"Nitrochlorobenzene (NCB)"

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

DEEPAK KUMAR DHAKAD

Enrolment Number: 221343105014

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PRIME INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERNG &TECHNOLGY

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

April 2025
 PRIME INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLGY
NAVSARI -396436
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project entitled
Nitrochlorobenzene Intermediate Manufacturing Process has been carried out by DEEPAK
DHAKD under my guidance in partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
DHAKAD
Chemical Engineering Department, 8th Semester of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmadabad during the academic year 2024-25.

Signature Signature

Mr. Mahesh N. Jethva Mr. Mahesh N. Jethva

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Name of Student Signature

DEEPAK KUMAR DHAKAD _____________

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Certificate of Completion

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 PRIME INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLGY
NAVSARI -396436

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the Internship / Project report submitted along with the
Internship/Project entitled Nitrochlorobenzene (NCB) Manufacturing Process submitted in
partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering
Department to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of
original project work carried out by me at Aarti Industries Ltd, VAPI under the supervision
of Mr. Mahesh N. Jethva (HOD-Chemical Engineering Department at PRIME INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING &TECHNOLGY) and Mr. Mehul Ramoliya (GM a Aarti Industries Ltd, VAPI
that no part of this report has been directly copied from any students’ reports or taken from
any other source, without providing due reference.

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 PRIME INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLGY
NAVSARI -396436

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I hereby take the opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Mahesh N.
Jethva, (Faculty of Chemical Engineering Department) for his kind support and timely
guidance given to me for reaching my destination with perfection. I am thankful to him for
his suggestion and ideas to make this project work even better.

I am very much thankful to Prof. Mahesh N. Jethva (HOD of chemical engineering

department) who permitted me to work on the topic and extended his kind support and
help for the same the enthusiasm shown by him in my project proved to be a great source
of inspiration.

I am thankful to all teaching and non-teaching staff members and friend who helped me
directly and indirectly for the successful completion of this work.

I am also thankful to Aarti Industries Ltd, VAPI & Mr. Mehul Ramoliya and other for their
literature review for all kind support and guidance.

Thanking You,

DEEPAK KUMAR DHAKD

Enrolment Number-221343105014

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 PRIME INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLGY
NAVSARI -396436

ABSTRACT

This report summarizes the work undertaken during a one-month internship a Aarti
Industries Ltd, VAPI , a leading chemical company specializing in the production of
organophosphorus compounds.

The focus of the internship was on Nitrochlorobenzene, a key chemical used as an

intermediate in the production of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and flame retardants.
Throughout the internship, I was exposed to various stages of the production process,
including raw material handling, synthesis, quality control, and safety protocols.

During my time at the company, I gained hands-on experience with the chemical synthesis
of Trimethyl Phosphite, learning about the importance of maintaining strict process
parameters to ensure product quality and consistency.

I also observed the use of analytical techniques such as gas chromatography and NMR
spectroscopy for quality assurance. The internship provided valuable insights into the
industrial applications of chemical engineering principles, particularly in the large-scale
production of fine chemicals.

The experience not only enhanced my technical knowledge but also strengthened my
understanding of the safety and environmental considerations in chemical manufacturing.
This report details the learning outcomes from my internship, highlighting key processes,
challenges encountered, and the solutions implemented during production.

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 INDEX

Content Page No.

Introduction 8

Company Profile 9

Overview of Trimethyl Phosphite 10

Manufacturing Process 13

Diagrams and Flow Charts 16

Equipment Details 17

Internship Responsibilities 19

Conclusion 22

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Introduction

Internships play a critical role in providing practical exposure and bridging the gap between
theoretical knowledge and real-world applications. This report details my one-month
internship experience at SWADEV CHEMICALS, VAPI. A leading chemical company
specializing in the production of organophosphorus compounds. My primary area of focus
during this internship was the production of Trimethyl Phosphite, a key chemical used
across industries, from agrochemicals to pharmaceuticals.

The aim of this internship was to enhance my understanding of large-scale chemical

manufacturing and to apply the principles of chemical engineering in an industrial setting.
The exposure to different stages of the production process, including synthesis, quality
control, and safety protocols, provided me with valuable insights into the functioning of a
chemical plant.

