MINI PROJECT REPORT

for
21CSS201T - COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Submitted by

D Risha Jane [RA2311003011486]

Avula Kiranmayee [RA2311003011489]
Anoushka Mandal [RA2311003011518]

Under the Guidance of

Dr.C.Ashokkumar
(Assistant Professor, Department of computing technologies)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KATTANKULATHUR- 603 203
NOVEMBER 2024
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that Computer Architecture and organization Mini Project

report titled “Street Light Automation Project” is the bonafide work of
D Risha Jane[RA2311003011486],Avula Kiranmayee [RA2311003011489],
Anoushka Mandal [RA2311003011518, who carried out the project work
under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge
the work reported herein does not form any other work

Dr.C.ASHOKKUMAR Dr.NIRANJANA G
Guide Professor & Head
Assistant Professor Dept. of Computing
Dept. of Computing Technologies Technologies
 SRM Institute of Science and Technology
College of Engineering and Technology

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ODD Semester: 2024-2025

Sub code & Sub Name : 21CSS201T & Computer Organization and Architecture

Year & Semester : II & III

Project Title : Street Light Automation Project

Team Members : 1.Name of student1 (Reg.No:)

2.Name of student2 (Reg.No:)
3.Name of student3 (Reg.No:)

Max
Particulars Marks Obtained
Marks

Program & Execution 20

Demo verification & Viva 15

Project Report 05

Total 40

Date :

Staff Name : Dr.C.Ashokkumar

Signature :
Abstract
In modern urban planning, street lighting plays a crucial role in
ensuring safety and functionality after dark. However, traditional
street lighting systems consume substantial amounts of energy, often
operating even when unnecessary. This project proposes an automated
street lighting system using a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) to
detect ambient light levels and control the activation of LED street
lights. The system conserves energy by ensuring lights are only on
when required, based on the surrounding light levels. The approach
reduces electricity costs, lowers the carbon footprint, and enhances
sustainability in public infrastructure. By integrating a simple sensor
and transistor control circuit, the system is both cost-effective and
environmentally friendly, making it a viable solution for cities
looking to optimize energy usage.
Objective
The objective of this project is to design an automated street lighting
system that uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) to control the
operation of street lights, ensuring they are turned on only when
necessary. Specific goals include:

 Energy Efficiency: Reducing unnecessary energy consumption

by ensuring lights are on only during low-light conditions, such
as dusk and night.
 Cost Reduction: Lowering electricity costs associated with
public street lighting by minimizing waste and promoting
automated control.
 Sustainability: Contributing to environmentally friendly urban
infrastructure by utilizing an energy-efficient and low-
maintenance lighting system.
 Reliability: Providing an effective solution with minimal
manual intervention, ensuring the street lights work
automatically without requiring constant human supervision.
Introduction
Background

Street lighting is an essential part of urban infrastructure, providing

safety and visibility during the night. However, traditional street
lighting systems often operate for extended periods, regardless of the
actual need for lighting. This inefficiency leads to unnecessary energy
consumption and increased costs for municipalities. As urban areas
grow and sustainability becomes a priority, it is crucial to explore
solutions that optimize energy usage in public systems.

One such solution is the automation of street lighting. By using

sensors, such as the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), street lights can
be automatically activated and deactivated based on ambient light
conditions, reducing energy waste. This project proposes the use of an
LDR-based system, integrated with a BC547 transistor, to create a
cost-effective and energy-efficient automated street lighting system.

Significance

In an age of growing concern over energy consumption and

environmental impact, the need for energy-efficient urban solutions is
more critical than ever. Automated street lighting systems can
significantly reduce electricity consumption by ensuring lights are
active only when needed, without requiring human intervention.
Furthermore, such systems reduce the maintenance burden and
contribute to sustainable urban development.

Problem Statement

Traditional street lighting systems often remain active during the day,
consuming energy unnecessarily. They are controlled manually or
operate on fixed timers, leading to inefficiencies and excessive
operational costs. The goal of this project is to eliminate this
inefficiency through automation, using a system that responds
dynamically to real-time lighting conditions.

Scope

This system is designed for implementation in public street lighting,

especially in urban and rural environments where it is crucial to
manage power consumption effectively. The scope includes the
design and implementation of a working circuit that automates the
control of street lights using an LDR sensor and a BC547 transistor.
The project can be extended to larger networks of street lights as part
of a smart city infrastructure.
Hardware and Software Requirements
Hardware Requirements

1. BC547 Transistor:
o The BC547 is a general-purpose NPN transistor used for
switching purposes. It is used in this project to control the
flow of current to the LED light based on the signal
received from the LDR.
o The transistor acts as a switch, turning the LED light on or
off based on the voltage received from the LDR circuit.

2. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

o The LDR is a sensor whose resistance decreases as the
ambient light increases. This change in resistance allows
the system to detect the amount of light in the
environment, triggering the transistor to switch on or off
the LED light based on the ambient lighting conditions.

3. LED Light:
o LED lights are used in this project due to their energy
efficiency, long life, and brightness, which make them
ideal for street lighting.
o The LED is controlled by the transistor and is turned on
when ambient light levels are low, such as at dusk, and
turned off when light levels are high.

4. Resistors:
o Resistors are used to limit the current and protect the
components from excessive current flow. In this project,
they are placed in series with the LDR and the transistor to
ensure proper functioning.

