REPRODUCTION

HUMAN

CHAPTER – 3

HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Humans are sexually reproducing and viviparous. The reproductive cycle in humans is very complex and there are remarkable
differences between the reproductive events in the males and the females.

The Male Reproductive Syastem

The male reproductive system is differentiated
into:
(a) Primary sex organs: it consists of a pair of
testicles suspended in a scrotum.
(b) Secondary sex organs: these include a pair of
ducts that are differentiated into rete testis,
vasa efferentia, epididymis, and vas deferens,
an ejaculatory duct and accessory glands.
(c) External Genetilia.
A sectional view of male pelvis showing the reproductive system
• The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in a pouch
called the scrotum, which helps in keeping the testes at the
low temperature required for spermatogenesis.
• Each testis has around 250 testicular lobules, each of which
contains densely coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperms
are created.
• Two types of cells line each seminiferous tubule:
spermatogonia (male germ cell) and Sertoli cells.
• Leydig cells, which are found surrounding the seminiferous
tubules, produce and secrete androgen hormone.
• The urethra, originates from the uranary bladder and extends
through the penis to its external entrance, the urethral meatus,
stores and transports sperm from the testes to the outside.
Diagrammatic view of male reproductive system
 • The penis is the male genitalia. The glans penis is the expanded end of the penis that is covered by a loose flap of skin
called the foreskin.
• Accessory glands in men include paired seminal vesicles, prostate glands, and paired bulbourethral glands. These glands
secrete seminal plasma, which is rich in fructose, calcium, and enzymes. The production of bulbourethral glands also
aids in penile lubrication.

(d) Mammary glands.

• The ovaries are the major female sex organs, producing
the female gamete as well as many steroid hormones.
Q1. In human, maturation of sperms take place at a Each ovary has a thin epithelium that surrounds the
temperature. ovarian stroma, which is separated into a peripheral
(a) equal to that of body (b) higher than that of body cortex and an interior medulla.
(c) lower than that of body (d) at any temperature
• The Fallopian tube connects the ovary's periphery to
S1. (c) the uterus. The closest component to the ovary is a
Q2. Seminiferous tubules occur in the. funnel-shaped structure called the infundibulum,
(a) liver (b) kidney (c) ovary (d) testis which has finger-like projections called fimbriae.
S2. (d) • The infundibulum leads to the ampulla, which connects
The Female Reproductive System to the uterus through the isthmus. The uterus, often
The female reproductive system consists of: known as the womb, is a pear-shaped structure.
(a) Primary sex organ that are the ovaries. • A small cervix allows the uterus to open the vagina. The
(b) Secondary sex organs that include Fallopian tube, birth canal is formed by the cavity of the cervix
uterus, cervix and vagina. (cervical canal) and the vagina
(c) External genetilia.

A diagrammatic sectional view of a female pelvis showing the reproductive system

The uterus is internally lined by three layers that play an • Labia majora: it is a fleshy fold that surrounds the vaginal
important role in pregnancy. opening.
• Perimetrium: it is the external layer. • Labia manora: it is a paired fold of tissue under labia
• Myometrium: it is the middle thick layer of smooth
majora.
muscles that exhibit strong contraction during delivery of
• The opening of the vagina is often partially covered by a
the baby.
• Endometrium: it lines the uterine wall and undergoes membrane called hymen.
cyclic changes during menstrual cycle. • The tiny finger-like projection present at the upper
The external genitalia in females include: junction of two labia manora above the urethral opening is
• Mons pubis: it is a cushion of fatty tissues covered by skin called clitoris.
and pubic hair.
 A diagrammatic sectional view of female reproductive system

The mammary glands

Mammary glands are paired structures that

contain glandular tissues as well as different
types of fat. Each glandular tissue has 15-20
mammary lobes with milk-secreting alveoli. The
breast ducts connect to produce the mammary
ampulla.
Structure of mammary glands

Q1. Lower narrow end of uterus is called as.

S2. (c)
(a) urethra (b) cervix
(c) clitoris (d) vulva Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis refers to the process of formation of the male
S1. (b)
and female gametes in the testes and ovaries, respectively. In
Q2. Endometrium is lining of. males and females, it is controlled by different hormones.
(a) testis (b) urinary bladder 1. Male spermatogenesis
(c) uterus (d) ureter 2. Female oogenesis
Spermatogenesis: Male germ cells (spermatogonia) in
immature testes create sperm through spermatogenesis, which
begins at puberty.
• Spermatogonia on the inner surface of seminiferous tubules
proliferate and grow in quantity by mitotic division. Every
spermatogonium has 46 chromosomes
• Spermatogonia produces spermatocytes that divide meiotically
to create secondary spermatocytes with 23 chromosomes.
• Spermiogenesis is the process through which spermatids
are converted into spermatozoa. Sperm heads stay lodged in
Sertoli cells and are liberated from seminiferous tubules during
the spermiation process. A sectional view of seminiferous tubules
The process of spermatogenesis is under strict control of hormones that
timely manages each of its step. The hormones are as follows:
• Spermatogenesis begins due to increasing Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) released by the hypothalamus.
• GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary and induces the release of two
gonadotropins, LH and FSH.
• LH increases the secretion of androgens by Leydig cells.
• FSH increases the release of certain substances that aid in spermiogenesis by
acting on Sertoli cells.
Human Sperm structure: Sperm is a microscopic structure made up of a head,
neck, middle section, and tail. The sperm head has an extended haploid nucleus that
is covered by a cap-like structure called an acrosome. During coitus, a human male
ejaculates around 200-300 million sperms. The seminal plasma and sperms
combine to form the semen. Androgen hormones regulate the activity of male sex
secondary ducts and glands.

Structure of sperm
Oogenesis: it is the process through which mature female gametes are formed.
• It begins during the embryonic development stage, when each foetal
ovary produces millions of ogonia (gamete mother cells).
• The gametes' mother cells divide and reach prophase-I of meiotic
division, where they are temporarily arrested as primary oocytes.
• When a primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells,
it is referred to be a primary follicle.
• At adolescence, each ovary has between 60,000 and 80,000 primary
follicles.

