Unit 5

1. Describe Von Neumann Design

In 1951, a scientist Von Neumann and his team proposed a design of
store program computer. Program and data are stored in computer
memory according to this design
2. Describe computer architecture.
A computer is a combination of various components. These components
perform different function. The way in which each component is
connected with one another is called computer architecture.
3. What is CPU?
CPU stands for central processing unit. It is the brain of computer. It is
the important element of a computer system. It executes instructions and
tells other parts of computer what to do.
4. How Many Part of CPU
There are two part of CPU
 ALU
 CU
5. Write the function of arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).
ALU is part of CPU where actual execution of the instruction takes
place. All Arithmetic and logic unit are performed by ALU.
6. Difference between Arithmetic and Logic unit.
Arithmetic unit of ALU performs basic arithmetic functions like
addition subtraction multiplication and division. Logic units of ALU
performs logical operations like comparing two data items to find which
data items is greater than, equal to, or less than the other.
7. Define Control Unit.
Control unit is an important component of CPU. It acts like supervisor of
computer. It controls all activity of computer system.
8. Define RAM.
RAM stands for Random access memory. It is also called direct access
memory. RAM is also called main memory and primary memory. RAM
is used to store data and instruction temporarily. RAM is a volatile
memory. It means it contents are lost when Power is turned off.
9. Define Memory Address.
The main memory consists of memory cells. Each memory has a unique
number. This number is called memory address.
10. Why RAM is called random access memory?
The main memory is called random access memory because each
memory cell of this memory can be accessed randomly without any
sequence or order.
11. Differentiate between SRAM and DRAM.
DRAM SRAM
DRAM stands for dynamic SRAM stands for static Random
Random access memory access memory
It is less expensive kind of RAM SRAM is more expensive
DRAM is recharged and refreshed It can store data without any need
again and again to maintain data of frequent recharging
It is Slower than SRAM It is Faster than DRAM
It utilize more Power It utilize less Power
12. What is EEPROM
EEPROM stands for electronically erasable programmable read only
memory. In this memory user can erase and write instructions with the
help of electrical pulses If there is any error in writing the instructions
13. Differentiate between SRAM and DRAM.
PROM EPROM
PROM stands for programmable EPROM stands for erasable
read only memory programmable read only memory
The user can write instruction on The user can write instruction on
PROM only once EPROM many times
The instruction written by the user The instruction written by the user
cannot be erased from PROM can be erased from EPROM
If there is any error while writing If there is any error while writing
on PROM, it become useless on PROM, it can still be used again