This report highlights the knowledge and skills gained through hands-on participation in the
production process of Trimethyl Phosphite. By observing the various production stages, I
was able to appreciate the importance of precision and efficiency in maintaining product
quality. In addition to technical skills, I also learned about the importance of adhering to
safety standards in a chemical plant, especially when dealing with hazardous materials.

The internship provided a comprehensive learning experience that allowed me to apply

classroom knowledge in a professional environment, preparing me for future roles in the
chemical industry.

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Company Profile

SWADEV CHEMICALS, VAPI is a leading chemical manufacturer with a focus on

organophosphorus compounds and fine chemicals.

Established in 1992, Swadev Chemicals is a key player in the chemical manufacturing

industry, based in Vapi, Gujarat. The company specializes in producing high-quality
industrial chemicals and pharmaceutical raw materials. Swadev Chemicals is known for its
extensive range of chemical products, including intermediates like 4-
Methoxyacetophenone, 4-Methylpropiophenone, and Methanesulfonyl Chloride, among
many others.

Industry Specialties: Swadev Chemicals focuses on various chemical processes, including

Friedel-Craft reactions, Alkylation, Bromination, Chlorination, and more. This specialization
allows them to cater to a diverse set of industries, such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals,
and specialty chemicals.

CHEMICALS, VAPI Ltd. remains at the forefront of chemical production technology.

During my internship, I had the opportunity to work closely with various departments at
SWADEV CHEMICALS, VAPI Ltd., including production, quality control, and research and
development (R&D). This gave me a well-rounded understanding of the company's
operations and the pivotal role it plays in the chemical manufacturing sector.

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Overview of Trimethyl Phosphite

• Chemical Structure and Composition: Trimethyl Phosphite, with the molecular

formula C3H9O3P, is an organophosphorus compound widely recognized for its
versatile applications in both industrial and pharmaceutical sectors. The chemical
structure consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to three methoxy groups (-OCH3),
giving it a distinctive set of physical and chemical properties. It is classified as an ester
of phosphorous acid and is typically a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Its
molecular weight is 124.07 g/mol, and it is relatively volatile, exhibiting a boiling
point of approximately 111°C (232°F).
• Physical and Chemical Properties: Trimethyl Phosphite is a liquid at room
temperature and is soluble in a variety of organic solvents, such as ethanol, acetone,
and ether, while being only slightly soluble in water. It is a relatively stable compound
but can undergo hydrolysis when exposed to moisture or water, forming methanol
and phosphorous acid. In terms of reactivity, Trimethyl Phosphite behaves as a
nucleophile and can participate in various organic reactions, making it a valuable
reagent in synthetic chemistry. One of its notable properties is its reactivity towards
halogens. For instance, it reacts readily with halides to form corresponding
phosphonium salts, which are useful intermediates in numerous chemical syntheses.
This high reactivity also positions it as a key player in chemical processes such as
Michaelis-Arbuzov reactions, which are used for producing organophosphorus
compounds.
• Synthesis of Trimethyl Phosphite: Trimethyl Phosphite can be synthesized through a
straightforward process that typically involves the reaction of phosphorus trichloride
(PCl3) with methanol (CH3OH). The general reaction is as follows:

PCl3+3CH3OH→P(OCH3)3+3HCl

This process yields Trimethyl Phosphite and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a byproduct. The
reaction is highly exothermic, meaning it releases heat, which must be carefully managed

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during large-scale production. Due to its simple production process and cost-effective raw
materials, Trimethyl Phosphite is readily available for commercial use in various industries.

Applications:

1. Industrial Uses: Trimethyl Phosphite finds extensive use in the chemical industry as a
reagent and intermediate in the production of organophosphorus compounds. One
of its key applications is in Michaelis-Arbuzov reactions, where it is utilized to
produce phosphonates and phosphinates, which are important components in flame
retardants, pesticides, and plastic additives.

In addition, it serves as a stabilizing agent for polymers and resins, helping to enhance the
durability and chemical resistance of these materials. This makes it an important compound
in the manufacturing of various coatings and plastic products, particularly where high-
performance materials are required.