Sectional view of an ovary

• The primary follicle is surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells, which change into secondary follicles, which
contain a fluid-filled chamber called the antrum.
• The tertiary follicles mature into the Graafian follicle, which ruptures to release secondary oocytes (ovum) from the
ovary during the ovulation process.

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Q1. The acrosome plays a role in. • The menstrual flow is made up of endometrial fluids,
(a) fusion of nuclei of gametes blood, and an unfertilized ovum.
(b) motility of sperm 2. Follicular phase: In a 28-day cycle, this phase lasts from
(c) penetration of sperm into ovum day 6-13 or 14 days.
(d) All of the above • FSH, which is released by the anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland, stimulates the ovarian follicle to
S1. (c)
secrete oestrogens.
Q2. At the time of birth, egg is arrested in the form of. • Oestrogen promotes the growth of endometrium.
(a) oogonia (b) primary oocyte • Rapid cell multiplication causes the endometrium to
(c) secondary oocytes (d) ovum thicken, which is accompanied by a rise in uterine
glands and blood vessels.
S2. (b)
3. Ovulatory phase: Both LH and FSH reach their highest
Menstrual Cycle: the cycle is divided into four phases: levels in the middle of the cycle (about 14th day).
• Oestrogen levels in the blood rise.
1. Menstural phase: the cycle lasts from day 3-5days of a
• There is rapid LH secretion that causes Graffian
28-day menstrual cycle.
follicle to rupture and thus discharging the ovum.
• LH production from the pituitary gland's anterior lobe
• The hormone that is responsible for ovulation is LH.
is diminished.
• Withdrawal of this hormone promotes corpus luteum 4. Luteal phase: The phase lasts from day 15 to 28.
degeneration, which reduces progesterone synthesis. • In this phase, the corpus luteum secreates
• Oestrogen production is also lowered during this progesterone.
time. • The endometrium gets thickened and the uterine
• The uterine endometrium degrades and menstruation glands start their secretion.
begins.

Hormones controlling Menstural cycle:

• LH (leutinizing hormone) stimulates
the corpus luteum to produce
progestrone.
• The menstrual phase is triggered by
an increase in oestrogen production.
• LH hormone stimulates ovulation.
• The proliferative phase is triggered by
increased estrogen production.
• Progestrone synthesis induces the
secreatory phase

Representation of various events during menstrual cycle

Q1. The process of releasing the mature female gamete As soon as a sperm enters into the egg, the latter exhibits a
from the ovary is called as. cortical response to prevent the admission of further
(a) ovulation (b) parturition sperms.
(c) implantation (d) fertilisation
• During this process, the cortical granules under the
S1. (a) plasma membrane of the egg release chemical substance
between the ooplasm and the plasma membrane
Q2. Luteal phase is the other name of.
(vitelline membrane).
(a) follicular phase (b) proliferative phase
(c) menstrual flow phase (d) secretory phase • These chemicals elevate the vitelline membrane above
S2. (d) the surface of the egg. The raised vitelline membrane is
Fertilisation and Implantation referred to as the fertilisation membrane.
Fusion of sperm with ovum is called fertilisation. • The enlarged gap between the ooplasm and the
• FSH increases the production of oestrogens by ovarian fertilisation membrane, as well as the chemical contained
follicles. in it, effectively prevent additional sperm from entering.
• Semen is discharged into the vagina during coitus • But, if more than one sperm enters the secondary oocyte,
(copulation). the cell has too much genetic material to grow healthily.
• The motile sperms swim quickly to the junction of the • The haploid gametes fuse to produce a diploid zygote. As
isthmus and the ampulla of the fallopian tube. the zygote approaches the uterus, mitotic division begins
and cleavage occurs, resulting in two, four, eight, or
• The ovum also arrives, and gamete fusion occurs at the
sixteen celled blastomeres.
ampullary-isthmic junction.
• Morula are blastomeres that have 8 to 16 cells.
• The sperms acrosome undergoes acrosomal activation
Morula divides to become blastocysts. The
and releases specific sperm lysins that breakdown the
blastomeres in the blastocyst are organised into an
egg’s envelope locally and create a channel for sperm
exterior layer known as the trophoblast and an inner
entry.
group of cells linked to the trophoblast known as the
• The sperm lysins comprise hyaluronidase, a lysing
inner cell mass.
enzyme that dissolves the hyaluronic acid polymers in
the intercellular gaps that keep the corona radiata • The outer layer of a blastocyst is termed trophoblast,
granulosa cells together; corona piercing enzyme (that and it attaches to the endometrium of the uterus,
dissolves the corona radiata); and acrosin (which resulting in implantation and pregnancy.
dissolves the zona pellucida). The zone pellucida is then
dissolved.