14. Define ROM.

ROM stands for Read only memory. The instructions in ROM prepare
the computer for use. These instructions can only be read but cannot be
 changed or deleted ROM is a non volatile memory. It means it contents
are not lost when Power is turned off.
15. Differentiate between Volatile Memory and Non-Volatile Memory.
Volatile memory losses its contents when computer is turned off like
example RAM.Non-volatile memory does not losses its contents when
computer is turned off like example hard disk.
16. Define caches memory.
A cache is small and very fast memory. It is faster than RAM. The data
and instructions that are most frequently used by CPU are stored in
caches memory. It is designed to speed up the transfer of data.
17. Define Bus Interconnection
A computer system consists of different devices. These devices are
connected to internal communication channel. The internal
communication channel of computer system is called bus
interconnection.
18. What is computer Bus
Bus is common path to transfer data between CPU, memory and input
output devices. The amount of data that a bus can carry at one time is
called bus width. The higher bus width means that the bus can carry
more data.
19. How many types of Buses
 System Buses
 Expansion Buses
20. Explain System Bus.
System bus is used to connect main memory and CPU. System buses are
part of motherboard. Computers normally have system bus of 70 to 100
lines. Different types of system buses.
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
 Control Bus
21. Define Expansion Bus
Expansion bus is used to connect CPU with peripheral devices such as
mouse keyboard printer etc. expansion buses are typically 16 to 64 bits
wide and are mounted on motherboard.
22. Explain Data Bus.
Data bus is the most common type of bus. It is used to transfer data
between different components of computer. The number of line in data
bus affects the speed of data transfer between different components. The
data consists of 8, 16, 32, or 64 lines
23. Explain Address Bus.
Many components are connected to one another through buses. Each
component is assigned a unique ID. This ID is called the address of that
component. If the component wants to communicate with another
component it uses address bus.
24. What are interrupts?
An interrupts is a signal. In this scheme, the processor issued a
command to an I/O device for input output operation. The device
generates an interrupt signal to the processor when it becomes ready.
CPU suspends all other processing when it receives interrupt.
25. Define DMA.
DMA stands for direct memory access. It uses a hardware component
known as DMA Controller. This scheme, transfer data between main
memory and I/O devices without using CPU
26. Define Registers and write name of Special purpose Register.
Register is a small memory inside the CPU. It is used to Store data
temporary. CPU has a number of register. Each register has predefined
function. The size of registers is in bytes. A register can be of 1,2,4,8
bytes
27. Write down Special Purpose registers.
 Program Counter,
 Instruction Register,
 Memory Address Register,
 Memory Buffer Register
28. Write down General Purpose registers.
 Accumulator Register
 Counter register
 Base register
 Data register
29. Define Stack?
A stack is set of memory location in which data is stored and retrieved in
an order. This order is called last-in-first-out (LIFO). The data item
stored at the top of stack is retrieved before retrieving the item below it.
30. Define Memory Address Register (MAR)
Memory Address register is used to store memory address being used by
CPU. CPU stores the address of memory location in the register in order
to read or write data to it.
31. Define Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
MBR is used to shore the data coming from memory and going from
memory
32. Difference between CX and DX Register
The difference is that CX is a counter register whereas DX is a data
register. CX is used for counting purpose. DX is used for division and
multiplications
33. How does Fetch- execute- decode cycle of CPU work
The instructions and data are loaded in main memory when set of
instructions is to be executed. The address of the first instruction is
copied to program counter. The instruction is decoded by the CPU. The
processor than executes the instructions.
34. What is instruction format name two parts of instruction format
An instruction is a statement that tells the computer to do something.
The way an instruction is given is called instruction format. The two
parts are as follows
 Operand code
 Address of the operand
35. What is instruction set?
A set of all instruction that a CPU can perform is called instruction set.
Different types of CPU can execute different instruction sets. Normally,
a modem CPU can execute 80 to 120 instructions.
36. Define Peripheral devices.
The external devices which are separate attached to the computer is
called peripheral device like mouse, keyboard etc
37. Distinguish between Memory and Storage.
Memory Storage
Memory is Volatile. Storage is Non-Volatile
It is more expensive than Storage. It is less expensive than Memory.

It is faster than Storage. It is slower than Memory.

38. Write down name of four Operating System

 Microsoft window
 Linux
 Unix
 Mac OS
39. Define Port.
A port is an interface is point of attachment. It is used to connect
peripheral device with computer such as printers, keyboards or mouse.
40. Distinguish between Serial Port and Parallel Port.
When using a serial port, the bits are sent and received sequentially one
at a time over that data. A parallel port has multiple data wires and the
bits are sent simultaneously. Even though a serial port is slow, it can
transmit data faster than a human can type.
41. Define programming language?
A set of words and symbols used to write programs is called
programming language. A programming language is a means of
communication between a user and computer.
42. Define Assembly Language.
Assembly language is a low level language. It is one step higher than
machine language .In Assembly language, machine instructions are
replaced with English-like words known as mnemonics.
43. Define Machine Language.
A language in which instructions are written in binary form is called
machine language. It is directly understood by the computer. A program
written in machine language executed very fast by the computer the
computer does not need any translator to understand this language.
44. Distinguish between low-level and high-level languages?
Low level Languages High level Languages
A low-level language is close to High level language is close to
computer hardware and far from human being and far from computer
human being. hardware.
A low-level language is difficult to A high-level language is easy to
learn. learn.

A low level language is machine High level language is machine

dependent. independent.
A low level language is in binary High level language is similar to
form like 0 and 1. English language.
45. What is meant by language processor? List different types of
translators?
Language processor or translator is software that converts the instructions
of high-level languages into machine language. Every computer language
has its own translators.
46. What is an assembler?
An assembler is translating program that translates the instruction of an
assembly language into machine language.
47. Differentiate between compiler and interpreter?
The main difference between compiler and interpreter is that compiler
converts a program into machine code as a whole and interpreter converts
a program into machine code Line by line.
48. Define source code?
A program written in a high level language is called source code. It is also
called source program. It is easier to modify. Source code is easy to
understand. A program in machine language is called object code. It is
also called object program. It is difficult to modify. Computers
understand object cod directly.