Trigonometry
Trigonometry
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
Sin Ɵ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
; Cosec Ɵ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
; Cosec Ɵ = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 Ɵ
;
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
Cos Ɵ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
; Sec Ɵ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
; Sec Ɵ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 Ɵ
;
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
Tan Ɵ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
; Cot Ɵ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
; Cot Ɵ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ɵ
;
Sin, Cos, Tan, Cosec, Sec, Cot are short names for sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant,
secant and cotangent respectively.
Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles:
First triangle is an isosceles right angled triangle whereas the second triangle is an
equilateral triangle. Properties of the triangle along-with Pythagoras theorem can
be used to find trigonometric ratios of angles 45˚, 30˚, 60˚. A complete table with
values is below.
Angle 0˚ or 0 30˚ or 45˚ or 60˚ or 90˚ or 180˚ or 270˚ or
Ɵ π π π π π 3π
6 4 3 2 2
Sin Ɵ 0 1 1 √3 1 0 -1
2 √2 2
Cos Ɵ 1 √3 1 1 0 -1 0
2 √2 2
Tan Ɵ 0 1 1 √3 ∞ 0 -∞
√3
Area of Triangle:
1
(a)Area = 2
x base x height
(c)Equilateral Triangle
√3
Area = 4
a²
(d)Heron’s Formula
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴+𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐵
Tan (A+B) = 1−𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐵
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴−𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐵
Tan (A-B) = 1+𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐵
2𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑥
Tan 2x = 1−𝑇𝑎𝑛²𝑥
𝑥 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
(e)Half-Angle Formulas: Cos 2
= 2
𝑥 1−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
Sin 2
= 2
𝑥 1−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
Tan 2
= 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
Cosine Rule:
a² = b² + c² - 2bcCos A b² = c² + a² - 2caCos B c² =
a² + b² - 2abCos C
or or
or
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑏 +𝑐 −𝑎² 𝑐 +𝑎 −𝑏² 𝑎 +𝑏 −𝑐²
Cos A = 2𝑏𝑐
Cos B = 2𝑐𝑎
Cos C = 2𝑎𝑏
Sine Rule:
Ambiguous Case of sine rule: For SSA case, Sine rule gives two possible angles.
It’s clear from above construction that two triangles are possible with length of two
sides 9 and 7 and one non-included angle being 45˚.
Using Sine Rule, we can find angle C.
= x , if Ɵ is in degrees.
Length of Arc of a circle: l = rƟ, if Ɵ is in radians.
Ɵ
= 2πr x 360˚
, if Ɵ is in degrees.
Unit circle helps us in redefining trigonometric functions for angles greater than
90˚. From the diagram above, Cos Ɵ & Sin Ɵ both are positive as they lie in 1st
quadrant. If angle Ɵ lies in some other quadrant, signs of Cos Ɵ and Sin Ɵ may
change depending on the quadrant. Clearly, Cos Ɵ follows sign of x co-ordinate
and Sin Ɵ follows sign of y co-ordinate.
Thus, if Ɵ is the angle between OP and the positive x-axis:
• the cosine of Ɵ is defined to be the x-coordinate of the point P on the unit circle
• the sine of Ɵ is defined to be the y-coordinate of the point P on the unit circle.
Reference Angle & Trigonometric Ratio Formulas for Angles in 2nd, 3rd & 4th
quadrant:
When the rotation angle is greater than 90˚, the acute angle between the rotation
line and the x-axis is the reference angle.
2nd Quadrant 1st
Quadrant
180˚-Ɵ or
π–Ɵ
π + Ɵ or 2π – Ɵ
or
180˚ + Ɵ 360˚ - Ɵ
3rd quadrant 4th
Quadrant
(a)2nd Quadrant Formulas: Sin (180˚ - Ɵ) = Sin Ɵ or Sin (π - Ɵ) = Sin Ɵ
Cos (180˚ - Ɵ) = - Cos Ɵ or Cos (π - Ɵ) = - Cos
Ɵ
Tan (180˚ - Ɵ) = - Tan Ɵ or Tan (π - Ɵ) = - Tan Ɵ
Trigonometric Equations:
(a) Cos Ɵ = Cos α, where α is a constant angle.
=> Ɵ = 2nπ ± α
π 3π 5π 7π
Solutions between 0 and 2π are 4
, 4
, 4
, 4
.
Domain Range
π π
arcsinx [-1,1] [- 2 , 2
]
π π
arctanx (-∞, ∞) (- 2 , 2
)
Example 1: tan(arctan2) = 2.
5π −√3 2π
Example 2: arcsin(sin 3
) = arcsin( 2
)=- 3
.
2
Example 3: tan(arccos 3
)=?
2
Let arccos 3
=x
2
=> Cos x = 3
2
3 −2² √5
=> Tan x = 2
= 2
2 √5
=> tan(arccos 3
)= 2
Ans.
Trigonometric Graphs:
(a)Sine function
Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]
Period = 2π
(b)Cosine function
Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]
Period = 2π
(c)Tangent Function
π
Domain is set of all real numbers except odd multiples of 2
.
Range = R
Period = π
Asymptotes
π
x = (2n+1) 2
(d)Sinusoidal Graphs
y = A Cos [ B ( x + C ) ] + D
Here, graph of Cos x has been transformed with stretches and
translations.
C Period
|A|
Axis
D
|A| is the height of the curve above the axis. It’s also called amplitude.
C is translation left or right parallel to the x-axis ( negative when it’s to
the right and
positive when it’s to the left )
D is translation up or down parallel to the y-axis ( negative when it’s
down or
positive when it’s up )
360˚ 2π
B is stretch or squash parallel to the x-axis. B = 𝐵
= 𝐵
.