, duly
signed, of either of these signers of the Declaration of American
Independence, they may consider themselves provided for for life,
and far richer than the owners of red and blue "Post Office
Mauritius," "Hawaian blues," or other priceless rariora dear to the
votaries of philately!
The great majority of American autograph collectors apparently
utilise their letters and documents for the purposes of extra-
illustration, or the creation of "association-books."[66] Although the
arrangement of autographs on these lines does not receive the
whole-hearted sanction of Mr. Joline, Dr. Emmet has successfully
demonstrated the supreme importance of this source of illustration
to the "grangeriser," and it is constantly practised by both Mr. Cuyler
and myself. In this connection I do not, of course, allude to the MSS.
of famous authors, which should obviously be kept apart, and bound
by experts like Mr. Cedric Chivers, in such a way as not to interfere
with their original condition or appearance, but to isolated letters or
documents. I fail to imagine anything more interesting or attractive
than a copy of Clarendon's "History," illustrated not only by portraits
and views, but by MSS. like those in the possession of Mr. Sabin, or
those I shall describe when giving some account of the sales of the
last decade.[67] Then, and then only, do you seem to actually live
again in the veritable atmosphere of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.
The American collector generally begins his career, both as an
autograph collector and extra-illustrator, by dealing with such works
as Sanderson's "Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of
Independence" and Lossing's "Field-book of the Revolution" (1776-
1783). The Emmet Collection in the New York Public Library,[68]
which numbers 10,800 documents, is classified under such heads as
the Albany Congress of 1754, the Stamp-Act Congress of 1765, the
Continental Congress of 1774, the members of the Continental
Congress, 1774-1789, Presidents of Congress, Presidents of the
United States, the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, and
so forth.
The cult of the Signers is one of the most distinctive features of
American autograph collecting.[69] The late Dr. Raffles, of Liverpool,
is credited with having got together a complete series, and I have
heard the subject attracted the sympathetic interest of Queen
Victoria. While the Rev. Dr. Wm. B. Sprague (born at Andover, Conn.,
U.S.A.) was the first man to form the first unbroken set of the
immortal fifty-six "Signers," Dr. Raffles' set was the second to be
completed. This fact is shown in a letter of June, 1835, by Benjamin
B. Thatcher (born at Warren, Me., 1809; died Boston, Mass., 1840),
the earliest writer on American autograph collections. Some of the
signatures of the "Signers" are common enough, but those of Button
Gwinnett and Lynch, both of which I am able, thanks to the kindness
of Mr. Cuyler, to illustrate, are of quite phenomenal rarity. Gwinnett
and Lynch both died tragically "before their time," and this may
possibly account for the scarceness of their handwriting. Some
collectors spend their lives in the perpetual quest of these unfindable
autographs.
Mr. Cuyler has sent me several anecdotes on the subject of these
Gwinnett and Lynch signatures. He informs me that the earliest
American collector, Israel K. Tefft, was called from Savannah to the
estate of a gentleman resident near that city. Having to wait, he
wandered on the lawn, under the cypress and the jasmine, and,
perceiving a scrap of paper blowing about, he carelessly picked it up.
To his joyous astonishment he found that it was a draft on the
Treasury of Georgia, dated 1777, ordering certain payments, and
signed by Button Gwinnett! Though Mr. Tefft was the first autograph
collector in America, and had begun operations as early as 1815-20,
in Savannah, he had, until that tour, never even seen the signature
of Button Gwinnett—other than that appearing upon facsimiles of
the Declaration of Independence. After transacting his business, he
exhibited his find to his client, and said that he would gladly take the
paper in place of money for his services. The gentleman generously
presented him with the paper and also paid him. (This signature of
B. G. is now preserved in the "Set of Signers" in the State Library at
Albany, New York, U.S.A.)
Mr. Cuyler has ascertained that there are only twenty-two known
signatures of Button Gwinnett extant. These include his holograph
will, drawn up a few hours before his fatal duel with Gen. McIntosh
(May, 1777), which is now in the collection of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan,
of New York. No A.L.S. of Gwinnett is known. The State of Georgia,
in which he was Master of Pilotage, Justice of the Peace, Member of
the Provincial Assembly, Member of Council of Safety, and Governor,
possesses not a line of his writing. One L.S. is in the private
collection of Thos. Addis Emmet, M.D., of New York.
I have previously alluded to the holograph document, with his name
repeated seven times, in possession of Mr. Cuyler. The A.L.S. of
Thomas Lynch, jun., "Signer for South Carolina" (now published),
came from the Washington correspondence.[70] It was ultimately
sold for £1,400 (i.e., £370 more than the record Nelson letter), and
is the only one in existence. It now figures in Dr. Emmet's best set of
"Signers" in the New York Public Library. In this set fifty-five out of
the fifty-six signers of the American Magna Charta are represented
by signed holograph letters. Dr. Emmet regards the acquisition of a
letter signed by Gwinnett as the crowning triumph of his sixty years'
work in the fields of autograph collecting. If a holograph letter of
Gwinnett could be discovered, and such a letter may very likely exist
in England, it would probably fetch £5,000.
Gwinnett was an Englishman, a descendant of Admiral Sir Thomas
