REPRODUCTION IN

ORGANISMS

CHAPTER – 1

REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
Reproduction: It is defined as a biological process in which Asexual reproduction: in this method a single individual is
an organism gives rise to young ones that is OFFSPRINGS capable of producing offspring due to which the offspring that
similar to itself. The offspring’s grow, mature and in turn are produced are not only identical to one another but are
produce new offspring’s thus there is a cycle of birth, growth, also exact copies of their parent, the term clone is used to
and death. Reproduction enables the continuity of the species describe such morphologically and genetically similar
generation after generation. individuals.
Life span: the period from birth to the natural death of an e.g. in Monera and Protista a division in the cell gives rise to
organism is called life span, it is different for different two new individuals. In these organisms, there is no other
organisms. E.g for a crow it is 15 years, parrot it is 140 years. method of reproduction, cell division is the method of
Reproduction is of two types: reproduction itself.
Types of asexual Reproduction:
(a) Binary Fission: A cell divides into two halves and swiftly develops into an adult in this type of asexual reproduction.
Amoeba and paramecium are examples.
(b) Budding: Small buds are formed, wn linked to the parents at first but detach as they mature. Yeast is an example.

Budding in yeast Binary fission in amoeba

Some fungi and simple plants, such as algae, reproduce through specialised reproductive structures such as zoospores (motile
structure), conidia (penicillium), buds (hydra), and gemmules (sponges).
Vegetative propagules such as runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, and bulb are responsible for vegetative reproduction
in plants.
Have a look at the vegetative parts responsible for vegetative propagation and examples associated with it.

Vegetative part responsible for Vegetative part responsible for

Examples’ Examples’
vegetative propagation vegetative propagation
Stem
Pistia and Echicornia
Potato and artichoke

Offsets Tuber

Jasmine Onion and garlic

Stolons Bulb

Oxalis
Ginger, banana

Runner Rhizome

Mint and Chrysanthemum

Colocasia, Amophophallus

Sucker Corm
 Vegetative part responsible for Vegetative part responsible for
Examples’ Examples’
vegetative propagation vegetative propagation
Agave, lily Bigonia, Bryophyllum

Bulbil Leaf

Utricularia

Turions

Q1. The process by which Monerans and Protists give rise In sexual reproduction, the union of male and female gametes
to new indivisuals. produces children that are not genetically similar to their
(a) Meiosis (b) Mitosis parents.
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above Phases in sexual reproduction: The following are the
phases of sexual reproduction:
S1. (b) In Protists and Monerans, the organism or the
(i) Juvenile phase: all organisms have to reach to a certain
parent cell divides by mitosis into two to give rise
stage of growth and maturity in their life before they can
to new individuals. reproduce sexually. This period of growth is called
Q2. Which of the following can be used in the commercial juvenile phase. This phase is of variable duration in
production of ginger? organisms.
(a) Tuber (b) Rhizome Note: Juvenile phase in plants is called as vegetative phase.
(c) Offset (d) Bulbil
(ii) Reproductive phase: The end of the juvenile phase
S2. (b) The vegetative propagule by which ginger marks the beginning of the reproductive phase and this
propagates is the rhizome hence it can be used to can be seen easily in higher plants when they begin to
for the commercial propagation of ginger. flower.
Note: Some plants bloom just during a specific season, while
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
others bloom all year. Other plants, such as bamboo species,
It is the mode of reproduction involving the fusion of haploid
female gamete and a haploid male gamete. blossom just once in their lives (after 50-100 years), while
Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji), flowers only once
Offspring resulting from the fusion of male and female every 12 years.
gametes are not similar to one other or to the parents.
During the reproductive period, the female placental
All sexually reproducing creatures reproduce in the same mammals demonstrate cyclic changes in ovaries, accessary
way. glands, and hormone levels.
 animals. Hormones and environmental variables
Menstrual Cycle: The cycle has three phases:
interact to control reproductive processes.
o Menstrual
o Proliferative and (iii) Senescent phase: The phase is characterised by end of
o Secretory. the reproductive phase and old age.

• Blood flow occurs in the latter days of the cycle. During Continuous breeders: many mammals are
menstruation, the damaged endometrium is expelled. reproductively active throughout the reproductive
• Females are not allowed to copulate throughout the phase and hence are called continuous breeders.
menstrual cycle. e.g. Monkeys, apes, and humans Events in sexual Reproduction
Oestrous cycle: It is characterised by a brief period of Sexual reproduction is characterized by the fusion or
oestrous or heat. In cows, it lasts 12-24 hours before the fertilization of the male and the female gamete leading to the
anoestrous/inactive phase begins. formation of zygote and thereafter embryogenesis, to ease
• Blood flow does not occur. the study, all these events are divided into three stages:
• The ruptured endometrium gets reabsorbed. (i) Pre-fertilization
(ii) Fertilization
• Copulation takes place only in this period.
(iii) Post-fertilization events
• Hormones are responsible for the transition between
Let’s have a look at these quickly:
distinct stages of the life cycle in both plants and

Pre-fertilisation events: It includes gametogenesis and gamete transfer.

