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Trigonometry

The document covers trigonometric ratios, identities, and formulas for calculating areas of triangles, including Heron's formula. It also discusses the cosine and sine rules, circular trigonometric functions, and inverse trigonometric functions, along with their domains and ranges. Additionally, it provides information on trigonometric equations and graphs, including the sine, cosine, and tangent functions.

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Agni Giri
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views14 pages

Trigonometry

The document covers trigonometric ratios, identities, and formulas for calculating areas of triangles, including Heron's formula. It also discusses the cosine and sine rules, circular trigonometric functions, and inverse trigonometric functions, along with their domains and ranges. Additionally, it provides information on trigonometric equations and graphs, including the sine, cosine, and tangent functions.

Uploaded by

Agni Giri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trigonometric Ratios:

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
Sin Ɵ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
; Cosec Ɵ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
; Cosec Ɵ = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 Ɵ
;
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
Cos Ɵ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
; Sec Ɵ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
; Sec Ɵ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 Ɵ
;
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
Tan Ɵ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
; Cot Ɵ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
; Cot Ɵ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ɵ
;

Sin, Cos, Tan, Cosec, Sec, Cot are short names for sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant,
secant and cotangent respectively.
Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles:

First triangle is an isosceles right angled triangle whereas the second triangle is an
equilateral triangle. Properties of the triangle along-with Pythagoras theorem can
be used to find trigonometric ratios of angles 45˚, 30˚, 60˚. A complete table with
values is below.
Angle 0˚ or 0 30˚ or 45˚ or 60˚ or 90˚ or 180˚ or 270˚ or
Ɵ π π π π π 3π
6 4 3 2 2

Sin Ɵ 0 1 1 √3 1 0 -1
2 √2 2
Cos Ɵ 1 √3 1 1 0 -1 0
2 √2 2

Tan Ɵ 0 1 1 √3 ∞ 0 -∞
√3

Area of Triangle:

1
(a)​Area = 2
x base x height

(b)​When two sides and included angle is given,


1
Area = 2
abSinC


(c)​Equilateral Triangle
√3
Area = 4

(d)​Heron’s Formula
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2

Area = 𝑆(𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)(𝑆 − 𝑐) where S is semi-perimeter of the


triangle and a, b, c are the lengths of the sides.
Trigonometric Identities:
(a)​Basic Identities: Sin²x + Cos²x = 1
1 + Tan²x = Sec²x
1 + Cot²x = Cosec²x
(b)​Complementary Angle Identities:
Sin (90˚-Ɵ) = Cos Ɵ
Cos (90˚-Ɵ) = Sin Ɵ
Tan (90˚-Ɵ) = Cot Ɵ
Cosec (90˚-Ɵ) = Sec Ɵ
Sec (90˚-Ɵ) = Cosec Ɵ
Cot (90˚-Ɵ) = Tan Ɵ
(c)​Trigonometric Ratios of Sum & Difference of Angles:
Sin (A+B) = Sin A Cos B + Cos A Sin B
Sin (A-B) = Sin A Cos B – Cos A Sin B
Cos (A+B) = Cos A Cos B – Sin A Sin B
Cos (A-B) = Cos A Cos B + Sin A Sin B

𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴+𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐵
Tan (A+B) = 1−𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐵

𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴−𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐵
Tan (A-B) = 1+𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐵

(d)​Double Angle Formulas: Sin 2x = 2Sin x Cos x


2𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 1+𝑇𝑎𝑛²𝑥
Cos 2x = Cos²x - Sin²x
= 2Cos²x – 1
= 1 – 2Sin²x
1−𝑇𝑎𝑛²𝑥
= 1+𝑇𝑎𝑛²𝑥

2𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑥
Tan 2x = 1−𝑇𝑎𝑛²𝑥

𝑥 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
(e)​Half-Angle Formulas: Cos 2
= 2

𝑥 1−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
Sin 2
= 2

𝑥 1−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
Tan 2
= 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥

Cosine Rule:

a² = b² + c² - 2bcCos A b² = c² + a² - 2caCos B c² =
a² + b² - 2abCos C
or or
or
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑏 +𝑐 −𝑎² 𝑐 +𝑎 −𝑏² 𝑎 +𝑏 −𝑐²
Cos A = 2𝑏𝑐
Cos B = 2𝑐𝑎
Cos C = 2𝑎𝑏
Sine Rule:
Ambiguous Case of sine rule: For SSA case, Sine rule gives two possible angles.

It’s clear from above construction that two triangles are possible with length of two
sides 9 and 7 and one non-included angle being 45˚.
Using Sine Rule, we can find angle C.

=> Sin C = 0.9091


=> C = 65.4˚ or 114.6˚
Clearly ∠ C has two possible values. As unique triangle is not possible, this is an
example of ambiguous case.
Radians: 180˚ = π rad

Area of Sectors: Area of Sector = πr²x = , if Ɵ is in radians.

= x , if Ɵ is in degrees.
Length of Arc of a circle: l = rƟ, if Ɵ is in radians.
Ɵ
= 2πr x 360˚
, if Ɵ is in degrees.