2. Pharmaceutical Sector: In the pharmaceutical industry, Trimethyl Phosphite is an

essential intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of drugs and medicinal
compounds. It is often used in the production of antiviral agents and other
biologically active molecules that play crucial roles in modern medicine. Its ability to
introduce phosphorus atoms into complex molecules is key in the development of
novel therapeutic agents.

3. Agriculture: Trimethyl Phosphite is also employed in the agricultural industry for the
synthesis of organophosphorus pesticides and herbicides. Its role in the production of
these agrochemicals makes it an important component in crop protection, helping
farmers manage pest populations and enhance agricultural yields. The compound
contributes to the synthesis of several environmentally important and effective
pesticides.

4. Catalysis and Chemical Reactions: Beyond its role as a reagent, Trimethyl Phosphite
also acts as a ligand in catalysis. It can coordinate with metal atoms in catalytic
systems, forming complexes that facilitate a variety of chemical reactions. These
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 catalytic systems are used in both fine chemical production and large-scale industrial
processes, especially in the development of specialty chemicals, including those used
in pharmaceuticals and materials science.

• Safety and Handling: While Trimethyl Phosphite is widely used in the industry, it
should be handled with caution due to its flammability and potential health hazards.
It emits toxic fumes when heated or burned, and inhalation of its vapors can cause
irritation to the respiratory system. In liquid form, it can also cause skin and eye
irritation upon direct contact. As with many phosphorus-containing compounds,
proper personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and respirators
should be worn when working with this chemical to minimize exposure risks.
Additionally, it must be stored in a cool, dry environment to prevent decomposition
from moisture and other reactive substances.
• Environmental Considerations: Trimethyl Phosphite, like many organophosphorus
compounds, must be used and disposed of with care to minimize environmental
impact. If improperly handled or released into the environment, it can contribute to
water and soil contamination, potentially affecting aquatic and terrestrial life.
Regulatory guidelines often require specific disposal methods to ensure
environmental safety, and industries that use Trimethyl Phosphite are typically
governed by stringent waste management protocols.

Conclusion: Trimethyl Phosphite is an invaluable chemical across multiple industries due to

its versatile reactivity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of synthesis. From its use as an
intermediate in pharmaceuticals to its role in industrial processes and agriculture, it serves a
wide array of applications. However, safe handling and environmental precautions are
critical to prevent potential health hazards and ecological impact. As industries continue to
grow, the demand for this compound is expected to remain strong, particularly in sectors
that rely on efficient phosphorus chemistry.

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Manufacturing Process of Trimethyl Phosphite

The production of Trimethyl Phosphite is a relatively straightforward yet highly controlled

process due to the reactivity of the materials involved. The primary method for synthesizing
Trimethyl Phosphite involves the reaction of phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) with methanol
(CH3OH) in an exothermic reaction. This process is conducted in a carefully managed
environment to ensure safety and high yield. Below is an outline of the manufacturing
process:

1. Raw Material Preparation:

The production begins with the preparation of the two main raw materials: phosphorus
trichloride and methanol. Both of these compounds are widely available in the chemical
industry, with PCl3 being a key phosphorus-containing reagent and CH3OH serving as a
simple alcohol. These raw materials must be of high purity to ensure the quality and
consistency of the final product.

2. Reaction Setup:

In a typical industrial setup, the reaction between phosphorus trichloride and methanol
occurs in a batch reactor under controlled conditions. The following reaction takes place:

PCl3+3CH3OH→P(OCH3)3+3HCl

This reaction results in the formation of Trimethyl Phosphite (P(OCH3)3) and hydrochloric
acid (HCl) as a byproduct. Due to the exothermic nature of this reaction, heat is released,
which must be carefully managed to avoid side reactions or decomposition of the products.