Gametogenesis:
✓ is the process through which male and female gametes are formed.
✓ Gametes are haploid cells with structures that might be identical or
distinct.
✓ Both gametes in algae are structurally identical and are referred to as
homogametes (isogametes).

Isogametes of cladophora

✓ In higher organisms that reproduce sexually, two

morphologically different gametes called heterogametes are
generated, male gametes called antherozoid or sperm and
female gametes named ovum or egg.

Heterogametes of Fucus and human beings

Hermaphrodites: species in animals that have both male Although organisms can be haploid or diploid, gametes are
and female organs present on the same individual are called always haploid (containing half a pair of chromosomes).
hermaphrodites. E.g. earthworm, sponge and tapeworm.
Diploid creatures produce gametes by meiotic division.
They are bisexual.
In diploid organisms, gamete mother cell (meiocyte)
Unisexual: some are either male or female, they are
conducts meiosis, in which one pair of chromosomes is
unisexual. E.g. cockroach.
present in gametes.

Q1. A universal feature in all the sexually reproducing

S1. (c) Zygote is the vital link that ensures the continuity
organisms is.
of species between organism of one generation
(a) Transfer of gametes (b) Formation of embryo
and the ext, it is a unique feature in all the sexually
(c) Formation of zygote (d) Differentiation of
reproducing organisms.
zygote
Q2. Sexual reproduction is characterized by. ✓ To promote fertilisation, pollen grains must be
(a) fertilization of male and female gametes transported from the anther to the stigma.
(b) zygote formation ✓ Pollination is the transport of pollen grains from the
(c) embryogenesis (d) all of these anther to the stigma. Pollination can be self (anther to
stigma of the same flower) or cross pollination (anther
S2. (d) sexual reproduction is characterized by fusion of
to stigma of different flower).
the male and the female gametes, then formation
✓ Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, producing a
of zygote takes place, then embryogenesis that
pollen tube that transports male gametes near the ovule.
further grows to form a complete individual.
Fertilisation
Gamete Transfer:
Fertilization, also known as syngamy, is the union of male and
✓ Male gametes are motile while female gametes are non-
female gametes. It causes the production of a diploid zygote.
motile in the vast majority of species, with the exception
of fungi and algae, which have both gametes that are Parthenogenesis refers to the process of developing new
motile. organisms without the fertilisation of female gametes. For
✓ Water is the medium through which male and female instance, honey bees, rotifers, and lizards.
gametes flow in basic plants such as algae, fungus,
Fertilisation can be internal or external:
bryophytes, and pteridophytes.
✓ The number of male gametes much out numbers the External fertilisation: fertilisation occurs outside the body.
number of female gametes since the majority of male Gametes produced are many in number. Medium is generally
gametes do not reach the female gametes. water. E.g. bony fishes and amphibians.
✓ In higher plants, pollen grains transport male gametes
Internal Fertilisation: fertilisation takes place inside the
and ovules contain eggs.
body. Number of ova produced are less but male gametes are
numerous. E.g. birds and mammals.

Q1. What is the number of meiocytes in human beings? • In haplontic organisms, the zygote splits to generate
(a) 43 (b) 44 haploid spores, which germinate to form haploid
(c) 45 (d) 46 individuals.

S1. (d) Embryogenesis

✓ It is the process through which an embryo develops
Q2. In reptiles, birds and mammals, syngamy occurs. from a zygote.
(a) Inside the body (b) Outside the body ✓ During this time, the zygote proceeds through
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above mitotic division and cell differentiation.
S2. (a) Post-fertilisation Events ✓ Cell division increases the quantity of cells, whereas
• The zygote is the crucial connection that promotes cell differentiation aids in the development of new
species continuation between organisms of one groups of cells and organs.
generation and the next. Every sexually reproducing
Based on the development of zygote, weather it takes place
creature, including humans, starts off as a single cell
inside or outside the body, animals are of two types:
called a zygote.
• In species with external fertilisation, the zygote is Oviparous: they lay eggs, the eggs are covered by a hard
created in the external medium (water), whereas in calcareous shell, after a period of incubation the young ones
organisms with internal fertilisation, the zygote is hatch out from the eggs. E.g. reptiles and birds.
generated inside the female's body.
Viviparous: the zygote develops inside the body of the
• Zygote forms a strong wall that is resistant to
female. After the development is complete, the young one is
desiccation and damage, in algae and fungus. After a
time of repose, this germinates. delivered outside the body.
Chances of survival are greater in viviparous animals. Zygote develops into an embryo.
In flowering plants:
Ovule develops into seed.
Zygote is formed inside the ovule.
Ovary develops into fruit that has a thick wall around called
Fate of flower structures after fertilisation: as pericarp that is protective in function.
After fertilisation is complete, the stamens, petals, sepals fall After dispersal, the seed germinated into a new plant.
off.

