EE321

DSP LAB
EXPERIMENT 05

Aim: IIR Filter Design –Analog filter

Name: Kanishk Giri

Roll No: 2001EE24

Aim 1:
Design a lowpass Butterworth filter to satisfy

passband cutoff: Ωp = 0.2π; Passband ripple: Rp = 7 dB

Stopband cutoff: Ωs = 0.3π; Stopband ripple: As = 16 dB

Solution: This filter is characterized by the property that its magnitude is flat in both
passband and stopband.
The magnitude-squared response of an Nth-order lowpass filter is given by :

The analog lowpass filter is specified by the parameters Ωp, Rp, Ωs and As.

clc
clear
close all

% Defining parameters Ωp, Rp, Ωs and As from the given data

Wp = 0.2*pi;
Rp = 7;
Ws = 0.3*pi;
As = 16;

% Writing the filter design

if((Wp>0)&&(Wp<Ws)&&(Rp>0)&&(As>0))
N_order = (log10((10^(Rp/10)-1)/(10^(As/10)-1)))/(2*log10(Wp/Ws));
N_order = ceil(N_order); % rounds each element of
% X to the nearest integer greater
% than or equal to that element.

Wc1 = Wp/((10^(Rp/10)-1)^(0.5/N_order));
Wc2 = Ws/((10^(As/10)-1)^(0.5/N_order));
Wc = (Wc1+Wc2)/2;
[zeros,poles, gain_k] = buttap(N_order); % returns the poles and
% gain of an order n

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% Butterworth analog lowpass filter prototype.

poles = poles*Wc;
gain_k = gain_k*(Wc^N_order);
B = real(poly(zeros)); % returns the real part of each element
b0_gain = gain_k;
b = gain_k*B;
a = real(poly(poles));
else
% Writing errors
if(Rp <= 0)
error('Rp should be a positive value');
end
if(Wp <= 0)
error('Wp should be a positive value');
end
if(Wp>=Ws)
error('Invalid combination of Wp and Ws');
end
if(As <= 0)
error('As should be a positive value');
end
end
sys = tf(b0_gain,a) % creates a continuous-time
H = bodeplot(sys);

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Aim 2:
Design a lowpass Chebyshev-I filter to satisfy

passband cutoff: Ωp = 0.2π;Passband ripple: Rp = 1 dB

Stopband cutoff: Ωs = 0.3π;Stopband ripple: As = 16 dB

Solution: The magnitude-squared response of a Chebyshev-I fifilter is

where N is the order of the filter, is the passband ripple factor, which is related to Rp,
and TN (x) is the Nth-order Chebyshev polynomial.
Given Ωp, Ωs, Rp and As, three parameters are required to determine a Chebyshev-I
filter: , Ωc and N.

clc
clear
close all
% Defining parameters Ωp, Rp, Ωs and As from the given data
Rp = 1;
As = 16;
Wp = 0.2*pi;
Ws = 0.3*pi;

% Writing the filter design

E = ((10^(Rp/10)-1)^0.5);
A = 10^(As/20);
Wc = Wp;
Wr = Ws/Wp;
g = ((A*A-1)/(E*E))^(0.5);
N_order = (log10(g+(g*g-1)^0.5))/(log10(Wr+(Wr*Wr-1)^0.5));
N_order = ceil(N_order); % rounds each element of X to the
% nearest integer greater than
% or equal to that element.

% Writing errors
if(A < 1)
error('Invalid value of As');
elseif(Wp <= 0 || Wp >=Ws)
error('Invalid value of Wp');
elseif(Rp <= 0)
error('Invalid value of Rp');

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elseif(A*A <= (E*E+1))
error('Invalid combination of Rp and As');
else
[zeros,poles,k_gain] = cheb1ap(N_order, Rp);
a = real(poly(poles));
aNn = a(N_order+1);
poles = poles*Wc;
a = real(poly(poles)); % returns the real part of each element
aNu = a(N_order+1);
k_gain = k_gain*aNu/aNn;
B = real(poly(zeros));
b = k_gain*B;
end

sys = tf(k_gain,a) % creates a continuous-time transfer function model

H = bodeplot(sys); % plot the Bode magnitude and phase of the dynamic system model
sys