Diagram showing ovum transport, fertilisation and

Representation of an ovum that is surrounded by passage of the growing embryo through the Fallopian
sperms tube.
Q1. Site of fertilization in human is. • Legs and fingers are established at the end of the
(a) ovary (b) uterus second month.
(c) vagina (d) fallopian tube • Major organs and external genital organs are fully
S1. (d) matured by the end of the 12 weeks (first trimester).
• In 5 months, the foetus makes its first movement,
Q2. Placenta is a region where. the hairs develop.
(a) foetus is attached to mother by spermatic cord • By the conclusion of 24 weeks (second trimester) the
(b) foetus is provided with mother's blood body is covered in fine hair, eye lids, and eyeless.
(c) foetus receives nourishment from mother's blood • The foetus is completely formed at the end of 9
(d) foetus is covered by membranes months.
S2. (c)
Pregnancy and embryonic development
• The finger-like extensions on the trophoblast
Q1. The gestation period in humans is of.
following implantation are known as chronic villi.
(a) 4 months (b) 5 months
• They along with the uterine wall, create a functional
(c) 7 months (d) 9 months
unit between the growing embryo and the mother
body known as the placenta. S1. (d)
Q2. The hormones produced by placenta are.
(a) hPL (b) hCG
(c) Progestogen (d) All of the above
S2. (d)
Parturition and Lactation
Delivery of the fully developed foetus is called as parturition.
• The fully grown foetus and placenta send out signals for
parturition, generating moderate uterine contractions
known as the Foetal ejection reflex.
• It causes the release of oxytocin from the maternal
Diagram showing human foetus in the womb pituitary gland.
• The placenta is connected to the foetus by an • The female mammary glands begin producing milk and
umbilical cord, which transports food and oxygen to continue to do so until the pregnancy is over, a process
the embryo. known as lactation.
• The placenta produces the hormones hCG (human • Colostrum is the milk produced during the first few days
chorionic gonadotropin), hPL (human placental of breastfeeding and contains many antibodies. The
lactogen), and relaxin in women exclusively process is called as lactation.
during pregnancy.
• The inner cell mass (embryo) differentiates after
implantation into an exterior layer called ectoderm
and an inner layer called endoderm. Q1. Foetal ejection reflex triggers the secretion of which of
• Soon after, a mesoderm forms between the ectoderm the following hormone during parturition?
and the endoderm. (a) LH (b) hPL
• All tissues (organs) in adults are formed by these (c) Oxytocin (d) Vasopressin
three layers.
S1. (c )
• It is vital to highlight that the inner cell mass
comprises stem cells, which have the ability to Q2. Parturition is a.
give rise to all tissues and organs. (a) Neural mechanism (b) Endocrine mechanism
• In humans, the embryo's heart develops after one (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
month of pregnancy. S2. (c)
The Male Reproductive System consists of a pair of
The reproductive cycle of a female primate is called
testes suspended in a scrotum, secondary sex organs i.e.
menstrual cycle that consists of four phases namely the
a pair of ducts each differentiated into an epididymis, a
menstrual phase, the follicular phase, the ovulatory
vas deferens and an ejaculatory duct, a male urethra
phase and the luteal phase.
passing through an erectile penis and three types of
Glands - a pair of seminal vesicles, a prostate gland and The cyclical changes in the ovary and the uterus during
a pair of Cowper’s gland. menstrual cycle are induced by changes in the level of
pituitary and ovarian hormones.
The Female Reproductive system consists of a pair of
ovaries, secondary sex organs i.e. a pair of fallopian The presence of X or Y chromosome determines the sex
tubes (oviducts), a uterus (womb), a vagina. Ovaries of the child.
produce female gametes called ova. The uterus has three
The zygote after repeated division gets implanted in the
layers namely the perimetrium, myometrium and
uterus that results in pregnancy.
endometrium. The mammary glands are a female
secondary sexual characteristic. The gestation period in humans is 9 months after which
the child is delivered and the process is called
Phases of embryonic development includes formation of
parturition that is induced by a neuroendocrine
ova (oogenesis) and sperm (spermatogenesis), next is
mechanism. After delivery, the mammary glands secrete
fertilisation, next is cleavage, next is implantation, then
milk that is very nutritious for the baby. It is called
is gastrulation and the last is organogenesis.
lactation.
The human sperm consists of a head, neck, middle piece
and a tail.

• The testis of humans is situated in the scrotal sacs to • During fertilisation the sperm comes in contact with
ease spermatogenesis. zona pellucida layer of the ovum.
• The Leydig cells in males secrete androgens. • The embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called morula.
• The Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells.
• It is the placenta that acts as the endocrine tissue
• The seminal plasma is rich in fructose, calcium and
during pregnancy and secretes hormones like hCG,
some enzymes.
hPL, estrogens and progestogens.
• In human female, fertilisation takes place in the
Fallopian tubes. • Stem cells are found inside the inner cell mass.
• Androgens stimulate the process of • Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine
spermatogenesis. mechanism.
• The LH surge in females causes rupture of Graafian • The milk secreted during the initial few days of lactation
follicle and thus release of ovum. is called colostrum
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q1. Transfer of sperms into the female genital tract is Q9. The male accessory gland includes.
called as. (a) Only seminal vesicle
(a) Gametogenesis (b) Insemination (b) Only prostrate
(c) Fertilisation (d) Gestation (c) Only bulbourethral
(d) All of the above
Q2. The testis is located.
(a) In the scrotum Q10. The seminal plasma is rich in.
(b) Outside the abdominal cavity (a) Lactose
(c) Testicular lobules (b) Fructose
(d) Both (a) and (b) (c) Calcium
Q3. Which of the following temperature is necessary for (d) Both (b) and (c)
spermatogenesis? Q11. Which of the following is the function of the ovaries?
(a) 2-2.5 degree (a) Production of ovum
(b) 2-2.5 degrees lower than normal body (b) Produce several steroid hormones
temperature (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) 2-2.5 degrees higher than normal body (d) None of the above
temperature
(d) None of the above Q12. Which of the following constitutes the female
accessory ducts?
Q4. The compartments in testis is called as. (a) Oviducts (b) Uterus
(a) Seminiferous tubules (c) Vagina (d) All of the above
(b) Testicular lobules
(c) Both (a) and (b) Q13. Which of the following helps in the collection of the
(d) None of the above ovum after ovulation?
Q5. In which of the following tubules, the sperms are (a) Infundibulum (b) Fimbriae
produced? (c) Ampulla (d) Isthmus
(a) Seminiferous tubules
Q14. Which of the following is regarded as the womb of a
(b) Testicular lobules
female?
(c) Epididymis
(a) Cervix (b) Uterus
(d) Vas deferens
(c) Vagina (d) All of the above
Q6. The inside of the seminiferous tubules is lined by.
Q15. Which of the following is the inner and glandular
(a) Sertoli cells (b) Spermatogonia
layer of the uterus?
(c) Male germ cells (d) All of the above
(a) Perimetrium (b) Myometrium
Q7. Which of the following cells provide nutrition to the (c) Endometrium (d) None of the above
germ cells?
Q16. What is the ploidy of spermatogonium?
(a) Interstitial cells
(a) Haploid (b) Diploid
(b) Leydig cells
(c) Triploid (d) Tetraploid
(c) Sertoli cells
(d) All of the above Q17. The primary spermatocyte completes the first
reduction division and leads to the formation of
Q8. Which of the following stores and transports the
haploid cell that are called.
sperms from testis to the outside through the
(a) Secondary spermatocyte
urethra?
(b) Tertiary spermatocyte
(a) Vas deferens (b) Rete testis
(c) Quaternary spermatocyte
(c) Ejaculatory duct (d) Epididymis
(d) None of the above
Q18. What would be the number of chromosomes in each (a) Secretory phase
spermatid? (b) Follicular phase
(a) 46 (b) 23 (c) Proliferative phase
(c) 92 (d) 20 (d) Both (b) and (c)

