MODULE 1

1) What is Data Science? How does it relate to Engineering?

Data Science is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on extracting insights and knowledge from large amounts
of data. It combines several elements of statistics, mathematics, computer science, and domain-specific expertise
to process, analyze, and interpret complex data. The goal of data science is to help organizations make data-
driven decisions, predict trends, and optimize operations.

Key components of data science include:

1. Data Collection and Cleaning: Gathering raw data and ensuring it's in a usable form by handling missing
values, outliers, and inconsistencies.
2. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Summarizing the main characteristics of data, often visualizing it
to detect patterns or relationships.
3. Modeling and Algorithms: Using machine learning algorithms, statistical methods, and predictive
models to analyze and make predictions from the data.
4. Data Visualization: Presenting data findings in visual formats such as graphs, charts, and dashboards
for easier understanding.
5. Deployment and Decision Making: Putting models into production and assisting stakeholders in making
decisions based on data insights.

How Data Science Relates to Engineering:

Data Science and Engineering are interconnected, especially in fields like Data Engineering and Software
Engineering. Here's how they relate:

1. Data Engineering: This is a subset of engineering focused on the design, construction, and maintenance
of systems that collect, store, and process data. Data engineers build the infrastructure and tools that allow
data scientists to access and work with data effectively. They focus on things like databases, data
pipelines, and cloud services.
2. Software Engineering: Many data science techniques rely on robust software systems to implement
algorithms and models. Software engineers create the frameworks and tools that allow data scientists to
execute their analyses efficiently. This might include building APIs, optimizing system performance, or
integrating data science solutions into production environments.
3. Collaboration: In any tech-driven organization, data scientists and engineers often collaborate closely.
While data scientists focus on analyzing and interpreting the data, engineers focus on making the systems
that hold, transport, and process that data more efficient and scalable.
4. Automation and Efficiency: Engineers often automate repetitive tasks or develop systems that help data
scientists get faster and more reliable results from their analyses. Data science solutions are only effective
if they can be deployed at scale, and that is where engineering plays a crucial role in ensuring that models
and systems run smoothly.
5. Hardware and Infrastructure: Engineering, particularly fields like hardware engineering or cloud
infrastructure engineering, supports the processing needs of large-scale data science applications. This
could involve optimizing storage, computational resources, and networking to handle big data workloads
effectively.

In short, data science provides the insights needed to inform decisions, while engineering builds the systems
that enable those insights to be extracted, processed, and applied at scale. Both fields work together to transform
raw data into actionable knowledge.
2) Describe the general steps in Data Science Process.

1. Raw Data Collection

 Explanation: This is the first step where data is gathered from various sources. Data can come from structured
sources like databases or unstructured ones like sensor readings or open-ended survey responses.
 Example: Collecting data from a company’s CRM system or gathering sensor data from IoT devices.

2. Data Processing

 Explanation: Once data is collected, it's typically raw and not ready for analysis. This step involves converting the
data into a usable format, structuring it (e.g., converting raw text into tables), and ensuring it can be worked with
in subsequent stages.
 Example: Storing data in a relational database, converting timestamps to a consistent format, or ensuring
categorical values are uniform.

3. Data Cleaning

 Explanation: This step involves addressing the issues within the raw data like missing values, duplicate entries,
or irrelevant data points. It's crucial for improving the quality of data to ensure better outcomes in later stages.
 Example: Removing or imputing missing values, correcting typographical errors, or eliminating irrelevant
columns.

4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

 Explanation: EDA is about getting familiar with the dataset, identifying key patterns, and looking for trends or
outliers. It typically involves visualizing the data (e.g., histograms, box plots) and calculating summary statistics.
 Example: Using a scatter plot to identify correlations between two variables, or checking the distribution of a
feature like age or income.

5. Modeling
  Explanation: In this step, data scientists apply machine learning or statistical techniques to build models that can
make predictions or uncover insights. The choice of model depends on the problem (e.g., regression for
continuous values, classification for categories).
 Example: Building a linear regression model to predict sales, or using a classification algorithm like decision trees
to predict whether a customer will churn.

6. Visualization and Reporting

 Explanation: Once the model has generated results, these findings are presented in an easy-to-understand
format using charts, graphs, or dashboards. The goal is to communicate insights effectively to stakeholders or
decision-makers.
 Example: Creating a dashboard that shows customer trends over time or generating a report summarizing the
accuracy of a predictive model.