Aim 3:
Design a lowpass digital filter (Butterworth) using impulse invariance
technique to satisfy

clc
clear
close all
% Defining parameters wp, Rp, ws and As from the given data

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Rp = 1;
As = 15;
wp = 0.2*pi;
ws = 0.3*pi;
T = 1;
wp = wp/T;
ws = ws/T;
% Writing the filter design
if((wp>0)&&(wp<ws)&&(Rp>0)&&(As>0))
N_order = (log10((10^(0.1*Rp)-1)/(10^(0.1*As)-1)))/(2*log10(wp/ws));
N_order = ceil(N_order); % rounds each element of X to the
% nearest integer greater than or equal to that element.
wc1 = wp/((10^(0.1*Rp)-1)^(0.5/N_order));
wc2 = ws/((10^(0.1*As)-1)^(0.5/N_order));
wc_1 = (wc1+wc2)/2;
[zeros,poles,k] = buttap(N_order);
poles = poles*wc_1;
k = k*(wc_1^N_order);
B = real(poly(zeros));
b = k*B;
a = real(poly(poles));
else
% Writing errors
if(Rp <= 0)
error('Rp should be a positive value');
end
if(wp <= 0)
error('wp should be a positive value');
end
if(wp>=ws)
error('Invalid combination of wp and ws');
end
if(As <= 0)
error('As should be a positive value');
end
end
[residues,pole,k_constant] = residue(b,a); % finds the residues, poles, and
% direct term of a Partial Fraction Expansion
for i = 1:N_order
pole(i) = exp(pole(i)); % returns the exponential e^x for each element in array X
end
[B,A] = residuez(residues,pole,k_constant); % finds the residues, poles, and
% direct terms of a partial fraction expansion
% of the ratio of numerator and denominator polynomials
B = real(B); % returns the real part of each element
A = real(A);
sys = tf(B,A,T); % creates a continuous-time transfer function model

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subplot(2,1,1)
impulse(sys) % impulse calculates the unit impulse response of a dynamic system
model
subplot(2,1,2)
freqz(B,A); % gives frequency response of digital filter

Aim 4
Design a lowpass digital filter (Chebyshev-I) using impulse invariance
technique to satisfy

clc
clear
close all
% Defining parameters wp, Rp, ws and As from the given data
Rp = 1;
As = 15;
wp = 0.2*pi;
ws = 0.3*pi;
T = 1;
% Writing the filter design
wp = wp/T;
ws = ws/T;
E = ((10^(Rp/10)-1)^0.5);
A = 10^(As/20);
wc = wp;
wr = ws/wp;
g = (((A^2)-1)/(E^2))^(0.5); % gives order
N_order = (log10(g+((g^2)-1)^0.5))/(log10(wr+((wr^2)-1)^0.5));

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N_order = ceil(N_order); % rounds each element of X to
% the nearest integer greater than or equal to that element.
% Writing errors
if(A < 1)
error('Invalid value of As');
elseif(wp <= 0 || wp >=ws)
error('Invalid value of wp');
elseif(Rp <= 0)
error('Invalid value of Rp');
elseif((A^2) <= ((E^2)+1))
error('Invalid combination of Rp and As');
else
[zeros,poles,k] = cheb1ap(N_order,Rp); % returns the poles and gain of an
% order n Chebyshev Type I analog
% lowpass filter prototype with Rp dB of ripple in the passband
a = real(poly(poles)); % returns the real part of each element
aNn = a(N_order+1);
poles = poles*wc;
a = real(poly(poles));
aNu = a(N_order+1);
k = k*aNu/aNn;
B = real(poly(zeros));
b = k*B;
end
[residues,pole,direct_term] = residue(b,a); % finds the residues, poles, and direct
term
% of a Partial Fraction Expansion of the ratio of two polynomials
for x = 1:N_order
pole(x) = exp(pole(x)); % returns the exponential ex for each element in array X
end
[B,A] = residuez(residues,pole,direct_term); % finds the residues, poles, and
direct terms
% of a partial fraction expansion of the ratio
% of numerator and denominator polynomials
B = real(B); % returns the real part of each element
A = real(A);
sys = tf(B,A,T); % creates a continuous-time transfer function model
[h,g] = impinvar(b,a,1/T); % creates a digital filter with numerator
% and denominator coefficients
tf(h,g,T)
impulse(sys); % impulse calculates the unit
% impulse response of a dynamic system model
freqz(B,A); % gives frequency response of digital filter

