Canadian International College

Engineering School

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Course Code ELE 471

Course Title Digital Signal Processing
Semester/Year Spring 21/22

Lab 4

Lab Title Z-Transform

 Z-Transform
Objectives:
• To realize the significance of z-transform
• To determine the z-transform and inverse z-transform of discrete time signal
and systems in MATLAB
• To find the pole-zero plot of DT system.

Significance of 𝒛−𝒏
The z-transform of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined as the power series

Where z is a complex variable. The relation sometimes called the direct z-transform
because it transforms the time-domain signal x(n) into its complex-plane
representation X(z).

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝑤

𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑟 −𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑛

𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑟 −𝑛 (cos(𝑤𝑛) − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑛)

Where:

r: real number

𝑒 𝑗𝑤 : Euler’s number

𝑤 : angular frequency in radians/samples

MATLAB Code:
n=0:.1:100;
r=1.1;
w=pi/4;
y1=r.^(-n);
y2=cos(w*n);
y=y1.*y2;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(n,y1);
xlabel('Sample No');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('r^-^n when r>1');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(n,y2);
xlabel('Sample No');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('cos(wt) when w=pi/4');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(n,y);
xlabel(' ');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('Real part of z^-^n= r^-^n *cos(wn)');
When,

r>1, 𝒛−𝒏 has exponentially decreasing oscillation

r<1, 𝒛−𝒏 has exponentially increasing oscillation

r=1, 𝒛−𝒏 has oscillation of constant amplitude.

So, we can say

𝒛−𝒏 represents a set of oscillating components of constant or increasing or

decreasing amplitude based on value of z
Finding z-transform of a Sequence
Lab Task:

Find z-transform of x[n] = [ 1 3 5 8 4 ]

Code:
syms z
x = [1 3 5 8 4];
m = length(x);
X=0;

for i=0:m-1
X = X + x(i+1)*z^(-i);
end
disp(X)

Lab Task:

Find z-transform of x[n] = [ 1 3 5 8 4 ]

Code:
syms z
x = input('Enter the sequence x(n): ');
n1 = input('Enter the start value of n: ');
n2 = n1+length(x)-1;
m = 1;
result = 0;
for i=n1:n2
result = result + x(m)*(z^(-i));
m = m + 1;
end
disp(result);
Finding z-transform of a function
Lab Task
Find z-transform of 𝑎𝑛 .
Code
syms n z a
f = a^n;
m=ztrans(f,z)

Lab Task
Find z-transform of sin(wn).
Code
syms w z n
f = sin(w*n);
m=ztrans(f,z)

Lab Task
1
Find z-transform of .
4𝑛
Code
syms z n
f = 1/4^n;
m = ztrans(f,n,z)
pretty(m)

Finding inverse z-transform of a function

Lab Task
2𝑧
Find inverse z-transform of .
2𝑧−1
Code
syms z n
f=2*z/(2*z-1);
m = iztrans(f)
pretty(m)
Z-Plane
Lab Task
1
Plot z-plane of 4^𝑛
code
syms n z a
f = 1/4^n;
m=ztrans(f,z);
[nem, den] = numden(m)
a = double (coeffs(nem))
b = double (coeffs(den))

zplane(a,b);
EXERCISES:

A) Find Z transform of the following:

1- x[n] = [ 1 3 2 5 9 4 2 ]

2- y[n] = u[n-2]

1 𝑛
3- ( ) 𝑢[𝑛 − 1]
4
Solution
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B) Find the inverse z transform of the following

Solution
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C) Find convolution of the following functions by means of Z transform:
1 𝑛
𝒙[𝒏]=2𝑛 𝒖[−𝒏+𝟏] , 𝒉[𝒏]=( ) 𝒖[𝒏−𝟐]
3

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