7. Decision Making

 Explanation: The insights gained from the analysis help organizations make informed decisions. This could involve
implementing strategies, optimizing operations, or forecasting future outcomes.
 Example: Using churn prediction insights to launch a targeted retention campaign, or adjusting marketing spend
based on sales forecasts.

8. Deployment

 Explanation: This is the final stage where models or insights are put into production, meaning they are integrated
into business operations or systems for ongoing use.
 Example: Deploying a machine learning model that automatically flags fraudulent transactions in real-time, or
integrating the customer churn prediction into the company’s CRM system.

3) What are the Different type of Data? Why they are important in Data Science.

In Data Science, understanding the types of data is crucial because different types require different approaches
for processing, analysis, and modeling. The main types of data are typically classified based on their nature and
measurement scales. Here’s a breakdown of the key types of data and their importance in Data Science:

1. Structured Data

 Definition: Structured data is organized in a predefined format, such as rows and columns in a database or
spreadsheet. It follows a specific model that makes it easy to search, sort, and analyze.
 Examples: Data stored in relational databases (e.g., SQL databases), Excel files, CSV files.
 Importance in Data Science:
o Structured data is often easier to work with because it is already organized and stored in a way that is
ready for analysis.
o Commonly used for traditional analysis techniques like statistical modeling and machine learning
algorithms (e.g., regression, classification).
o Tools: SQL, Pandas (in Python), Excel.

2. Unstructured Data

 Definition: Unstructured data lacks a predefined structure. It can be in various forms, such as text, images, audio,
or video.
 Examples: Emails, social media posts, images, videos, sensor data, and open-ended survey responses.
 Importance in Data Science:
 o Unstructured data often contains valuable insights but requires more advanced techniques like Natural
Language Processing (NLP) for text or computer vision for images.
o Due to its unorganized nature, special preprocessing and feature extraction are necessary to turn it into
usable formats for analysis.
o Tools: NLTK, SpaCy (for text analysis), TensorFlow (for image analysis), OpenCV.

3. Semi-structured Data

 Definition: Semi-structured data does not conform strictly to a tabular structure but has some form of
organization (e.g., tags or markers) that makes it easier to parse and analyze than unstructured data.
 Examples: JSON files, XML files, NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB).
 Importance in Data Science:
o Semi-structured data is common in web data (like JSON from APIs), and its structure is flexible enough
for handling dynamic data sources.
o It can be converted to structured data for analysis or can be used as-is in cases where a flexible data
model is needed.
o Tools: JSON parsers, MongoDB, Apache Spark.

4. Categorical Data

 Definition: Categorical data represents categories or labels that can be used to group values. It does not have a
numerical meaning but may have a finite number of distinct values.
 Examples: Gender, marital status, product categories, or geographic regions (e.g., "male" vs "female," "urban"
vs "rural").
 Importance in Data Science:
o Categorical data is often used as a feature in machine learning models.
o Needs to be encoded into numerical values for use in most machine learning algorithms (e.g., one-hot
encoding, label encoding).
o Tools: Pandas, scikit-learn (for encoding).

5. Numerical Data

 Definition: Numerical data represents measurable quantities and can be divided into discrete and continuous
types.
o Discrete data: Countable data with distinct values (e.g., number of children).
o Continuous data: Data that can take any value within a given range (e.g., height, weight, temperature).
 Examples: Age, income, number of products sold, temperature, time.
 Importance in Data Science:
o Numerical data is the backbone of many statistical and machine learning techniques.
o Continuous data often requires normalization or scaling to improve the performance of certain models
(e.g., regression, neural networks).
o Discrete data is useful in classification or clustering tasks.
o Tools: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib (for visualizations).

6. Ordinal Data

 Definition: Ordinal data has a meaningful order or ranking, but the differences between ranks are not uniform
or may not be meaningful.
 Examples: Rating scales (e.g., 1-5 stars), educational level (e.g., high school, bachelor’s, master's, PhD),
satisfaction levels (e.g., "very unsatisfied", "neutral", "very satisfied").
 Importance in Data Science:
o Ordinal data is treated similarly to categorical data, but the order should be respected.
 o Special techniques like ordinal encoding or using models that can handle ordinal relationships are
needed.
o Tools: Pandas, scikit-learn.