Q19. The final release of the sperm cells from the Q29. Which of the following hormones bring about
seminiferous tubules is called. changes in the ovary and the uterus?
(a) Spermiation (b) Spermiogenesis (a) Pituitary hormone
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above (b) Ovarian hormone
(c) Luteinising hormone
Q20. Which part of the brain secretes the Gonadotropin (d) Both (a) and (b)
Release hormone (GnRH)?
(a) Cerebellum (b) Cerebrum Q30. On which day, the LH and FSH hormone attain their
(c) Hypothalamus (d) Medulla oblongata peak level during the menstrual cycle?
(a) Day 12 (b) Day 13
Q21. Which of the following hormones stimulates the (c) Day 14 (d) Day 15
process of spermatogenesis?
Q31. Which of the following hormone maintains the
(a) FSH (b) Androgens
endometrium?
(c) LH (d) All of the above
(a) Progesterone
Q22. Which of the following part of the sperm helps in its (b) Follicle stimulating hormone
fertilization with the ovum? (c) Luteinising hormone
(a) Middle piece (b) Neck (d) All of the above
(c) Acrosome (d) Tail
Q32. At what age in females the menstrual cycle ceases?
Q23. What is the number of primary follicles at the time of (a) 45 (b) 47
puberty in each ovary in a female? (c) 48 (d) 50
(a) 10,000-80,000 (b) 20,000-80,000 Q33. In which part of the fallopian tube, fertilization takes
(c) 40,000-80,000 (d) 60,000-80,000 place?
Q24. Which of the following are gamete mother cells? (a) Ampulla (b) Isthmus
(a) Primary oocytes (b) Primary follicle (c) Infundibulum (d) Fimbriae
(c) Oogonia (d) Secondary follicles Q34. The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called.
(a) Trophoblast (b) Morula
Q25. The menstrual flow is the result of the breakdown of (c) Blastocyst (d) All of the above
which of the following lining of the uterus?
(a) Perimetrium (b) Myometrium Q35. Implantation is when.
(c) Endometrium (d) All of the above (a) Morula becomes embedded in the endometrium
of the uterus
Q26. Which of the following releases the secondary oocyte (b) Blastomeres becomes embedded in the
(ovum)? endometrium of the uterus
(a) Zona pellucida (b) Graafian follicle (c) Blastocyst becomes embedded in the
(c) Oogonia (d) All of the above endometrium of the uterus
Q27. The first mensural cycle in a female is called as. (d) Gametes becomes embedded in the
(a) Menopause (b) Menarche endometrium of the uterus
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above Q36. Which of the following becomes interdigitated with
Q28. At which of the following phase, the primary follicles each other to jointly form a structural and functional
in ovary grow to become fully mature Graafian unit between the developing embryo and maternal
follicles and simultaneously the endometrium of body?
uterus regenerates through proliferation? (a) Chronic villi (b) Uterine tissue
(c) Placenta (d) Both (a) and (b)
Q37. What is/are the functions of a placenta? Q46. Which of the following follicles forms the mature
(a) Acts as an endocrine tissue Graafian follicle?
(b) Facilitates the supply of O2 and nutrients to the (a) Primary follicle
embryo (b) Secondary follicle
(c) Facilitates the removal of waste material from the (c) Tertiary follicle
embryo (d) All of the above
(d) All of the above
Q47. After spermiogenesis is complete, in which of the
Q38. As an endocrine tissue, which of the following following the sperm heads become embedded and
hormones is secreted by the placenta? get released finally from the semifereneous tubules?
(a) hCG (b) hPL (a) Interstitial cells
(c) Estrogen (d) All of the above (b) Leydig cells
(c) Sertoli cells
Q39. In which trimester the foetus develops major organs
(d) All of the above
systems?
Q48. Which of the following induces signals for
(a) First trimester (b) Second trimester
parturition?
(c) Third trimester (d) All of the above
(a) Umbilical cord
Q40. The process of delivery of foetus is called. (b) Placenta
(a) Foetal ejection reflex (c) Fully developed foetus
(b) Parturition (d) Both (b) and (c)
(c) Both (a) and (b)
Q49. Which of the following is correct about the milk
(d) None of the above
produced during the initial few days of lactation?
Q41. Which of the following hormone acts on the uterine
(a) It is called colostrum
muscles and causes stronger uterine contractions for
(b) It contains antibodies that provide resistance to
parturition to proceed?
the new born
(a) FSH (b) Oxytocin
(c) It is yellow coloured liquid
(c) Vasopressin (d) LH
(d) All of the above
Q42. Which of the following are secondary sexual
Q50. Which of the following is correct about sex
characteristics in females?
determination?
(a) Development of breasts
(a) It is the male who decides the sex of the child
(b) Onset of menstrual cycle
(b) The males have XY chromosome
(c) Development of hairs under armpits
(c) The female has XX chromosome
(d) All of the above
(d) All of the above
Q43. Which of the following is correct about Graafian
follicle? ASSERTION AND REASON
(a) It converts into corpus luteum after ovulation
(b) It converts into corpus luteum after secretion of Direction: in the following questions, a statement of
LH and FSH assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Choose
(c) It converts into corpus luteum after formation of the correct option among a, b, c and d.
primary follicle Q1. Assertion (A): In human beings, 23 pairs of
(d) It converts into corpus luteum after formation of chromosomes are present in diploid cells.
secondary follicle Reason (R): 22 pairs of chromosomes are equal in
Q44. Which among the following is/are the phases of a male and female but a pair sex chromosome is different
menstrual cycle? in them.
(a) Follicular phase (b) Secretory phase (a) Both assertion (A)and reason (R) are true and
(c) Proliferative phase (d) All of the above reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A)
Q45. Which part of the sperm plays an important role in (b) Both assertion (A)and reason (R) are true but
the penetration of the egg membrane while reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
fertilization? assertion (A)
(a) Tail (b) Acrosome (c) Assertion (A)is true but reason(R) is false
(c) Middle piece (d) All of the above (d) Assertion (A)is false but reason(R) is true
Q2. Assertion (A): Second trimester abortion are much Q4. Assertion (A): Spermatogenesis starts at the age of
more complicated puberty due to significant increase in the secretion of
Reason (R): After 12 weeks the foetus becomes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
intimately associated with the maternal tissues. Reason (R): GnRH is secreted from the pineal gland.
(a) Both assertion (A)and reason (R) are true and (a) Both assertion (A)and reason (R) are true
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
(A) assertion (A)
(b) Both assertion (A)and reason (R) are true but (b) Both assertion (A)and reason (R) are true but
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A) assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A)is true but reason(R) is false (c) Assertion (A)is true but reason(R) is false
(d) Assertion (A)is false but reason(R) is true (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true