Button (who entered our navy in 1589, explored Hudson's Bay, and
died in 1634), migrated early in life to Charleston, South Carolina,
finally settling in Georgia, where he accumulated wealth. After his
tragic death, his widow and only child, a daughter, returned to
England. The daughter married but died childless.
In the list of American collectors Dr. Sprague comes next to Mr. Tefft.
George Washington at his death left his correspondence neatly
arranged and filed. His widow, however, burned the whole of the
letters she had ever received from the first President of the United
States! This is almost the greatest known destruction of valuable
autograph matter. From his first love-letter, penned in Virginia, to the
young Widow Custis, his correspondence during the fatal Braddock
campaign, his homely domestic instructions to the châtelaine of
Mount Vernon, to his war letters, in which he opened his heart and
there recorded the true history of the American War, she had
preserved all, which now went into the fire and £100,000 on to-day's
valuation, and priceless American historical data, went up in smoke!
 THE SIGNATURE AND WRITING OF BUTTON
GWINNETT, THE RAREST AUTOGRAPH OF THE
"SIGNERS."
By the unwise permission of the Washington family, Dr. Sprague was
permitted to abstract "as many letters as he liked" from the
wonderfully accurate letter-files of George Washington, preserved at
his home, "Mount Vernon," in Virginia. Dr. S. there got some of his
best papers, being only requested to "leave copies of all letters he
took"! Among the papers he thus acquired was the A.L.S. of Thomas
Lynch, jun., "Signer" for South Carolina.
The following is the text of this wonderful autograph, a portion of
which is reproduced in facsimile:—
Sir,—'Though the acquaintance I have with your
Excellency be but slight, I am induced to hope that you
will readily excuse the trouble I am going to give you,
when you shall become acquainted with the merits of the
Gentleman, in whose favour that trouble is given.
Coll: Pinckney, the Bearer of this Letter, now Commands
the first Regiment raised in this State for the Continental
Service. At the commencement of the present War, he
entered into the Service with the rank of Captain, and has
since, to the satisfaction of every real friend of American
liberty in this State, been advanced by various promotions
to that of Coll. His family being as respectable as any
amongst us, and his fortune abundantly competent,
nothing but a passion for glory and a zeal for the cause of
his Country, could have led him into this measure. I shall
say nothing of his Abilities, convinced as I am that your
Excellency's penetration and the frequent opportunities he
cannot fail to have, will soon discover them, but as to
Principles, I will be bold to say, that no Man living has a
higher Spirit, a nicer sense of Honour, or a more
incorruptable Heart, than he has. Such a man cannot but
be highly acceptable to one in your Excellency's situation,
& I will willingly engage my life that the friend I now
venture to recommend to your favour is such an one—I
fervently pray God to watch over your Excelly's life, & to
make you as happy and successful as you are good and
brave. I have the honour to be with the most sincere
regard and most profound esteem, your Excellency's
most obedient huble servt
Thomas Lynch
Charles Town,
July 5 1777
His Excellency General Washington.[71]
 THE LAST PAGE OF THE LETTER OF THOMAS LYNCH,
JUN., ONE OF THE AMERICAN "SIGNERS," WHICH
FETCHED 7,000 DOLLARS.
Letters of George Washington often find their way into the English
sale-rooms. During the first decade of the present century they have
varied in price from £6 to £60. Mr. Cuyler enables me to give my
readers not only one of the finest letters of Washington's in
existence, but one hitherto unpublished. I need not point out either
its characteristic style or historic value, but will only observe that
Lund Washington, his cousin and manager of his Virginia estates,
possessed his confidence before any other person, excepting
perhaps Mrs. Washington.
Camp at Cambridge Augt 20th 1775
Dear Lund,—Your Letter by Captn Prince came to my hands
last night—I was glad to learn by it that all are well.—the
acct given of the behaviour of the Scotchmen at Port
Tobacco & Piscataway surpriz'd & vexed me—Why did
they Imbark in the Cause?—What do they say for
themselves?—What does other say of them?—are they
admitted into company?—or kicked out of it?—What does
their Countrymen urge in justification of them?—they are
fertile in invention, and will offer excuses where excuses
can be made. I cannot say but I am curious to learn the
reasons why men, who had subscribed, and bound
themselves to each other, and their Country, to stand forth
in defence of it, should lay down their Arms the first
moment they were called upon.
Although I never hear of the Mill under the direction of
Simpson, without a degree of warmth & vexation at his
extreame stupidity, yet, if you can spare money from
other purposes, I could wish to have it sent to him, that it
may, if possible, be set a going before the works get
ruined & spoilt, & my whole Money perhaps totally lost.—
If I am really to loose Barran's debt to me, it will be a
pretty severe stroke upon the back of Adams, & the
expense I am led into by that confounded fellow Simpson,
and necessarily so—in seating my Lands under the
management of Cleveland.—
Spinning should go forward with all possible dispatch, as
we shall have nothing else to depend upon if these
disputes continue another year.—I can hardly think that
Lord Dunmore can act so low, and unmanly a part, as
think of seizing Mrs. Washington by way of revenge upon
me; howevr as I suppose she is, before this time gone
over to Mr Calverts, & will soon after retug, go down to
New Kent, she will be out of his reach for 2 or 3 months to
come, in which time matters may, and probably will, take