Q1. During embryogenesis, the zygote undergoes. Q2. Which part of the flower after fertilisatSSion is
(a) Meiosis (b) Mitosis complete develops into a fruit?
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above (a) Ovule (b) Ovary
(c) Sepal (d) Petal
S1. (b)
S2. (b)
Life span is the period from birth to the natural death of an When two parents (opposite sex) participate in the
organism represents its life span. reproductive process and also involve fusion of male and
female gametes, it is called sexual reproduction. Sexual
Whatever be the life span, death of every individual organism
reproduction involves pre-fertilisation (gametogenesis,
is a certainty, i.e., no individual is immortal, except single- gamete transfer), fertilisation and post-fertilisation
celled organisms. (formation of zygote, embryogenesis) events.
Reproduction a biological process in which an organism gives The period of growth is called as juvenile phase and in plants
rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself. Reproduction it is called vegetative phase the end of which marks the
enables the continuity of the species, generation after beginning of reproductive phase.
generation. Reproduction is of two types:
The females of placental mammals exhibit cyclical changes in
When offspring is produced by a single parent with or the activities of ovaries and hormones.
without the involvement of gamete formation, the
Organisms can be bisexual or unisexual.
reproduction is asexual. Asexual reproduction is common
among single-celled organisms, and in plants and animals Gametes are haploid and are produced by meiotic divisions.
with relatively simple organisations. Binary fission, budding, In sexually reproducing organisms there occurs transfer of
specialised spores like zoospores are modes of vegetative gametes, the same occurs in unisexual organisms by either
reproduction. In plants, it takes place via special vegetative copulation or simultaneous release and in plants
propagules like runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset and (angiosperms) by pollination.
bulb.

• Reproduction enables the continuity of the species, • Earthworms, sponge, tapeworm and leech bisexual
generation after generation. (hermaphrodites) and cockroach are unisexual.
• The offspring’s produced by asexual reproduction are • In rotifers, honeybees and even some lizards and birds
called clones. (turkey), the female gamete parthenogenesis.
• Binary fission (Amoeba, Paramecium), fragmentation • In algae, fish and amphibians, fertilisation occurs in
(Hydra, planaria) water (external).
• Budding (Yeast), conidia (Penicillium), buds (Hydra) and
• In fungi, higher animals such as reptiles, birds, mammals
gemmules (sponge).
and in a majority of plants (bryophytes, pteridophytes,
• Tuber (potato), rhizome (ginger), bulbil (Agave),
gymnosperms and angiosperms), fertilisation is internal.
adventitious buds (Bryophyllum), offset (water hyacinth-
Terror of Bengal). • Embryogenesis refers to the process of development of
• Bamboo species and Strobilanthus kunthiana embryo from the zygote.
(neelakuranji) exhibit unusual flowering phenomenon. • Reptiles and birds are oviparous and majority of
• Oestrus cycle occurs in cows, sheep, rats, deers, dogs, mammals and humans are viviparous.
tiger and in primates (monkeys, apes, and humans) it is • In plants, after fertilisation, the zygote develops into the
called menstrual cycle. embryo and the ovules develop into the seed ovary forms
• Gametogenesis refers to the process of formation of the fruit.
two types of gametes – male and female.
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q1. Which of the following is correct about reproduction in (c) In such plants both male and female flowers are
organisms? present on the different individual.
(a) It is a chemical process (d) In such plants only female flower is present in an
(b) It is a biological process individual.
(c) It is a mechanical process
Q9. Which of the following is correct about syngamy?
(d) It is a physical process
(a) It is the process of fusion of eggs
Q2. Which of the following is correct about the term (b) It is the process of fusion of gametes
“clone”? (c) It is the process of fusion of zygotes
(a) It is a term used to describe organisms that are (d) It is the process of fusion of sperms
morphologically similar. Q10. Which among the following organisms reproduces by
(b) It is a term used to describe organisms that are parthenogenesis?
genetically similar. (a) Honeybee (b) Rotifers
(c) It is a term used to describe organisms that are (c) Lizards (d) All of the above
morphologically and genetically similar.
(d) None of the above Q11. In which of the following organisms, syngamy occurs in
water?
Q3. Which among the following process enables the (a) Algae (b) Fishes
continuity of species, generation after generation? (c) Birds (d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) Digestion (b) Reproduction
Q12. Which of the following ensures continuity of species
(c) Respiration (d) Excretion
between organisms of various generations?
Q4. Which of the following organism reproduces through (a) Egg (b) Zygote
gemmules? (c) Sperm (d) Embryo
(a) Hydra (b) Sponge
Q13. Which of the following mode of asexual reproduction is
(c) Penicillium (d) Amoeba
adopted by amoeba during the unfavourable
Q5. Which among the following are the units of vegetative conditions?
reproduction in plants? (a) Budding (b) Binary fission
(a) Offset (b) Bulb (c) Encystation (d) Sporulation
(c) Conidia (d) Both (a) and (b)
Q14. Below given is a diagram of water hyacinth, name “A”
Q6. Which of the following is correct about ‘water that is a vegetative reproductive structure marked in
hyacinth’? the diagram that it uses it for propagation.
(a) It is also called as pride of Bengal. (a) Adventitious buds
(b) It is also called as terror of Bengal. (b) Nodes
(c) It is also called as victory of Bengal (c) Offset
(d) It is also called as glory of Bengal (d) Sucker