Q3. Assertion (A): A functional mammary gland is

TRUE AND FALSE
characteristic of all female mammals.
Reason (R): Mammary glands are the primary female
Q1. During the menstrual cycle, the hormones LH and FSH
sex organs.
attain a peak level in the middle of cycle (about 20th
(a) Both assertion (A)and reason (R) are true and
day).
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A)
Q2. The fluid filled cavity called antrum is found in the
(b) Both assertion (A)and reason (R) are true but
tertiary follicle.
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A) Q3. The functions of male sex accessory ducts and glands
(c) Assertion (A)is true but reason(R) is false are maintained by the testicular hormones oxytocin
(d) Assertion (A)is false but reason(R) is true
Q4. The middle piece of the sperm acts as a powerhouse
and helps in its motility that is important for
fertilisation.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Q1. Vasa efferentia connect the. Q5. In human, the testes are located in.
(a) testis with epididymis (a) abdominal cavity
(b) kidney with urinary bladder (b) thoracic cavity
(c) testis with scrotal wall (c) extra-abdominal cavity
(d) None of the above (d) pericardial cavity
Q6. Fructose is present in the secretion of.
Q2. Common duct formed by union of vas deferens and
(a) seminal vesicle (b) perineal gland
duct from seminal vesicle is.
(c) Cowper's gland (d) Bartholin's gland
(a) urethra (b) tunica vasculosa
(c) ejaculatory duct (d) spermatic duct Q7. A secondary sexual character of human female is.
(a) breasts (b) ovaries
Q3. The functional unit of testis is.
(c) testes (d) thyroid gland
(a) uriniferous tubules
(b) malpighian tubules Q8. Eggs from ovary are released in.
(c) seminiferous tubules (a) oviduct (b) kidney
(d) acini or lobules (c) ureter (d) coelom
Q4. Seminiferous tubules are composed of. Q9. Lower narrow end of uterus is called as.
(a) spermatogonia (b) glandular epithelium (a) urethra (b) cervix
(c) sensory epithelium (d) germinal epithelium (c) clitoris (d) vulva
Q10. Endometrium is lining of. (a) Trophoblast (b) Endometrium
(a) testis (b) urinary bladder (c) Myometrium (d) Perimetrium
(c) uterus (d) ureter Q20. Function of placenta is to.
Q11. During differentiation, the spermatids remain (a) supply O2 to embryo
associated with. (b) removal CO2 produced by the embryo
(a) Leydig's cells (b) Kupffer's cells (c) produce several hormones
(d) All of the above
(c) spermatogonia (d) Sertoli cell
Q21. Stem cells are found in.
Q12. At the time of birth, egg is arrested in the form of.
(a) inner cell mass (b) ectoderm
(a) oogonia
(c) endoderm (d) mesoderm
(b) primary oocyte
(c) secondary oocytes Q22. The first sign of growing foetus may be noticed by.
(d) ovum (a) listening to the heart sound carefully with the help
Q13. How many testicular lobules are present in each testis? of stethoscope
(b) appearance of hair
(a) 100 (b) 150
(c) appearance of head
(c) 250 (d) Infinite
(d) appearance of eye lids
Q14. In male, penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called
Q23. Placenta contains.
as.
(a) only chorionic villi
(a) foreskin (b) urethral meatus (b) only uterine tissue
(c) external genitalia (d) fimbriae (c) chorionic villi and uterine tissue
Q15. Which of the following is correct about ovulation? (d) trophoblast and chorionic villi
(a) Release of secondary oocyte from ovary Q24. The average duration of human pregnancy is about
(b) Release of primary oocyte from ovary nine months which is known as.
(c) Release of polar body (a) gestation period (b) parturition
(d) Release of Graafian follicle (c) lactation (d) implantation