5. Power Source:
o A stable power source is required to operate the system
and supply energy to the LED light. In practice, a DC
power source or battery is used to provide the necessary
voltage to the circuit.
Software Requirements

NIL

Concepts and Working Principle

LDR-based Light Detection

The LDR is the core component of the system, providing input on the
ambient light levels. The resistance of the LDR decreases as the light
intensity increases. During daylight, the LDR’s resistance is low,
causing a small voltage drop across it. This low resistance causes the
transistor to remain off, and the LED light stays off.

In low light conditions (evening or night), the LDR’s resistance

increases, causing a larger voltage drop, which turns the transistor on.
When the transistor is on, current flows through the LED, causing it
to light up. When ambient light increases, the LDR's resistance
decreases again, turning the transistor off and the LED light off.

Transistor Control Circuit

The BC547 transistor serves as a switch in this circuit. The base of the
transistor is connected to the LDR and a resistor, which forms a
voltage divider. The emitter of the transistor is connected to ground,
and the collector is connected to the LED light in series with a
current-limiting resistor. The operation of the transistor is controlled
by the voltage across the base-emitter junction, which is influenced by
the resistance of the LDR.

A smart street light using a BC547 transistor and an LDR (Light

Dependent Resistor) operates based on the ambient light conditions.
The light turns on automatically when it gets dark and turns off when
it's bright. Here’s how this circuit works:

Components Required
1. BC547 Transistor: Acts as a switch for controlling the LED/street
light.

2. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): Senses the ambient light level.

3. Resistors: To control the current in the circuit.

4. LED or Bulb: Represents the street light.

5. Power Source: Typically a 9V or 12V battery or DC power

supply.

Working Principle

1. LDR in Light and Dark Conditions:

The LDR's resistance is low in bright conditions (daytime) and high in

dark conditions (nighttime).

By placing it in a voltage divider circuit, the change in resistance

affects the voltage across the LDR, which we use to control the
BC547 transistor.

2. Transistor Activation:

During the day, the low resistance of the LDR results in a lower
voltage at the base of the BC547, keeping the transistor in an "off"
state, and hence, the LED or bulb remains off.

When it gets dark, the LDR's resistance increases, leading to a higher

voltage at the transistor’s base.

Once the base voltage is high enough, the BC547 transistor turns on,
allowing current to flow through the LED or bulb, thereby turning on
the street light.

Circuit Description
1. Voltage Divider with LDR:

Connect the LDR in series with a resistor to form a voltage divider.

Connect one end of this divider to the positive power supply and the
other to the ground.

2. Connecting the Transistor and Light:

Connect the junction of the LDR and the resistor to the base of the
BC547 transistor.

The emitter of the BC547 transistor connects to the ground, while the
collector connects to the negative terminal of the LED or bulb.

The positive terminal of the LED/bulb connects to the power supply.

3. Operation:

In daylight, the LDR's resistance is low, so the base voltage is not

sufficient to turn on the BC547 transistor, and the LED or bulb
remains off.

When darkness falls, the LDR’s resistance increases, raising the base
voltage of the BC547. This activates the transistor, allowing current to
flow from collector to emitter, lighting up the LED or bulb.
Approach and Methodology
System Design

The design of this street light automation system involves creating a

circuit where the LDR sensor detects ambient light levels and controls
the LED light via a BC547 transistor. The transistor acts as a switch
that turns the light on or off depending on the light levels detected by
the LDR.

1. Circuit Diagram: The circuit includes the LDR sensor

connected in series with a resistor to form a voltage divider. The
base of the BC547 transistor is connected to the voltage divider,
which triggers the transistor to switch on the LED when the
ambient light level is low.
2. Working Flowchart: A flowchart shows the steps of the
system’s operation:
o Start.
o Measure the ambient light using the LDR.
o If the light level is low (nighttime), turn the LED on by
activating the transistor.
o If the light level is high (daytime), turn the LED off by
deactivating the transistor.
o End.

Implementation Steps

1. Setting up the Circuit: Begin by connecting the LDR and

resistors to form the voltage divider. Then, connect the transistor
and LED in the appropriate configuration, ensuring the
transistor's base receives the voltage from the voltage divider.
2. Adjusting Sensitivity: Adjust the resistor in series with the
LDR to set the threshold for light detection. This controls at
which light level the system will turn on or off the LED.
3. Testing: Once the circuit is set up, perform initial testing in a
controlled environment (e.g., under artificial light) to see how
the system responds to changing light levels.
Output and Testing
Output
The outcome of this project is a fully automated street light system
that turns on the LED light when the ambient light falls below a
certain threshold (i.e., at night) and turns off the light when sufficient
light is available (i.e., during the day). This reduces unnecessary
energy consumption and ensures that lights are only on when needed.
Testing Procedures
1. Real-World Testing: After building the physical circuit, test it
in various real-world lighting conditions. Set up the system
outdoors to monitor its ability to respond to changes in daylight
and darkness.
Conclusion
The street light automation system based on an LDR sensor and a
BC547 transistor provides an efficient, low-cost, and sustainable
solution to manage street lighting. By ensuring that lights are only on
when necessary, the system reduces energy consumption and
operational costs. It also contributes to the environmental goals of
energy conservation. Future enhancements could include adjusting the
system to account for varying weather conditions and adding more
complex controls for dynamic lighting management.
References
1. BC547 Transistor Datasheet. (n.d.). Retrieved from [Electronic
Component Supplier]
2. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) Technical Guide. (n.d.).
Retrieved from [Sensor Manufacturer]
3. Energy-Efficient Street Lighting and Automation Systems.
Journal of Smart Cities and Infrastructure, 2022.