such a turn as to render her removal either absolutely
necessary, or quite useless.—I am nevertheless
exceedingly thankful to the Gentlemen of Alexandria for
their friendly attention to this point and desire you will if
there is any sort of reason to suspect a thing of this kind
provide a Kitchen for her in Alexandria, or some other
place of safety elsewhere for her and my Papers.
The People of this Government have obtained a character
which they by no means deserved—their officers generally
speaking are the most indyferent kind of People I ever
saw.—I have already broke one Col. and five Captains for
Cowardice, and for drawing more Pay and Provisions than
they had men in their Companies there is two more Cols
now under arrest, and to be tried for the same offences—
in short they are by no means such Troops, in any respect
as you are led to believe of them from the accts which are
published, but I need not make myself Enemies among
them, by this declaration although it is consistant with
truth.—I daresay the men would fight very well (if
properly officered) although they are an exceeding dirty &
hasty people.—had they been properly conducted at
Bunkers Hill (on the 17th of June) or those that were
there properly supported, the Regulars would have met
with a shameful defeat, & a much more considerable loss
than they did, which is now known to be exactly 1057
killed & wounded—it was for their behaviour on that
occasion that the above officers were broke, for I never
spared one that was accused of Cowardice but brot'em to
immediate Tryal.
Our Lines of Defence are now compleated, as near so at
least as can be—we men wish them to come out as soon
as they please, but they (that is the enemy) discover no
Inclination to quit their own Works of Defence, & as it is
almost impossible for us to get to them, we do nothing
but watch each others motions all day at the distance of
about a mile, every now and then picking off a stragler
when we can catch them without their Intrenchments, in
return they often attempt to Cannonad our Lines to no
other purpose than the waste of a considerable quantity of
powder to themselves which we should be very glad to
get.—
What does Doctr Craik say to the behaviour of his
Countrymen, & Townspeople? Remember me kindly to him
& tell him that I should be very glad to see him here if
there was any thing worth his acceptance, but the
Massachusets People suffer nothing to go by them that
they can lay hands upon.—
I wish the money could be had from Hill & the Bills of
Exchange (except Col Fairfax's, which ought to be sent to
him immediately) turned into Cash, you might then, I
should think, be able to furnish Simpson with about £300,
but you are to recollect that I have got Cleveland & the
hired People with him to pay also.—I would not have you
buy a single bushel of wheat till you can see with some
kind of certainty what Market the Flour is to go to—& if
you cannot find sufficient employment in repairing the Mill
works, and other things of this kind for Mr. Robets and
Thomas Alferd, they must be closely employed in making
Cask or working at the Carpenters or other business
otherwise they must be discharged for it is not
reasonable, as all Mill business will probably be at an end
for a while, that I am to pay them £100 a year to be Idle.
—I should think Roberts himself must see, & be sensible
of the reasonableness of this request, as I believe few
Millers will find employment if our Ports are shut up, & the
wheat kept in the straw, or otherwise for greater security.
I will write to Mr. Milnor to forward you a good Country
Boulting Cloth for Simpson which endeavour to have
contrived to him by the first safe conveyance.—I wish you
would quicken Lasphire & Sears about the Dining Room
Chimney Piece (to be executed as mentioned in one of my
last letters) as I could wish to have that end of the house
compleatly finished before I return.—I wish you had done
the end of the New Kitchen next the garden as also the
old Kitchen with Rusticated Board, however as it is not I
would have the corners done so in the manner of our New
 Church (those two especially which Fronts the Quarter.—
What have you done with the Well? Is that walled up?—
have you any accts of the Painter? how does he behave at
Fredericksburg?—
I much approve of your sowing wheat in clean ground,
although you should be late in doing it, and if for no other
purpose than a tryal.—It is a growing I find, as well as a
new practice, that of Overseers keeping Horses, & for
what purpose, unless it be to make fat Horses at my
expense, I know not as it is no saving of my own Horses.
I do not like the custom, & wish you would break it, but
do as you will, as I cannot pretend to interfere at this
distance.
Remember me kindly to all the neighbours who enquire
after
yr affecte friend and servt
G. Washington
Letters of Franklin are less valuable than those of Washington. The
letter reproduced was purchased by me in Paris for £10. It of course
derives additional value from being addressed to Washington. The
seal is intact.
Passy, near Paris, March 2. 1778.
Dear Sir,—M. de Fontevieux, who hopes to have the
honour of delivering this into your hands, is a young
Gentleman of a considerable Family, and of excellent
character, who goes over with Views of improving himself
in the military Art under your Auspices. He is willing to
serve as Volunteer, in any Capacity for which your Excelly
shall find him qualified. He is warmly recommended to me
by Persons of great Distinction here, who are zealous
Friends to the American Cause. And I beg leave to
recommend him earnestly to your Excellency's Protection,
being confident that he will endeavour to merit it. With
the greatest Esteem & Respect I have the Honour to be,
Your Excellency's
most obedient and most humble Servant
B. Franklin
To his Excellency George Washington Esqre General &
Commander in chief of the American Armies, Philadelphia.