Q16. When do both LH & FSH attain a peak level in a Q25. Which gland of female human undergoes
menstrual cycle? differentiation during pregnancy?
(a) In last week of the cycle (a) Adrenal gland (b) Mammary gland
(b) In mid of the cycle (c) Pituitary gland (d) Thymus gland
(c) During Initial days of cycle
Q26. Correct order of spermatogenesis is.
(d) On 4th day of cycle
(a) Spermatocytes, Spermatogonium, Spermatids,
Q17. In which phase of menstrual cycle Graafian follicle is Sperms
transformed into corpus luteum? (b) Spermatogonium, Spermatids, Spermatocytes,
(a) Luteal phase Sperms
(b) Proliferative phase (c) Spermatids, Spermatogonium, Spermatocytes,
(c) Follicular phase Sperms
(d) Growth phase (d) Spermatogonium, Primary Spermatocytes,
Q18. In human, fertilization takes place in. Secondary Spermatocytes, Spermatids, Sperms
(a) Cervix- isthmus junction Q27. In a menstrual cycle, hormones start increasing in
(b) ampulla-isthmus junction which order from the beginning of menstruation?
(c) isthmus-cervix junction (a) FSH, progesterone, estrogen
(d) vagina-cervix junction (b) Estrogen, FSH, progesterone
Q19. During Implantation, the blastocyst gets embedded in (c) FSH, estrogen, progesterone
which layer of the uterus? (d) Esterogen, progesterone, FSH
Q28. Polar bodies are produced during the formation of. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(a) sperms (b) oogonia reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(c) spermatocytes (d) secondary oocytes (A)
Q29. Puberty occurs in females at the age of. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(a) 8 - 10 years (b) 11-14 years reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(c) 15-17 years (d) 18-20 years assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
Q30. Oxytocin helps in mainly.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
(a) milk production (b) child birth
(c) urine formation (d) gametogenesis Q3. Assertion (A): In human beings, menstrual cycles
ceases around 40 years of age.
ASSERTION AND REASON Reason (R): This is called as menopause.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
Direction: in the following questions, a statement of reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Choose (A)
the correct option among a, b, c and d. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
Q1. Assertion (A): The placenta facilitate the supply of
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and also removal
assertion (A)
of carbon dioxide and excretory/waste materials
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
produced by the embryo. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
Reason (R): Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue Q4. Assertion (A): The spermatids are transformed into
and produces several hormones like human chorionic spermatozoa (sperms) by the process called
gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), spermiogenesis.
estrogens, progestogens. Reason (R): After spermiogenesis, sperm heads
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and become embedded in the Sertoli cells.
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(A) reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but (A)
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
assertion (A) reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
assertion (A)
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
Q2. Assertion (A): The process of fusion of a sperm with
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
an ovum is called fertilisation.
Reason (R): During fertilisation, a sperm comes in
contact with the cells of the corona radiata of the ovum.

MULTIPLE CHOICE SOLUTIONS

S1. (b) Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes, S3. (b) testes are located in the scrotum that helps in
fertilisation is the fusion of the male and the maintaining a low temperature usually 2-2.5
female gametes and gestation is the embryonic degrees lower than the internal body
development. temperature that is necessary for
spermatogenesis.
S2. (d) testes are located outside the abdominal cavity
within a pouch like structure called scrotum. S4. (b) each testis has about 250 compartments that are
called as testicular lobules.
S5. (a) Each testicular lobule contains 1-3 highly coiled S18. (b) The primary spermatocyte due to two reduction
tubules that are called as seminiferous tubules in divisions produces 4-spermatids. As the cellular
which sperms are produced. division and DNA replication occurs once and the
S6. (d) two types of cells line seminiferous tubules from reduction division twice, the number of
inside, the Sertoli cells and the male germ cells chromosomes in spermatids would be 23.
(spermatogonia). S19. (a) after spermiogenesis is complete, the sperm has
S7. (c) the male germ cells undergo meiotic division become embedded in the Sertoli cells and are
leading to sperm formation and the Sertoli cells finally released from the semiferenous tubules
provide nutrition to the developing germ cells. and the process is called as spermiation.

