The document provides an overview of computer architecture, detailing components such as the CPU, RAM, and various types of memory including ROM and EEPROM. It explains the functions of different CPU parts, the role of buses in data transfer, and the distinction between volatile and non-volatile memory. Additionally, it covers programming languages, their types, and the processes of translation from high-level to machine language.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture, detailing components such as the CPU, RAM, and various types of memory including ROM and EEPROM. It explains the functions of different CPU parts, the role of buses in data transfer, and the distinction between volatile and non-volatile memory. Additionally, it covers programming languages, their types, and the processes of translation from high-level to machine language.
In 1951, a scientist Von Neumann and his team proposed a design of store program computer. Program and data are stored in computer memory according to this design 2. Describe computer architecture. A computer is a combination of various components. These components perform different function. The way in which each component is connected with one another is called computer architecture. 3. What is CPU? CPU stands for central processing unit. It is the brain of computer. It is the important element of a computer system. It executes instructions and tells other parts of computer what to do. 4. How Many Part of CPU There are two part of CPU ALU CU 5. Write the function of arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). ALU is part of CPU where actual execution of the instruction takes place. All Arithmetic and logic unit are performed by ALU. 6. Difference between Arithmetic and Logic unit. Arithmetic unit of ALU performs basic arithmetic functions like addition subtraction multiplication and division. Logic units of ALU performs logical operations like comparing two data items to find which data items is greater than, equal to, or less than the other. 7. Define Control Unit. Control unit is an important component of CPU. It acts like supervisor of computer. It controls all activity of computer system. 8. Define RAM. RAM stands for Random access memory. It is also called direct access memory. RAM is also called main memory and primary memory. RAM is used to store data and instruction temporarily. RAM is a volatile memory. It means it contents are lost when Power is turned off. 9. Define Memory Address. The main memory consists of memory cells. Each memory has a unique number. This number is called memory address. 10. Why RAM is called random access memory? The main memory is called random access memory because each memory cell of this memory can be accessed randomly without any sequence or order. 11. Differentiate between SRAM and DRAM. DRAM SRAM DRAM stands for dynamic SRAM stands for static Random Random access memory access memory It is less expensive kind of RAM SRAM is more expensive DRAM is recharged and refreshed It can store data without any need again and again to maintain data of frequent recharging It is Slower than SRAM It is Faster than DRAM It utilize more Power It utilize less Power 12. What is EEPROM EEPROM stands for electronically erasable programmable read only memory. In this memory user can erase and write instructions with the help of electrical pulses If there is any error in writing the instructions 13. Differentiate between SRAM and DRAM. PROM EPROM PROM stands for programmable EPROM stands for erasable read only memory programmable read only memory The user can write instruction on The user can write instruction on PROM only once EPROM many times The instruction written by the user The instruction written by the user cannot be erased from PROM can be erased from EPROM If there is any error while writing If there is any error while writing on PROM, it become useless on PROM, it can still be used again
14. Define ROM.
ROM stands for Read only memory. The instructions in ROM prepare the computer for use. These instructions can only be read but cannot be changed or deleted ROM is a non volatile memory. It means it contents are not lost when Power is turned off. 15. Differentiate between Volatile Memory and Non-Volatile Memory. Volatile memory losses its contents when computer is turned off like example RAM.Non-volatile memory does not losses its contents when computer is turned off like example hard disk. 16. Define caches memory. A cache is small and very fast memory. It is faster than RAM. The data and instructions that are most frequently used by CPU are stored in caches memory. It is designed to speed up the transfer of data. 17. Define Bus Interconnection A computer system consists of different devices. These devices are connected to internal communication channel. The internal communication channel of computer system is called bus interconnection. 18. What is computer Bus Bus is common path to transfer data between CPU, memory and input output devices. The amount of data that a bus can carry at one time is called bus width. The higher bus width means that the bus can carry more data. 19. How many types of Buses System Buses Expansion Buses 20. Explain System Bus. System bus is used to connect main memory and CPU. System buses are part of motherboard. Computers normally have system bus of 70 to 100 lines. Different types of system buses. Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus 21. Define Expansion Bus Expansion bus is used to connect CPU with peripheral devices such as mouse keyboard printer etc. expansion buses are typically 16 to 64 bits wide and are mounted on motherboard. 