THE LAST PAGE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON'S

SPLENDID A.L.S., NOW PUBLISHED THROUGH THE
KINDNESS OF MR. T. C. S. CUYLER.
 A.L.S. OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
TO GEORGE WASHINGTON
MARCH 2, 1778.
The names of Lyman Draper, G. W. Childs Kennedy, Proctor, Fogg,
Dreer, C. C. Jones, jun., W. J. De Renne, and Elliot Danforth, are, like
those of Emmet, J. Pierpont Morgan, and Joline, familiar to all
American autograph collectors. I find in The Archivist (1894) many
interesting details of the wonderful collection of Mr. George
Washington Childs, publisher and proprietor of the Philadelphia
Ledger. Mr. Childs acquired amongst other rariora, the MSS. of
Byron's "Bride of Abydos," Thackeray's "Lecture on the Four
Georges," and Scott's "Chronicles of Canongate." He possessed a
MS. parody by Byron on Wordsworth's "Peter Bell," which began with
the somewhat prosaic lines:—

There's something in a flying horse

And something in a huge balloon.
Byron wrote:—

There's something in a stupid ass,

And something in a heavy dunce;
But never since I went to school
I heard or saw so d——d a fool
As William Wordsworth is for once.

Amongst the autographs greatly sought after in America is that of

the ill-fated Major André. One of the gems of Mr. Childs's collection is
described as a holograph poem by the unlucky soldier, entitled the
"Cow Chase," and dated July 21, 1780. Its closing stanza runs:—

And now I've closed my epic strain

I tremble as I show it,
Lest this same warrior-drover Wayne
Should ever catch the poet.