7. Time Series Data

 Definition: Time series data consists of a sequence of data points measured at successive time intervals.
 Examples: Stock prices, weather data, sales over time, website traffic.
 Importance in Data Science:
o Time series analysis is essential for forecasting and trend analysis.
o Specialized models like ARIMA or LSTM neural networks are used for time series prediction and analysis.
o Tools: Pandas (for manipulation), statsmodels (for ARIMA), Facebook Prophet, TensorFlow.

8. Text Data

 Definition: Text data is a form of unstructured data that represents words or sentences.
 Examples: Articles, emails, product reviews, social media posts, chat logs.
 Importance in Data Science:
o Text data is crucial for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as sentiment analysis, topic
modeling, and text classification.
o Text data often needs preprocessing (like tokenization or stopword removal) before it can be used in
machine learning.
o Tools: NLTK, SpaCy, Hugging Face Transformers.

4) Introduction to R Programming.
 R is a powerful open-source programming language and environment specifically designed for statistical
computing and graphics. It has become a cornerstone for data science, offering a comprehensive suite of
tools for data manipulation, analysis, visualization, and statistical modeling.
 Key Features of R:
Data Handling: R excels at handling various data structures, including vectors, matrices, data frames,
and lists. It provides efficient functions for data manipulation, such as subsetting, sorting, merging, and
reshaping.

Statistical Computing: R offers a vast collection of statistical methods, including:

o Descriptive statistics: Calculating means, medians, standard deviations, and other summary
statistics.
o Inferential statistics: Performing hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and other statistical tests.
o Machine learning: Implementing various machine learning algorithms, such as linear regression,
logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machines, and clustering algorithms.
o Graphics: R provides a powerful and flexible system for creating high-quality visualizations,
including scatter plots, bar charts, histograms, box plots, and more.
o Extensibility: R has a rich ecosystem of packages (libraries) that extend its functionality. These
packages cover a wide range of areas, including:
 Data manipulation: dplyr, tidyr
 Machine learning: caret, mlr, randomForest
 Data visualization: ggplot2, plotly
o Natural Language Processing: tm, quanteda
5) what are the main data structures in R programming? how do you manipulate them.
In R, data structures are fundamental for storing and manipulating data. Here are the main data structures and
ways to manipulate them:

1. Vectors
 Definition: A sequence of elements of the same type (numeric, character, logical, etc.).
 Manipulation:
o Creating: c(1, 2, 3), c("a", "b", "c")
o Accessing: v[1] (access first element)
o Modifying: v[2] <- 10 (change second element)
o Operations: v + 1, v * 2
2. Lists
 Definition: An ordered collection that can hold elements of different types.
 Manipulation:
o Creating: list(a = 1, b = "text", c = TRUE)
o Accessing: lst[[1]] (access first element), lst$a (named access)
o Modifying: lst[[2]] <- "new value"
3. Matrices
 Definition: Two-dimensional, elements of the same type.
 Manipulation:
o Creating: matrix(1:6, nrow = 2, ncol = 3)
o Accessing: mat[1, 2] (first row, second column)
o Modifying: mat[1, 3] <- 100
4. Data Frames
 Definition: Two-dimensional, like a table; columns can be of different types.
 Manipulation:
o Creating: data.frame(name = c("Alice", "Bob"), age = c(25, 30))
o Accessing: df$name or df[, "name"]
o Modifying: df$age[1] <- 26
5. Factors
 Definition: Used for categorical data with levels.
 Manipulation:
o Creating: factor(c("low", "medium", "high"), levels = c("low", "medium", "high"))
o Changing Levels: levels(f) <- c("low", "medium", "high", "very high")
6. Arrays
 Definition: Multi-dimensional, elements of the same type.
 Manipulation:
o Creating: array(1:12, dim = c(2, 3, 2))
o Accessing: arr[1, 2, 1]
6) How does R programming support Data Manipulation and analysis?

R programming is one of the most popular languages for data manipulation and analysis due to its
comprehensive ecosystem of packages, rich data handling capabilities, and flexibility in statistical computing.