22. Explain Data Bus. Data bus is the most common type of bus. It is used to transfer data between different components of computer. The number of line in data bus affects the speed of data transfer between different components. The data consists of 8, 16, 32, or 64 lines 23. Explain Address Bus. Many components are connected to one another through buses. Each component is assigned a unique ID. This ID is called the address of that component. If the component wants to communicate with another component it uses address bus. 24. What are interrupts? An interrupts is a signal. In this scheme, the processor issued a command to an I/O device for input output operation. The device generates an interrupt signal to the processor when it becomes ready. CPU suspends all other processing when it receives interrupt. 25. Define DMA. DMA stands for direct memory access. It uses a hardware component known as DMA Controller. This scheme, transfer data between main memory and I/O devices without using CPU 26. Define Registers and write name of Special purpose Register. Register is a small memory inside the CPU. It is used to Store data temporary. CPU has a number of register. Each register has predefined function. The size of registers is in bytes. A register can be of 1,2,4,8 bytes 27. Write down Special Purpose registers. Program Counter, Instruction Register, Memory Address Register, Memory Buffer Register 28. Write down General Purpose registers. Accumulator Register Counter register Base register Data register 29. Define Stack? A stack is set of memory location in which data is stored and retrieved in an order. This order is called last-in-first-out (LIFO). The data item stored at the top of stack is retrieved before retrieving the item below it. 30. Define Memory Address Register (MAR) Memory Address register is used to store memory address being used by CPU. CPU stores the address of memory location in the register in order to read or write data to it. 31. Define Memory Buffer Register (MBR) MBR is used to shore the data coming from memory and going from memory 32. Difference between CX and DX Register The difference is that CX is a counter register whereas DX is a data register. CX is used for counting purpose. DX is used for division and multiplications 33. How does Fetch- execute- decode cycle of CPU work The instructions and data are loaded in main memory when set of instructions is to be executed. The address of the first instruction is copied to program counter. The instruction is decoded by the CPU. The processor than executes the instructions. 34. What is instruction format name two parts of instruction format An instruction is a statement that tells the computer to do something. The way an instruction is given is called instruction format. The two parts are as follows Operand code Address of the operand 35. What is instruction set? A set of all instruction that a CPU can perform is called instruction set. Different types of CPU can execute different instruction sets. Normally, a modem CPU can execute 80 to 120 instructions. 36. Define Peripheral devices. The external devices which are separate attached to the computer is called peripheral device like mouse, keyboard etc 37. Distinguish between Memory and Storage. Memory Storage Memory is Volatile. Storage is Non-Volatile It is more expensive than Storage. It is less expensive than Memory.
It is faster than Storage. It is slower than Memory.
38. Write down name of four Operating System
Microsoft window Linux Unix Mac OS 39. Define Port. A port is an interface is point of attachment. It is used to connect peripheral device with computer such as printers, keyboards or mouse. 40. Distinguish between Serial Port and Parallel Port. When using a serial port, the bits are sent and received sequentially one at a time over that data. A parallel port has multiple data wires and the bits are sent simultaneously. Even though a serial port is slow, it can transmit data faster than a human can type. 41. Define programming language? A set of words and symbols used to write programs is called programming language. A programming language is a means of communication between a user and computer. 42. Define Assembly Language. Assembly language is a low level language. It is one step higher than machine language .In Assembly language, machine instructions are replaced with English-like words known as mnemonics. 43. Define Machine Language. A language in which instructions are written in binary form is called machine language. It is directly understood by the computer. A program written in machine language executed very fast by the computer the computer does not need any translator to understand this language. 44. Distinguish between low-level and high-level languages? Low level Languages High level Languages A low-level language is close to High level language is close to computer hardware and far from human being and far from computer human being. hardware. A low-level language is difficult to A high-level language is easy to learn. learn.
A low level language is machine High level language is machine
dependent. independent. A low level language is in binary High level language is similar to form like 0 and 1. English language. 45. What is meant by language processor? List different types of translators? Language processor or translator is software that converts the instructions of high-level languages into machine language. Every computer language has its own translators. 46. What is an assembler? An assembler is translating program that translates the instruction of an assembly language into machine language. 47. Differentiate between compiler and interpreter? The main difference between compiler and interpreter is that compiler converts a program into machine code as a whole and interpreter converts a program into machine code Line by line. 48. Define source code? A program written in a high level language is called source code. It is also called source program. It is easier to modify. Source code is easy to understand. A program in machine language is called object code. It is also called object program. It is difficult to modify. Computers understand object cod directly.