Q7. Which of the following vegetatively propagates Q15. Which of the following
through the adventitious buds? plant/plants uses rhizome
(a) Potato (b) Sugarcane for vegetative
(c) Bryophyllum (d) Ginger propagation?
(a) Sugarcane (b) Banana
Q8. Which of the following is correct about monoecious (c) Ginger (d) Both (b) and (c)
plants?
(a) In such plants both male and female flowers are Q16. Which among the following plant species flowers once
present on the same individual. in their life time?
(b) In such plants only a male flower is present in an (a) Mango (b) Bamboo
individual. (c) Papaya (d) Banana
Q17. Which of the following plant flowers once in 12 years? (b) It is the formation of embryo from zygote
(a) Ficus benghalensis (c) It is the formation of embryo from an organism
(b) Strobilanthus kunthiana (d) It is the formation of embryo from female gamete
(c) Mangiferra indica
Q27. Which of the following process helps group of cells to
(d) Tectona grandis
undergo certain modifications to form specialized
Q18. Which among the following regulates the reproductive tissues and organs and thus an organism during
process and the associated behavioural expressions of embryogenesis?
organisms? (a) Cell division (b) Meiosis
(a) Environmental factors (b) Genes (c) Cell differentiation (d) Mitosis
(c) Hormones (d) Both (a) and (c)
Q28. Which of the following is correct about viviparous
Q19. Which of the following organism produces isogametes? animals?
(a) Fucus (b) Cladophora (a) Development of zygote takes place inside the body
(c) Penicillium (d) Hydra of male parent
(b) Development of zygote takes place inside an egg
Q20. Which of the following term is used to describe a
(c) Development of zygote takes place inside the body
unisexual condition in most plants and fungi?
of female parent
(a) Monoecious
(d) Development of zygote takes place in an external
(b) Heterothallic
medium like water
(c) Homothallic
(d) Pistillate Q29. Where does the development of zygote takes place in
plants?
Q21. Imagine, what would be a unisexual male flower in a
(a) Flower (b) Stamen
flowering plant?
(c) Ovule (d) Anther
(a) Pistillate (b) Haploid
Q30. Which of the following part of a flower forms fruit?
(c) Staminate (d) Diploid
(a) Sepals (b) Petals
Q22. Which among the following are specialized mother (c) Pericarp (d) Ovary
cells that undergo meiosis?
Q31. Which among the following is a monoecious plant?
(a) Myocytes (b) Meiocytes
(a) Marchantia (b) Chara
(c) Gametocytes (d) None of the above
(c) Sweet potato (d) Onion
Q23. Which of the following event facilitates transfer of
pollen grains from the anther to stigma of a flowering Q32. What are the number of chromosomes in meiocyte of
plants? housefly?
(a) Sporulation (b) Pollination (a) 8 (b) 12
(c) Fertilisation (d) Parthenogenesis (c) 78 (d) 380

Q24. Which of the following helps in the transfer of non- Q33. Which of the following organisms exhibit oestrus
motile gamete to female gamete in seed bearing plants? cycle?
(a) Pistil (b) Pollen tube (a) Apes
(c) Style (d) Stigma (b) Sheep
(c) Monkeys
Q25. Which among the following is universal to all the (d) All of the above
sexually reproducing organisms?
(a) Haploid zygote (b) Haploid gamete Q34. Which of the following process gives rise to variations?
(c) Diploid zygote (d) Diploid gamete (a) Asexual reproduction
(b) Parthenogenesis
Q26. Which of the following is correct about
(c) Sexual reproduction
embryogenesis?
(d) Vegetative propagation
(a) It is the formation of embryo from male gamete
Q35. Which among the following sentence is correct about (c) Fragmentation (d) Fission
eyes of potato tuber?
Q46. Which among the following acts as a medium for the
(a) They are referred to flower of potato tuber
transfer of gametes in simple plants like algae,
(b) They are referred to bud of potato tuber
bryophytes and pteridophytes?
(c) They are referred to leaf of potato tuber (a) Wind (b) Water
(d) They are referred to stem of potato tuber (c) Birds (d) Insects
Q36. Which of the following organism reproduces by Q47. Which of the following event is/are pre-fertilisation
transverse binary fission? event/events?
(a) Embryogenesis (b) Gametogenesis
(a) Amoeba (b) Euglena
(c) Gamete transfer (d) Both (b) and (c)
(c) Paramecium (d) Hydra
Q48. What is the disadvantage of external fertilization?
Q37. What is the nature of gametes produced after meiosis
(a) Off-springs are extremely vulnerable
in sexually reproducing organisms?
(b) Survival up-to adulthood becomes difficult
(a) Diploid (b) Haploid
(c) Off-springs produced are in large number
(c) Tetraploid (d) Triploid
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Q38. Which among the following organism shows the Q49. Minute amoeba produced by multiple fission are called.
process of sporulation? (a) Spores (b) Pseudopodiospores
(a) Amoeba (b) Paramecium (c) Buds (d) Fragments
(c) Plasmodium (d) Both (a) and (c)
Q50. Which of the following is correct about gemmules,
Q39. In animals, which phase follows juvenile phase? zoospores, conidia and buds?
(a) Vegetative phase (b) Senescent phase (a) They are special sexual reproductive structures of
(c) Reproductive phase (d) None of the above kingdom fungi and simple plants
(b) They are special vegetative reproductive
Q40. Which of the following is correct about sexuality of an structures of kingdom fungi and simple plants
earthworm? (c) They are special asexual reproductive structures
(a) They are unisexual of kingdom fungi and simple plants
(b) They are bisexual (d) They are special protective structures of kingdom
(c) They are monoecious fungi and simple plants
(d) They are dioecious