Circular Trigonometric Functions:

Unit circle helps us in redefining trigonometric functions for angles greater than
90˚. From the diagram above, Cos Ɵ & Sin Ɵ both are positive as they lie in 1st
quadrant. If angle Ɵ lies in some other quadrant, signs of Cos Ɵ and Sin Ɵ may
change depending on the quadrant. Clearly, Cos Ɵ follows sign of x co-ordinate
and Sin Ɵ follows sign of y co-ordinate.
Thus, if Ɵ is the angle between OP and the positive x-axis:
• the cosine of Ɵ is defined to be the x-coordinate of the point P on the unit circle
• the sine of Ɵ is defined to be the y-coordinate of the point P on the unit circle.

From the above diagram,


Cos 150˚ = - Cos 30˚ as x co-ordinate is –ve
nd
in 2
Sin 150˚ = Sin 30˚ as y co-ordinate is
nd
+ve in 2
CAST Diagram:

Sin is +ve All are +ve S A


is abbreviated as

Tan is +ve Cos is +ve T C

Reference Angle & Trigonometric Ratio Formulas for Angles in 2nd, 3rd & 4th
quadrant:
When the rotation angle is greater than 90˚, the acute angle between the rotation
line and the x-axis is the reference angle.
2nd Quadrant 1st
Quadrant
180˚-Ɵ or
π–Ɵ
π + Ɵ or 2π – Ɵ
or
180˚ + Ɵ 360˚ - Ɵ
3rd quadrant 4th
Quadrant
(a)​2nd Quadrant Formulas: Sin (180˚ - Ɵ) = Sin Ɵ or Sin (π - Ɵ) = Sin Ɵ
Cos (180˚ - Ɵ) = - Cos Ɵ or Cos (π - Ɵ) = - Cos
Ɵ
Tan (180˚ - Ɵ) = - Tan Ɵ or Tan (π - Ɵ) = - Tan Ɵ

(b)​3rd Quadrant Formulas: Sin (180˚ + Ɵ) = - Sin Ɵ or Sin (π + Ɵ) = - Sin Ɵ


Cos (180˚ + Ɵ) = - Cos Ɵ or Cos (π + Ɵ) = -
Cos Ɵ
Tan (180˚ + Ɵ) = Tan Ɵ or Tan (π + Ɵ) = Tan
Ɵ

(c)​4th Quadrant Formulas: Sin (360˚ - Ɵ) = - Sin Ɵ or Sin (2π - Ɵ) = - Sin Ɵ


Cos (360˚ - Ɵ) = Cos Ɵ or Cos (2π - Ɵ) =
Cos Ɵ
Tan (360˚ - Ɵ) = - Tan Ɵ or Tan (2π - Ɵ) = - Tan
Ɵ

Trigonometric Equations:
(a)​ Cos Ɵ = Cos α, where α is a constant angle.
=> Ɵ = 2nπ ± α

(b)​ Sin Ɵ = Sin α, where α is a constant angle.


=> Ɵ = nπ + (-1)ⁿα
(c)​ Tan Ɵ = Tan α, where α is a constant angle.
=> Ɵ = nπ + α
Example 1: 2Sin²t = 1
1 1 π
=> Sin²t = 2
=> Sin t = ± √2 => t = nπ + (-1)ⁿ 4 , nπ +

(-1)ⁿ 4

π 3π 5π 7π
Solutions between 0 and 2π are 4
, 4
, 4
, 4
.

Example 2: Cos 2Ɵ + Cos Ɵ + 1 = 0


=> 2Cos²Ɵ – 1 + Cos Ɵ + 1 = 0
=> 2Cos²Ɵ + Cos Ɵ = 0
=> Cos Ɵ ( 2 Cos Ɵ + 1 ) = 0
−1
=> Cos Ɵ = 0, 2
.
π 2π
=> Ɵ = 2nπ ± 2
, 2nπ± 3
.
π 2π 4π 3π
Solutions between 0 and 2π are 2
, 3
, 3
, 2
.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions:


Sin Ɵ = x
=> Ɵ = Sin⁻¹x
Usually Sin⁻¹x can be equal to any angle whose Sine is x. So, it’s a
multi-valued function.
Whereas arcsinx is a one-to-one function and usually represents principal
values.

Domain Range
π π
arcsinx [-1,1] [- 2 , 2
]

arccosx [-1,1] [0, π]

π π
arctanx (-∞, ∞) (- 2 , 2
)

Example 1: tan(arctan2) = 2.
5π −√3 2π
Example 2: arcsin(sin 3
) = arcsin( 2
)=- 3
.
2
Example 3: tan(arccos 3
)=?
2
Let arccos 3
=x
2
=> Cos x = 3

2
3 −2² √5
=> Tan x = 2
= 2

2 √5
=> tan(arccos 3
)= 2
Ans.

Trigonometric Graphs:
(a)​Sine function
Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]
Period = 2π

(b)​Cosine function

Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]
Period = 2π
(c)​Tangent Function
π
Domain is set of all real numbers except odd multiples of 2
.

Range = R
Period = π
Asymptotes
π
x = (2n+1) 2

(d)​Sinusoidal Graphs
y = A Cos [ B ( x + C ) ] + D
Here, graph of Cos x has been transformed with stretches and
translations.

C Period
|A|

Axis
D

|A| is the height of the curve above the axis. It’s also called amplitude.
C is translation left or right parallel to the x-axis ( negative when it’s to
the right and
positive when it’s to the left )
D is translation up or down parallel to the y-axis ( negative when it’s
down or
positive when it’s up )
360˚ 2π
B is stretch or squash parallel to the x-axis. B = 𝐵
= 𝐵
.

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