S8. (c) the epididymis leads to vas deferens that ascends S20. (c) GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus and its
to the abdomen and loops over the urinary increased concentration acts at the anterior
bladder, it receives a duct from the seminal pituitary to secrete two gonadotrophins, LH and
vesicle and opens into the urethra as an FSH
ejaculatory duct that stores and transports the
S21. (b) Androgens is secreted by the Leydig cells on
sperms from the testes to the outside through the
being acted upon by the luteinising hormone that
urethra.
stimulates the process of spermatogenesis.
S9. (d) the male accessory glands constituting the
seminal plasma. S22. (c) sperm head contains nucleus, its anterior portion
is covered by a cap like structure that is called the
S10. (d) secretions of the accessory glands constitute the acrosome, it is filled with enzymes that help in
seminal plasma which is rich in calcium, fructose, fertilization of the ovum.
and some enzymes.
S23. (d) most of the primary follicles get degenerated
S11. (c) the female reproductive system consists of a pair
during the phase from the birth to puberty, at the
of ovaries along with uterus, cervix, vagina and
time of puberty only 60,000 to 80,000 primary
external genitalia, ovaries are the primary female
follicles are left in each ovary.
sex organs that produce the female gamete ovum
and several steroid hormones or the ovarian S24. (c) millions of gamete mother cells called oogonia are
hormones. formed within each fetal ovary, no more are
S13. (d) All of the above three form the female accessory added after birth. These cells start the division
duct. and enter prophase 1 of the meiotic division and
get temporarily arrested at that stage and is
S14. (b) The edges of the infundibulum possess finger like called the primary oocyte.
projections called fimbriae that help in collection
of the ovum after the ovulation is complete. S25. (c) The endometrial lining of the uterus along with
the blood vessels in the form of liquid comes out
S15. (b) uterus is regarded as the womb which looks like of the vagina in the form of menstrual flow.
an inverted pear.
S26. (b) the tertiary follicle changes into the mature
S16. (c) perimetrium is the outer membranous layer,
follicle or the Graafian follicle, this Graafian
middle thick layer of smooth muscle is the
follicle ruptures to release the secondary oocyte
myometrium and the inner glandular layer is the
or the ovum from the ovary by the process called
endometrium.
ovulation.
S16. (b) the spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46
chromosomes after the mitotic division. S27. (b) the first menstruation begins at puberty and is
called menarch, in human female menstruation is
S17. (a) the secondary spermatocytes have 23 repeated at an average interval of 28 to 29 days
chromosomes. The secondary spermatocytes and the cycle of events starting from one
undergo meiotic divisions to give rise to haploid mensuration till the next one is called the
spermatids. menstrual cycle.
S28. (d) the menstrual phase follows the follicular phase, S37. (d) the placenta is connected to the embryo through
during this phase the primary follicles grow and an umbilical cord that helps in the transport of
attain maturity and simultaneously the substances to and from the embryo.
endometrium of the uterus also regenerates. S38. (d) secretion of these hormones along with
oestrogen and progesterone cortisol, prolactin,
S29. (d) the events during the menstrual cycle and its thyroxin are essential for supporting the foetal
phases the follicular phase, the luteal phase and growth, metabolic changes in the mother and
then next cycle to begin, all these changes and the maintenance of pregnancy.
changes in the ovary are governed by two S39. (a) by the end of the first trimester, after 12 weeks,
hormones namely the pituitary hormone and the most of the major organ system are formed.
ovarian hormone.
S40. (b) Parturition is induced by a complex
S30. (c) the secretions of gonadotropins LH and FSH neuroendocrine mechanism, the signals of
increases gradually during the follicular phase parturition originate from the fully developed
and stimulates follicular development as well as foetus and the placenta which induce mild uterine
secretion of estrogens and the growing follicles, contraction called foetal ejection reflex.
the peak level of LH and FSH is attained in the S41. (b) Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscles and causes
middle of the cycle that is the 14th day. stronger uterine contractions which in turn
stimulate more secretion of oxytocin, the
S31. (a) Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of stimulatory reflex between the uterine
progesterone which is essential for maintaining
contraction and oxytocin secretion leads to
of the endometrium.
continuous secretion of oxytocin resulting in
S32. (d) at the age of 50 the menstrual cycle ceases and stronger and stronger contraction, this leads to
that is termed as menopause. expulsion of the baby out of the uterus through
the birth canal.
S33. (a) motile sperms swim rapidly through the cervix
and enter into the uterus and finally reach the S42. (d) Secondary sexual characters in females start to
ampullary region of the fallopian tube, the ovum arrive at an age of 13 and is hormone induced.
released by the ovary is also transported to the
ampullary region where fertilization takes place. S43. (a) The tertiary follicle gets matured and changes
into Graafian follicle that after secretion of
S34. (b) the morula divides and transform into blastocyst
various hormones converts into Graafian follicle
as it moves towards the uterus, the blastomeres
after ovulation.
in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer
called trophoblast and inner group of cells S44. (d) Follicular phase is also called as proliferative
attached to the trophoblast called the inner cell phase, secretory phase is also called as luteal
mass. phase.
S35. (c) the blastocyst after rapid divisions becomes S45. (b) the acrosome region is filled with enzymes that
embedded in the endometrium of the uterus, this help fertilization of the ovum.
is called implantation and leads to pregnancy.
S46. (c) it is the tertiary follicle that changes into mature
S36. (d) the chronic villi and uterine tissue become
follicle or the Graafian follicle.
interdigitated with each other to form placenta
that facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients S47. (c) after spermiogenesis, the sperm becomes
to the embryo and also help in removal of carbon embedded in the Sertoli cells so that they get
dioxide and waste materials produced by the finally released from the seminifereneous tubules
embryo.
by the process of spermiation.
S48. (d) pasteurization is induced by a complex S3. (c) A functional mammary gland is characteristic of
neuroendocrine mechanism, the signals for all female mammals, but they are not the primary
pasteurization originate from the fully developed female sex organs, Ovaries are the primary female
foetus and the placenta which induce mild uterine sex organs that produce the female gamete
contraction called foetal ejection reflex. (ovum) and several steroid hormones (ovarian
hormones).
S49. (d) the mammary glands of the female undergo
differentiation during pregnancy and starts S4. (c) Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due
producing milk towards the end of the pregnancy to significant increase in the secretion of
by the process called lactation. gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
and it is a hypothalamic hormone.
S50. (d) all females have sex chromosome X whereas the
male has sex chromosome X or Y, hence 50%
carry X chromosome while the other 50% carry Y
TRUE AND FALSE
chromosome, after fusion of male and female
gametes if the zygote has XX then it will develop S1. False During the menstrual cycle, the hormones LH and
in female and if there is XY then it will be a male FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle
child. (about 14th day).
S2. True
ASSERTION AND REASON
S3. False The functions of male sex accessory ducts and
glands are maintained by the testicular hormones
S1. (a) In males the sex chromosome is XY and in females
androgens. Oxytocin is secreted in females
it is XX.
during foetal ejection reflex.
S2. (a) MTP is safe upto 12 weeks (first trimester)
S4. True The middle piece of the sperm possesses
of pregnancy. It becomes risky after the first
numerous mitochondria, which produce energy
trimester of pregnancy as the foetus becomes
for the movement of tail that facilitate sperm
intimately associated with the maternal tissues.
motility essential for fertilization