Q41. Which among the following is a unisexual species? ASSERTION AND REASON
(a) Sponge (b) Earthworm
(c) Cockroach (d) Tapeworm Direction: in the following questions, a statement of
assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Choose
Q42. Which among the following animals are the correct option among a, b, c and d.
hermaphrodites?
(a) Tapeworm (b) Leech Q1. Assertion (A): Many single-celled organisms
(c) Sponge (d) All of the above reproduce by binary fission, where a cell divides into
two halves and each rapidly grows into an adult
Q43. What is the approximate life span of a crow? Reason (R): Yeast divides by binary fission.
(a) 1-2 weeks (b) 15 years (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(c) 140 years (d) 150 years reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
Q44. In yeast, budding is. (A)
(a) Equal (b) Unequal (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(c) Multiple (d) In a plane reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
Q45. Other than budding, which of the following mode is (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
adopted by hydra for reproduction? (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
(a) Encystation (b) Sporulation
Q2. Assertion (A): In some organisms, if the body breaks Q4. Assertion(A): The offspring produced by sexual
into distinct pieces, each fragment grows into an adult reproduction is likely to adjust better in environmental
capable of producing offspring. fluctuation.
Reason (R): In plants, the units of vegetative Reason (R): During the fusion of gametes there is
propagation are all capable of giving rise to new mixing of genetic material from two parents.
offspring. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A)
(A) (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A)
assertion (A) (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
TRUE/FALSE
Q3. Assertion(A): Spores are unicellular bodies.
Reason (R) : The parent body simply breaks up into
Q1. After attainment of maturity, all sexually reproducing
smaller pieces on maturation.
organisms exhibit events and processes that have
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and remarkable fundamental similarity.
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A) Q2. In several fungi and plants, terms such as heterothallic
and dioecious are used to denote the bisexual
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
condition.
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A) Q3. Cockroach is an example of a bi-sexual species.
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false Q4. This process called syngamy results in the formation of
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true a diploid zygote.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Q1. When offspring is produced by a single parent with or (a) Sponge (b) Amoeba
without the involvement of gamete formation, the (c) Hydra (d) Penicillium
reproduction is.
Q5. Select the odd one out with respect to sexual
(a) Sexual (b) Asexual
reproduction.
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
(a) Diverse organism show great diversity in sexual
Q2. Among the following which of the following is a mode mode of reproduction
of reproduction? (b) Juvenile phase is called vegetative phase in plants
(a) Cell cycle (b) Photosynthesis (c) Off-springs are not identical to parents
(c) Respiration (d) Cell division (d) Fusion of gametes results in the formation of
zygote
Q3. The process by which Monerans and Protists give rise
to new indivisuals. Q6. In diploid organism, specialised gamete mother cells
(a) Meiosis produce gametes. They are called.
(b) Mitosis (a) Meiocytes (b) Mitocytes
(c) Both (a) and (b) (c) Egg (d) Pollen
(d) None of the above
Q7. In majority of plants, fertilisation is.
Q4. Encystation is related to which of the following (a) Internal (b) External
organism? (c) Internal and oogamous (d) External and oogamous
Q8. Process of reproduction which results in the Q18. Members of which of the following group reproduces
production of identical offsprings is. through special reproductive structures?
(a) Simple and slow (b) Complex and fast (a) Algae, bryophytes
(c) Fast and simple (d) Fast and elaborate (b) Fungi, algae
(c) Pteridophytes, angiosperms
Q9. Which of the following can be used in the commercial
(d) Fungi, petridophytes
production of ginger?
(a)Tuber (b)Rhizome Q19. Given below are the names of some buds. Which of the
(c)Offset (d)Bulbil following is present in potato?
Axillary bud, adventitious bud, nodal bud, Leaf bud.
Q10. Offsprings produced by which of the following
(a) Adventitious, axillary bud
process/structure is called a clone?
(b) Nodal, axillary bud
(a) Syngamy
(c) Leaf, nodal bud
(b) Vegetative propagule
(d) Nodal, adventitious bud
(c) Fusion of gametes
(d) All of the above Q20. The among the following flowers once in its life time.
(a) Mango (b) Bamboo
Q11. A vegetative propagule that is a large fleshy bud is.
(c) Papaya (d) Jackfruit
(a) Rhizome (b) Bulb
(c) Bulbil (d) Sucker Q21. Which of the following is correct about offsets?
(a) It reproduces by parthenogenesis
Q12. Choose the odd one out with respect to vegetative
(b) It reproduces by meiotic division
propagule involved in cultivation in following plants.
(c) It reproduces by mitotic division
(a) Ginger (b) Potato
(d) It reproduces by binary fission
(c) Banana (d) Bryophyllum
Q22. Select the odd one out with respect to life span
Q13. Most of the sexually reproducing organism form. (a) Life span of organism are not correlated with
(a) Homogametes their size
(b) Isogamates (b) Crows and parrots show wide difference in their
(c) Heterogametes life span
(d) All of the above (c) Life span of rice is 3-4 weeks
(d) It is the period between birth and natural death of
Q14. What will the ploidy of the following?
an organism
Ovum, Zygote, endosperm
(a) 2n, 3n, n (b) n, 3n, 2n Q23. Which of the following is a life process that is not
(c) n, 2n, 3n (d) 3n, n, 2n essential for an individual’s survival but for survival of
the species.
Q15. A universal feature in all the sexually reproducing
(a) Growth (b) Reproduction
organisms is.
(c) Respiration (d) Nutrition
(a) Transfer of gametes
(b) Formation of embryo Q24. Fragmentation is a mode of asexual reproduction seen
(c) Formation of zygote in.
(d) Differentiation of zygote (a) Penicillium (b) Amoeba
(c) Hydra (d) Paramecium
Q16. Homothallic term in fungi represents.
(a) Unisexual condition (b) Bisexual condition Q25. Every sexually reproducing organism begins life as a.