3. Temperature and Pressure Control:

During the process, the temperature is typically maintained between 0°C to 50°C,
depending on the scale of production and the specific reactor design. The reaction pressure
is also controlled to ensure that the volatile methanol does not evaporate prematurely. The
precise control of temperature and pressure is crucial to maximizing yield while minimizing
unwanted side reactions or impurities.
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4. Removal of Byproducts:

The hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced in the reaction is removed through a gas scrubbing
system. HCl is a corrosive and hazardous substance, so proper handling and neutralization of
this byproduct are critical for both environmental and safety reasons. In industrial settings,
HCl can be recovered and reused in other processes or neutralized before disposal.

5. Purification of Trimethyl Phosphite:

The crude Trimethyl Phosphite produced in the reactor undergoes a purification process to
remove any unreacted materials or byproducts. This is typically done through distillation
under reduced pressure. The distillation process separates Trimethyl Phosphite from any
impurities based on differences in boiling points, ensuring a high-purity final product.

6. Storage and Handling:

Once purified, Trimethyl Phosphite is stored in airtight containers to prevent degradation.

The compound is sensitive to moisture, as it can hydrolyze in the presence of water,
producing methanol and phosphorous acid. Therefore, it must be stored in a dry, cool
environment and handled with care to prevent exposure to air and moisture.

Safety Considerations:

Given the reactivity of phosphorus trichloride and the corrosive nature of the byproducts,
the manufacturing process is conducted in a closed system to ensure worker safety and
environmental protection. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves,
goggles, and fume hoods are mandatory in the production facility.

Conclusion:

The manufacturing process of Trimethyl Phosphite is well-established and involves

straightforward chemical reactions that yield high-purity product. The efficiency of the
process depends on careful control of reaction conditions and effective removal of
byproducts. Through proper handling and safety measures, Trimethyl Phosphite is produced

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at an industrial scale for use in a wide range of applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical,
and agricultural industries.

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Diagrams and Flow Charts

Production Flow Chart

The production flow chart illustrates the step-by-step process involved in the synthesis of
Trimethyl Phosphite

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Equipment Details
During my internship at SWADEV CHEMICALS, VAPI , I had the opportunity to work with
various types of equipment used in the production of Trimethyl Phosphite. Familiarity with
this equipment not only enhanced my practical skills but also deepened my understanding
of the processes involved in chemical manufacturing. Below are some key pieces of
equipment that I interacted with during my internship.

Reaction Vessel

The reaction vessel is the primary equipment used in the synthesis of Trimethyl Phosphite.
This large, temperature-controlled container allows for the mixing of raw materials,
including phosphorus trichloride and methanol, under controlled conditions. The vessel is
equipped with heating and cooling jackets to maintain optimal reaction temperatures, and
it is fitted with stirrers to ensure thorough mixing of the reactants. I learned how to monitor
and adjust the temperature and pressure settings, which are critical for maximizing yield
and ensuring safety.

Distillation Column

After the synthesis process, the reaction mixture is sent to a distillation column for
purification. This equipment separates Trimethyl Phosphite from by-products and unreacted
materials based on differences in boiling points. I observed the operation of the distillation
column, including how to set up the reflux ratio and monitor the collection of fractions.
Understanding the distillation process reinforced the importance of purity in chemical
products.

Gas Chromatography (GC)

Gas chromatography is a vital analytical tool used in the quality control of Trimethyl
Phosphite. It allows for the separation and analysis of volatile compounds in the product
mixture. I assisted in preparing samples for GC analysis and learned how to interpret
chromatograms to assess the purity and composition of the product. This experience
underscored the significance of analytical techniques in ensuring product quality.
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Safety Equipment

Safety is paramount in chemical manufacturing, and I was trained in the use of various
safety equipment, including personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles,
and lab coats. Additionally, I became familiar with emergency response equipment,
including eyewash stations, safety showers, and fire extinguishers, which are crucial for
ensuring the safety of personnel in the event of an accident.

Through hands-on experience with this equipment, I gained practical insights into their
functions and the critical roles they play in maintaining efficiency and safety in chemical
production.

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Internship Responsibilities
During my internship at SWADEV CHEMICALS, VAPI I was actively involved in various aspects
of the production process of Trimethyl Phosphite. My responsibilities were designed to
provide a comprehensive understanding of chemical manufacturing, allowing me to apply
theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios.