PRACTICE QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS

S1. (a) The vasa efferentia opens into the epididymis which S5. (c) In mammals, the testes are situated outside the
continues to form the vas deferens. Vas deferens abdominal cavity within a pouch, called as the scrotum
transfers the sperms mixed with semen to the
S6. (a) Sugar fructose is present in the secretion of the
ejaculatory duct. So vasa efferentia is the connecting
seminal vesicle. Fructose is an energy source used by
link between testis and epididymis.
sperm.
S2. (c) The epididymis leads to vas deferens, that ascends to
S7. (a) Estrogens contribute to the development of the
the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder. It
female secondary sex characterstics and
receives a duct from seminal vesicle and opens into
stimulate the development of the mammary
urethra as the ejaculatory duct. These ducts store and
glands/breasts.
transport the sperms from the testis to the outside
S8. (a) Eggs are formed in the primary sex organ i.e., the ovary.
through urethra. The urethra originates from the
From the ovary, they are taken up by the fimbriae of
urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its
the fallopian tube which is also known as the oviduct.
external opening called as urethral meatus.
The fimbriae pass the egg to the isthmus and then to
S3. (c) Seminiferous tubule is the functional unit of testis of the ampulla of the fallopian tube where fertilization
man. Each testis has about 250 compartments called takes place.
testicular lobules, these compartments contain highly
S9. (b) Cervix is terminal narrow portion of the uterus.
coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules.
S4. (d) Seminiferous tubules are located within the testes and S10. (c) The endometrium is an inner lining made up of
are the specific location for meiosis and the epithelial cells in the uterus that has a lower layer and
spermatozoa formation. The wall of the seminiferous an active layer; the active layer thickens and is pulled
tubules is called germinal epithelium. during the menstrual cycle.
S11. (d) the male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions which fertilisation occurs between sperm and the ovum.
finally forms the sperm, while Sertoli cells provide Hence, fertilisation occurs in the ampullary
nutrition to the germ cells. isthmic junction of fallopian tube.
S12. (b) Oogenesis is initiated during the embryonic S19. (b) The outer wall of the blastocyst that is the
development stage when oogonia are formed within trophoblast gets attached to the endometrium of
each fetal ovary. These cells start division and enter the uterus during implantation.
into prophase-I of the meiotic division and get
S20. (d) The major function of placenta is to provide
temporarily arrested at that stage, called as primary
oocytes. nutrition and supply oxygen to the growing
embryo and facilitates the removal of carbon
S13. (c) Each testis has 250 compartment called testicular dioxide and waste products by diffusion. The
lobules. placenta also secretes hormones like estrogen.
S14. (a) External genitalia is the penis. It is made up of S21. (a) The inner mass cells differentiate into ectoderm
special erectile tissue that helps in erection of the endoderm and mesoderm. The inner mass cells
penis. The enlarged tip of the penis is called glans contain stem cells which have the capacity to give rise
penis. It is covered by a loose fold of skin called to all the tissues and org
foreskin or prepuce.
S22. (a) Growing human develops heart at a very early stage
S15. (a) The process of release of egg is called as ovulation. around the fifth week of the gestation period and it
During menstruation cycle in human females, the started working so it is very common that heartbeat is
primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in size detected and it is considered as the growth sign.
and completes its first meiotic division. It is an unequal
division resulting in the formation of a large haploid S23. (c) The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become
secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body. The interdigitated with each other and jointly form a
secondary oocyte retains the bulk of the nutrient rich structural and functional unit between
cytoplasm of the primary oocyte. The tertiary follicle developing embryo (foetus) and maternal body
further changes into the mature follicle or Graafian called placenta
follicle. The secondary oocyte forms a new membrane
S24. (a) The duration between the conception and birth
called as zona pellucida surrounding it. The Graafian
during which embryo or foetus develops in the
follicle now ruptures to release the secondary oocyte
uterus is called gestation.
(ovum) from the ovary by the process called as
ovulation. S25. (b) The mammary glands of the female undergo
S16. (b) The level of different hormones control the processes differentiation during pregnancy and starts
and phases in the menstrual cycle. The level of FSH and producing milk towards the end of pregnancy by the
LH is at the highest level at the middle of the menstrual process called lactation.
cycle. S26. (d) In testis, the immature male germ cells
S17. (a) In the secreatory or the luteal phase the corpus (spermatogonia) produce sperms by
luteum secretes large amount of progestosterone spermatogenesis, that begins at puberty. The
that stimulates the uterine glands to produce spermatogonia (singular spermatogonium) present
increase amount of mucus. In absence of on the inside wall of seminiferous tubules, multiply by
fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates and mitotic division and increase in numbers. Each
this causes the endothelium disintegration spermatogonium is called as primary spermatocytes
leading to mensturation. periodically undergo first meiotic division (reduction
division) and produces two equal, haploid cells, called
S18. (b) The ovum which is released after ovulation secondary spermatocytes, which have only 23
reaches the ampullary istmic junction where chromosomes each. The secondary spermatocytes
 undergo the second meiotic division to produce four S28. (d) The secondary oocyte is haploid. The second
equal, haploid spermatids. The spermatids are then meiotic division progresses to the metaphase, but
transformed into spermatozoa (sperms) by the does not continue until a sperm fuses with the
process called spermiogenesis. After spermiogenesis, oocyte. During fertilization, the secondary oocyte
mature sperms are finally released from the undergoes the second meiotic division producing
seminiferous tubules by the process called as a large cell, the ovum, and a second polar body.
spermiation. Therefore, the first polar body is produced during
the formation of the secondary oocyte.
S27. (c) The end of menstruation is marked by the gradual S29. (b) Puberty is the stage of achieving the maturation and
increase in the level of estrogen ( occurring during the fertility. This occurs both to males and females. This
follicular phase which starts at day 1 of menstruation happens due to the change in the both environmental
and ends at ovulation) due to which the blood flow and genetic changes in the body. Puberty occurs at the
stops and the lining of endometrium thickens. During age of 11-14 in females and 12-16 in males.
the follicular phase, FSH is released to stimulate the
release of around 5-20 follicles (this occurs at around S30. (b)
day 10 of a 28 days cycle). Among them, only a single
follicle contains the immature egg the release of which ASSERTION AND REASON
is stimulated by another hormone called the LH. This
S1. (a)
is called the ovulatory phase (usually occurring at
S2. (c) The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is
around day 14). The follicle has to rupture to release
called fertilisation. During fertilisation, a sperm
the egg. This ruptured follicle (called the corpus
comes in contact with zona pellucida layer of the
luteum then remains to release progesterone and
ovum.
small amounts of estrogen for the maintenance of the
S3. (c) In human beings, menstrual cycles ceases around
lining of the uterus for implantation.
50 years of age. This is called as menopause.
S4. (a)