(c) Dioecious condition (d) None of the above (a) embryo (b) zygote
(c) spore (d) gamete
Q17. Which of the following is incorrect with respect to
transition after fertilisation in angiosperms? Q26. Which among these is not a post fertilization event?
(a) Zygote forms embryo (a) Fruit formation
(b) PEN forms endosperm (b) Gametogenesis
(c) Ovary forms the fruit (c) Seed formation
(d) Integument forms pericarp (d) Embryogenesis
Q27. Which of the following parts of the flower wither and Q2. Assertion (A): That period of growth is called the
fall off after fertilization? juvenile phase.
(a) Stamens (b) Petals Reason (R): The end of juvenile/vegetative phase
(c) Pistil (d) Both (a) and (b) which marks the beginning of the reproductive phase
Q28. Process of fusion of haploid cells is called. can be seen easily in the higher plants when they come
(a) cell cycle (b) meiosis to flower.
(c) mitosis (d) syngamy (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
Q29. Sexual reproduction is characterized by. (A)
(a) fertilization of male and female gametes (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(b) zygote formation reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(c) embryogenesis assertion (A)
(d) all of these (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
Q30. Potato is multiplied vegetatively with the help of. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
(a) bulb Q3. Assertion (A): Cyclical changes during reproduction
(b) rhizome are called oestrus cycle.
(c) eyes (buds) on tubers Reason (R): It is seen in monkeys, apes and humans.
(d) offset (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
Q31. Pick the odd one out.
(A)
(a) Offset (b) Bulbil
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(c) Rhizome (d) Conidia reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
ASSERTION AND REASON (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
Q1. Assertion (A): Asexual reproduction is the common
Q4. Assertion (A): Gametogenesis refers to the process of
method of reproduction in organisms that have a
formation of the two types of gametes – male and
relatively simple organization.
female.
Reason (R): Zoospores are special asexual
Reason (R): It is a post fertilisation event.
reproductive structure present in plants. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A)
(A) (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A)
assertion (A) (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
 MULTIPLE CHOICE SOLUTION
S1. (b) Reproduction is a biological process in which an S16. (b) Bamboo flowers only once in 50-100 years, at this
organism gives rise to its young ones that are time it produces large number of fruits this time
similar to those from whom they are born. and then dies.
S2. (c) The term clone is used for offspring that are S17. (b) Strobilanthus kunthiana or neelakuranji flowers
similar/identical to each other and are also exact in mass and turns it surrounding area into blue
copies of their parents. stretches.
S3. (b) Reproduction is an important aspect of life, that S18. (d) Both environmental factors and hormones affect
maintains the continuity of a race. the reproductive process.
S4. (b) Gemmules are special asexual reproductive S19. (b) Cladophora produces homo-gametes or
structures that is used by sponge for asexual isogametes for sexual reproduction.
reproduction.
S20. (b) Heterothallic or dioecious terms are used to
S5. (d) units of vegetative reproduction like offset, bulb, describe unisexual condition in most plants and
sucker tuber in plants are capable of giving rise to fungi.
new offspring’s.
S21. (c) A unisexual male flower in a flowering plant
S6. (b) Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant and a most would bear stamens and would be staminate.
invasive weed and propagates vegetatively at a
S22. (b) Meiocytes are specialized mother cells that
rapid rate in water bodies.
undergo meiosis at the end of which only one set
S7. (c) Adventitious buds arise from the notches present at of chromosomes are incorporated in each
the margins of the leaves by which it propagates gamete.
vegetatively.
S23. (b) Pollination is a specialized event that governs the
S8. (a) Monoecious term is used to denote bisexual transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of
condition in plants. a flowering plant and is facilitated by wind,
insects, water etc.
S9. (b) Syngamy is the process of fusion of gametes that
results in the formation of zygote. S24. (b) When pollen grains land on the stigma, a pollen
tube is created that extends through the pistil
S10. (d) Parthenogenesis is a process in which the female
carrying the male gamete to the female gamete.
gamete undergoes development to form a new
organism without fertilization. S25. (c) A diploid zygote is the common among all
sexually reproducing organisms.
S11. (d) In some organisms, mostly aquatic organisms,
syngamy occurs in an external medium like S26 (b) During embryogenesis a zygote undergoes cell
water. division and cell differentiation.
S12. (b) Zygote is formed by the fusion of a male gamete S27. (c) Cell differentiation helps in the development of
with the female gamete and is a vital link between specialized tissues, organs and organ system and
organisms of various generations in a species. thus an organism.
S13. (c) During unfavourable conditions, amoeba withdraws
S28. (c) Animals are classified into oviparous and
its pseudopodia and secretes a three layered cyst
viviparous based on whether the development of
around itself, when conditions become
zygote takes place outside the body of female
favourable, amoeba divides by multiple fission
parent or inside.
and produces many minute amoeba.
S29. (c) In flowering plants, development of zygote takes
S14. (c) Water Hyacinth uses offset for vegetative
place inside ovule of a flower.
propagation and spreads at a phenomenal rate in
water bodies. S30. (d) Ovary forms the fruit and rest parts of flower get
shed off.
S15. (d) Banana and ginger both propagate vegetatively
with rhizome. S31. (b) Chara is a monoecious plant that is bisexual.
S32. (b) Meiocytes are gamete mother cells and their male gamete to female gamete) are important
number varies in every organism. pre-fertilisation events.
S33. (b) Non-primate mammals like cow, sheep rats show S48. (d) Organisms showing external fertilization show
cyclical changes during reproduction and that is great synchrony between the sexes but also have
called the oestrous cycle. certain disadvantages.