André was soon after captured and executed. To the concluding

verse some unkind and unknown hand has added the lines—

And when the epic strain was sung

The poet by the neck was hung,
And to his cost he finds too late
The "dung born tribe" decides his fate.[72]

Mr. Cuyler sends me some interesting information on the subject of

André from the collector's point of view. It appears that André was
twice captured during the American War. Upon the first occasion he
was hastily searched, and though he lost his watch, arms, sword,
and purse, he managed to save the framed miniature of his beloved
Honora Sneyd by concealing it in his mouth! The occasion of his
second capture was on that fatal ride along the east bank of the
Hudson River, after his interview with Benedict Arnold. At this time
the whole of André's papers, both official and personal, were in New
York. Upon the evacuation of New York, 1783, some one took his
papers to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Seventy-five years later a friend of
Dr. Emmet called on a gentleman resident there. Receiving no
response to his ring, he walked through the house, and as he
entered the kitchen he found his friend kicking the last of a heap of
musty, faded papers into the fire, on an open hearth. Leaping over
several great oaken chests, the visitor saved seven or eight
documents, several already scorched, from the flames. The
gentleman of Halifax explained that he needed the chests, which his
grandfather had deposited in their garret, and so burned the papers.
Those saved were autograph documents of André—and the New
Yorker gave them to Dr. Emmet, in whose collection they now are.
André's writings in America are exceedingly scarce.
André was an artist, and executed several drawings of his friends,
among whom were portraits of Abraham Cuyler and his wife, which
are now preserved in that family. This man was the last Royal Mayor
of Albany, New York, and the father of General Sir Cornelius Cuyler,
whose sons fought in the Guards defending Hougomont at Waterloo.
As in France and England, there has been much wanton destruction
of MSS. in the United States, on which subjects Mr. Joline speaks
feelingly. Mr. T. Cuyler tells me that after the crushing defeat of the
Federals by the Confederate Army at Bull Run (First Manassas),
Virginia, in 1861, the former fled in wildest disorder to Washington
City, where they rallied. The consequent confusion, the urgent
demands for food and lodgings for a large force of men, caused
improvised bakeries to be established in the lower story of the
National Capitol. A lady, in passing through a corridor, observed an
officer urging his men to roll away into an adjacent marsh great
barrels, dusty and stained with age, out of which protruded ancient
papers. She paused, and thinking of Dr. Emmet's collection, she
begged leave to fill her pockets with documents. Those which she so
saved were found to be priceless—being correspondence of 1776-
1783, and among her finds was a long letter from Benjamin Franklin,
dated at Passy, France, during the American Revolutionary War.
Later inquiries disclosed the fact that, after the British victory at
Bladensburg, Maryland, the secretaries of the Federal Government
had hastily packed these archives in barrels and carried them to
safety before the British forces had taken Washington City, in the
"War of 1812." Upon their return, these precious papers had been
left in the Capitol until ruthlessly tossed out in 1861.
One of the most striking features in American autograph collecting,
important and extensive as it is to-day, is the smallness of its
beginnings. Tefft, the originator of the autograph cult, who
commenced operations by securing a few signatures in the year of
Waterloo, was only a bank-cashier; Dr. Sprague was a clerical tutor
in the Washington family, and pure accident put unique opportunities
in his way; Ferdinand J. Dreer was a merchant who took up the
hobby when his health gave way, and lived to complete a collection
second only in importance to that formed by Dr. Emmet. It was
Dreer who, at the expense of £200, recovered Washington's last
letter, after it had remained for nearly a century in Sweden. Charles
C. Jones, jun., of Augusta, Georgia, was the first to set the fashion
of looking for letters connected with the Civil War of 1861-65. The
era of autograph sales began in 1810, at Charleston, South Carolina,
by the dispersal of the collection of MSS. formed by a French Consul,
but the first autograph sale catalogue is nearly a quarter of a
century later, and includes the papers of Aaron Burr, at one time
Vice-President of the United States. It was not, however, till the
"eighteen-fifties" that dealing in autographs came to rank as a
business.
As regards the prospects of this popular pursuit in the United States,
Mr. Telamon Cuyler writes as follows:—
"The future of American autograph collecting seems to be
directed to the illustration of the beginnings of our
industrial and financial life rather than to the forming or
attempting to form what would only result in being very
inferior sets of 'Signers,' generals, governors, &c. The
beginnings of newspaper life, of iron manufacturing, of
cotton milling, of cotton culture, of the steamboat
business, of maritime life along the Atlantic seaboard, and