Daily Tasks

On a typical day, I began by reviewing production schedules and preparing for the day's
activities. I was assigned to the production department, where I assisted in the preparation
and monitoring of the raw materials required for synthesizing Trimethyl Phosphite. This
included measuring and mixing reactants under the supervision of experienced technicians,
ensuring that all materials were handled in accordance with safety protocols.

I participated in routine checks of equipment to ensure they were functioning optimally and
reported any irregularities to the senior staff. I also assisted in maintaining accurate records
of production data, which is critical for quality assurance and compliance with industry
regulations.

Production Processes

My involvement in the production processes included observing the synthesis of Trimethyl

Phosphite. I learned about the chemical reactions involved, the importance of maintaining
specific temperatures and pressures, and how to monitor these parameters using various
instruments. Understanding the reaction kinetics and how they affected product yield was
particularly enlightening.

Quality Control and Safety

In addition to production tasks, I gained exposure to the quality control measures

implemented at the facility. This involved participating in tests for product purity using gas
chromatography and NMR spectroscopy. I learned how to interpret the results and
understand the significance of each test in ensuring the quality of the final product.

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Safety was a constant priority during my internship. I was trained in the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE) and emergency response protocols, which reinforced the
importance of maintaining a safe working environment in chemical manufacturing.

Challenges and Solutions

Throughout my internship, I encountered several challenges, such as adjusting to the fast-

paced production environment and quickly learning to use complex equipment. To
overcome these challenges, I actively sought guidance from my supervisors and
collaborated with my peers. Their support helped me to adapt and develop confidence in
my abilities.

Skills Gained
The internship at SWADEV CHEMICALS, VAPI provided me with a wealth of practical skills
and knowledge that are essential for a career in chemical engineering. One of the primary
skills I developed was a deeper understanding of chemical processes and the ability to apply
theoretical concepts to real-world situations.

I gained hands-on experience in the synthesis of Trimethyl Phosphite, which involved

learning about reaction kinetics, catalyst selection, and the importance of maintaining
optimal conditions for maximum yield. Understanding the intricacies of chemical reactions
enhanced my analytical thinking and problem-solving abilities.

In addition to technical skills, I also developed valuable soft skills during my time at the
company. Effective communication was crucial for collaborating with my team members and
supervisors. I learned how to clearly convey information, whether it was reporting on
production data or discussing safety protocols. This experience highlighted the importance
of teamwork in achieving production goals.

Moreover, I became proficient in using laboratory instruments and analytical techniques

such as gas chromatography and NMR spectroscopy. Familiarity with these tools is
invaluable for quality control in chemical manufacturing and has prepared me for future
roles in laboratory or production settings.
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The emphasis on safety during my internship reinforced the importance of workplace safety
protocols in the chemical industry. Understanding the risks associated with handling
hazardous materials and the procedures to mitigate those risks has made me a more
conscientious and responsible engineer.

Overall, the skills and knowledge I gained during my internship have significantly
contributed to my professional development and prepared me for future challenges in the
field of chemical engineering.

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Conclusion
In conclusion, my internship at SWADEV CHEMICALS, VAPI has been an invaluable
experience that has significantly enhanced my understanding of chemical manufacturing
processes, specifically in the production of Trimethyl Phosphite. The exposure to real-world
applications of chemical engineering principles allowed me to bridge the gap between
academic theory and industrial practice.

Throughout my internship, I gained hands-on experience in various aspects of production,

from raw material handling to quality control and safety protocols. This comprehensive
involvement not only deepened my technical knowledge but also fostered critical soft skills
such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving.

The challenges I faced during this period taught me resilience and adaptability, while the
guidance and mentorship from my supervisors and colleagues provided a supportive
learning environment. I learned the significance of adhering to safety standards in the
chemical industry, emphasizing the need for responsibility when dealing with hazardous
materials.

Overall, this internship has solidified my interest in pursuing a career in the chemical
industry. The insights and skills I acquired will undoubtedly benefit me as I advance in my
studies and professional journey. I look forward to applying what I have learned in future
endeavors and continuing to develop my expertise in chemical engineering.

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