S34. (c) Sexual reproduction gives rise to new S49. (b) Pseudopodiospores are produced when the
encysted amoeba bursts on arrival of the
combinations and thus variations among species.
favourable conditions.
S35. (b) Eyes of potato tuber are also called as buds and S50. (c) Conidia, zoospores gemmules and buds are
help in vegetative propagation. special asexual reproductive structures of fungi
S36. (c) Paramecium reproduces by transverse binary and some plants.
fission during favourable conditions.
ASSERTION AND REASON
S37. (b) After meiosis, only one set of chromosomes get
incorporated into each gamete, hence their S1. (c) Many single-celled organisms reproduce by
nature is haploid. binary fission, where a cell divides into two halves
and each rapidly grows into an adult. In yeast,
S38. (d) Amoeba and plasmodium both of them show
there is budding, the division is unequal and small
sporulation
buds are produced that remain attached initially
S39. (c) All organism has to reach a certain stage of to the parent cell which, eventually gets
growth and maturity in their life. Before they separated and mature into new yeast organisms
reproduce sexually and that is called juvenile (cells).
phase. S2. (b) Both of the above statements are true,
fragmentation is a mode of asexual reproduction
S40. (b) They are bisexual with testis and ovaries located
in Hydra. In plants, the term vegetative
in the same organism.
reproduction is frequently used. In plants, the
S41. (c) Cockroach is a unisexual species, male and female units of vegetative propagation such as runner,
being separate. rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb are all capable
S42. (d) Tapeworm, sponge and leech all are of giving rise to new offspring. These structures
hermaphrodites with both male and female are called vegetative propagules.
reproductive organs present in the same S3. (c) Sporulation provides a multilayered structure
individual. that can be maintained for a long time. Spores are
designed to protect a bacterium from dryness,
S43. (b) Life span is defined as the period from birth to heat, and intense radiation for a long time,
natural death of an organism and is different for relative to the normal life span of the
different ones. microorganism. Amoeba reproduces by the
S44. (b) in yeast division is unequal, the small buds formation of spores internally, under
produced remain attached initially to the parent unfavourable conditions.
and eventually get separated and develop into a S4. (a) During sexual reproduction there is mixing of
new organism later. genetic material and the organism are well fit to
survive in the environment.
S45. (c) If hydra accidently breaks into pieces/fragments
each fragment is capable of growing into a new TRUE/FALSE
hydra, this is called fragmentation.
S46. (b) Water is an active transfer medium via which the S1. (True)
S2. (False) In several fungi and plants, terms such as
male motile gamete is transferred to the female
homothallic and monoecious are used to denote
gamete. the bisexual condition.
S3. (False) Cockroach is an example of a unisexual
S47. (d) Gametogenesis (process of formation of male and
species.
female gametes) and gamete transfer (transfer of
S4. (True)
 SOLUTIONS PRACTICE QUESTIONS
S1. (b) When offspring is produced by a single parent S14. (c) ovum is a gamete hence its ploidy will be n,
with or without the involvement of gamete zygote is formed by fusion of a male and a female
formation, the reproduction is asexual. gamete so its ploidy will be 2n and endosperms
ploidy will be 3n.
S2. (d) In reproduction, excessive cell divisions takes
place, meiosis during the formation of gametes S15. (c) Zygote is the vital link that ensures the
and mitosis after the zygote is formed. continuity of species between organism of one
generation and the next, it is a unique feature in
S3. (b) In Protists and Monerans, the organism or the
all the sexually reproducing organisms.
parent cell divides by mitosis into two to give
rise to new individuals S16. (b) In several fungi and plants, terms such as
homothallic and monoecious are used to denote
S4. (b) Under unfavourable condition the Amoeba
the bisexual condition.
withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three-
layered hard covering or cyst around itself. This S17. (d) the integuments are the outer layer(s) of the