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Aim 5:
Design a digital filter (Butterworth) using Bilinear transformation technique to satisfy

clc
clear
close all
% Defining parameters wp, Rp, ws and As from the given data
Rp = 1;
As = 15;
wp = 0.2*pi;
ws = 0.3*pi;
T = 1;
wp = (2/T)*tan(wp/2);
ws = (2/T)*tan(ws/2);
% Writing the filter design
if((wp>0)&&(wp<ws)&&(Rp>0)&&(As>0))
N_order = (log10((10^(0.1*Rp)-1)/(10^(0.1*As)-1)))/(2*log10(wp/ws));
N_order = ceil(N_order); % rounds each element of X to the
% nearest integer greater than
% or equal to that element.
wc_1 = wp/((10^(0.1*Rp)-1)^(0.5/N_order));
wc_2 = ws/((10^(0.1*As)-1)^(0.5/N_order));
wc = (wc_1+wc_2)/2;
[zeros,poles,k] = buttap(N_order); % returns the poles and gain of an
% order n Butterworth analog lowpass filter prototype.
poles = poles*wc;
k = k*(wc^N_order);

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B = real(poly(zeros)); % returns the real part of each element
b = k*B;
a = real(poly(poles));
else
% Writing errors
if(Rp <= 0)
error('Rp should be a positive value');
end
if(wp <= 0)
error('wp should be a positive value');
end
if(wp>=ws)
error('Invalid combination of wp and ws');
end
if(As <= 0)
error('As should be a positive value');
end
end
[residues,pole,direct_term] = residue(b,a); % finds the residues, poles, and
% direct term of a Partial Fraction
% Expansion of the ratio of two polynomials
[Z,P,K] = bilinear(residues,pole,0,1/T); % converts the s-domain transfer function
% in pole-zero form specified by z, p, k
% and sample rate fs to a discrete equivalent.
[B,A] = residuez(Z,P,K); % finds the residues, poles, and direct terms
% of a partial fraction expansion of the
% ratio of numerator and denominator polynomials
B = real(B); % returns the real part of each element
A = real(A);
sys = tf(B,A,T); % creates a continuous-time transfer function model
impulse(sys); % impulse calculates the unit impulse response
% of a dynamic system model
freqz(B,A); % Frequency response of digital filter

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Aim 6:
Design a digital filter (Chebyshev-I) using Bilinear transformation technique to satisfy

clc
clear
close all
% Defining parameters wp, Rp, ws and As from the given data
Rp = 1;
As = 15;
wp = 0.2*pi;
ws = 0.3*pi;
T = 1;
wp = (2/T)*tan(wp/2);
ws = (2/T)*tan(ws/2);
% Writing the filter design
E = ((10^(0.1*Rp)-1)^0.5);
A = 10^(As/20);
wc = wp;
wr = ws/wp;
g = (((A^2)-1)/(E^2))^(0.5); % gives order
N_order = (log10(g+((g^2)-1)^0.5))/(log10(wr+((wr^2)-1)^0.5));
N_order = ceil(N_order); % rounds each element of X to the
% nearest integer greater than
% or equal to that element.
% Writing errors
if(A < 1)
error('Invalid value of As');
elseif(wp <= 0 || wp >=ws)
error('Invalid value of omega_p');
elseif(Rp <= 0)
error('Invalid value of Rp');
elseif((A^2) <= ((E^2)+1))
error('Invalid combination of Rp and As');
else
[zeros,poles,k] = cheb1ap(N_order,Rp); % returns the poles and gain of an
% order n Chebyshev Type I analog
% lowpass filter prototype with Rp dB of ripple in the passband
a = real(poly(poles)); % returns the real part of each element
aNn = a(N_order+1);
poles = poles*wc;
a = real(poly(poles));
aNu = a(N_order+1);
k = k*aNu/aNn;
B = real(poly(zeros));

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 b = k*B;
end
[residues,pole,direct_term] = residue(b,a); % finds the residues, poles, and
% direct term of a Partial Fraction
% Expansion of the ratio of two polynomials
[Z,P,K] = bilinear(residues,pole,0,1/T); % converts the s-domain transfer function
% in pole-zero form specified by z, p, k
% and sample rate fs to a discrete equivalent.
[B,A] = residuez(Z,P,K); % finds the residues, poles, and
% direct terms of a partial fraction expansion
% of the ratio of numerator and denominator polynomials
B = real(B); % returns the real part of each element
A = real(A);
sys = tf(B,A,T); % creates a continuous-time transfer function model
impulse(sys); % impulse calculates the unit impulse
% response of a dynamic system model
freqz(B,A); % Frequency response of digital filter

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