phenomenon is termed as encystation. ovule and develop into a seed coat as the ovule
S5. (a) Diverse organism show great diversity in sexual matures following fertilization. Pericarp is a
mode of reproduction thick walled protective covering of the fruit.
S6. (a) Meiocytes are the cells that undergo meiosis to S18. (b) Members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple
produce gametes. They are diploid and produce plants such as algae reproduce through special
4 asexual reproductive structures.
haploid cells after meiosis or reduction division.
S19. (b) The buds present in potato tuber is nodal and
They are also known as gamete mother cells.
axillary bud.
S7. (c) in majority of plants like bryophytes, S20. (b) bamboo species flower only once in their life
petridophytes etc. the fertilisation is internal time, generally after 50-100 years, produce large
and oogamous. number of fruits and die.
S8. (c) the process of reproduction is a fast process, it is S21. (c) Offsets are vegetative propagules that are found
simple but period of reproduction is different in in Water hyacinth and it the divisions that take
different organisms. place in it are mitotic.
S9. (b) The vegetative propagule by which ginger S22. (c) All are correct with respect to life span except (c)
propagates is the rhizome hence it can be used
S23. (b) reproduction is the process that is important for
to for the commercial propagation of ginger
the survival of the species.
S10. (b) Syngamy is fusion of gametes hence they it is
sexual reproduction, vegetative propagation is S24. (c) Fragmentation is an asexual mode of
asexual method of reproduction adopted by reproduction in which the body of some
plants like potato, ginger etc hence the organisms break into distinct pieces
offsprings produced can be called as clones. (fragments). Each fragment grows into an adult
capable of producing an offspring.
S11. (c) Bulbil is a vegetative propagule that is found in
agave and is large and fleshy. S25. (b) Zygote is the vital link that ensures the
continuity of the species.
S12. (d) ginger, potato and banana all are cultivated by
their vegetative propagules while Bryophyllum is S26. (b) Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes
not cultivated commercially though it can (male and female ) and is a pre-fertilisation
propagate itself by buds that are produced in its event.
notches.
S27. (d) In flowering plants, the zygote is formed inside
S13. (c) Most of the sexually reproducing organisms the ovule. After fertilization the sepals, petals
form gametes that are dissimilar with respect to and stamens of the flower wither and fall off. The
motility and storage of food.
pistil however, remains attached to the plant.
S28. (d) the fusion of haploid cells that is the male and the S30. (c) potato multiplies by tubers or eyes on the
female gametes is called fertilisation or potato.
syngamy.
S31. (d) Coinidia is found in Penicillium while offset,
S29. (d) sexual reproduction is characterized by fusion of bulbil and rhizome are vegetative propagules of
the male and the female gametes, then formation plants.
of zygote takes place, then embryogenesis that
further grows to form a complete individual.

ASSERTION AND REASON

S1. (c) Asexual reproduction is the common method of end of juvenile/vegetative phase which marks
reproduction in organisms that have a relatively the beginning of the reproductive phase can be
simple organization and zoospores are special seen easily in the higher plants when they come
asexual reproductive structure, they are to flower.
microscopic and motile. Other common asexual
S3. (c) In non-primate mammals like cows, sheep, rats,
reproductive structures are conidia
deers, dogs, tiger, etc., such cyclical changes
(Penicillium), buds (Hydra) and gemmules
during reproduction are called oestrus cycle
(sponge).
where as in primates (monkeys, apes, and
S2. (a) All organisms have to reach a certain stage of humans) it is called menstrual cycle.
growth and maturity in their life, before they can
S4. (c) Gametogenesis is a pre-fertilisation event and it
reproduce sexually. That period of growth is
is the process of formation of male and the
called the juvenile phase. It is known as
female gametes.
vegetative phase in plants. This phase is of
variable durations in different organisms. The