1) Data Structures: R provides key data structures like data frames and tibbles to organize data, making it
easy to manipulate and analyze.
2) Data Manipulation: Packages like dplyr allow for easy data manipulation, including filtering, summarizing,
sorting, and transforming data with functions like filter(), mutate(), and summarize().
3) Data Reshaping: The tidyr package helps reshape data, convert between wide and long formats, and handle
missing values, enhancing the flexibility for analysis.
4) Statistical and Machine Learning Tools: R supports a wide range of statistical functions (e.g., lm(),
t.test()) and machine learning algorithms (e.g., caret, randomForest) for predictive analysis.
5) Visualization: The ggplot2 package allows for powerful data visualization, enabling the creation of
insightful plots that help in data interpretation and presentation.
6) It offers tools for filtering, summarizing, and transforming data, as well as performing statistical analysis and
machine learning using built-in functions and packages like caret and randomForest.
7) R also enables easy handling of time series, text, and big data, and ensures reproducibility through R
Markdown for creating dynamic reports and dashboards.

7) Write an R Program to calculate Mean, Median and Standard Deviation of a Numeric

Vector.

# Create a numeric vector

data <- c(5, 10, 15, 20, 25)

# Calculate Mean
mean_value <- mean(data)
cat("Mean:", mean_value, "\n")

# Calculate Median
median_value <- median(data)
cat("Median:", median_value, "\n")

# Calculate Standard Deviation

sd_value <- sd(data)
cat("Standard Deviation:", sd_value, "\n")

Output:

Mean: 15
Median: 15
Standard Deviation: 7.905694

Explanation of Output:

 Mean: The average of the numbers (calculated as (5+10+15+20+25)/5=15).

 Median: The middle value when the numbers are ordered (since 15 is the middle value of the sorted data:
5, 10, 15, 20, 25).
 Standard Deviation: Measures the spread or variability of the data. It is calculated based on how much
each value deviates from the mean.
8) Why is RDBMS important in Data Management for Data Science?

Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) are crucial for data management in Data Science for
several key reasons:

1. Structured Data Storage

RDBMS store data in structured tables with rows and columns, making it easy to organize, manage, and query
large amounts of data. This structured format is especially useful in Data Science when working with datasets
that follow a clear schema, such as customer information, sales records, or transaction data.

2. Data Integrity and Accuracy

RDBMS enforce data integrity through constraints like primary keys, foreign keys, and unique constraints,
ensuring that the data is accurate, consistent, and free from duplication. Data scientists rely on high-quality data,
and RDBMS help maintain the consistency and reliability of the datasets they work with.

3. Efficient Data Retrieval

RDBMS provide powerful query languages like SQL (Structured Query Language) to efficiently retrieve, filter,
and aggregate data from large datasets. This is important in Data Science for tasks such as:

 Extracting data for analysis.

 Performing joins to combine data from multiple tables.
 Aggregating data for descriptive statistics or feature engineering.

4. Scalability and Performance

RDBMS can handle large volumes of data while maintaining performance. Many systems are optimized for
complex queries, indexing, and parallel processing, which is important for handling big data in Data Science
projects.

5. Data Security

RDBMS offer robust security features, such as user roles, permissions, and encryption of sensitive data,
ensuring that only authorized individuals can access or modify the data. Data privacy and security are critical
concerns in Data Science, especially when dealing with sensitive information like personal, financial, or
healthcare data.

6. Data Relationships and Modeling

RDBMS allow data scientists to model complex relationships between different datasets using foreign keys
and joins. These relationships help connect different pieces of data (e.g., customer details, orders, products) and
enable Data Scientists to create more comprehensive analysis models.

7. Data Cleaning and Transformation

RDBMS provide features like data validation and constraints, which help clean and preprocess the data before
it is used for analysis. Data cleaning is one of the most time-consuming steps in Data Science, and RDBMS tools
simplify this process by enabling data transformation and data manipulation directly within the database.
8. Data Backup and Recovery

RDBMS have built-in mechanisms for data backup, recovery, and transaction logging, which protect data
from loss due to system failures. This is crucial for ensuring the continuity and availability of the data in a Data
Science workflow.

9. Integration with Other Tools

RDBMS can easily integrate with various Data Science tools and programming languages (like Python, R, and
Hadoop). Data scientists often use these integrations to extract data from RDBMS, process it using libraries like
pandas or dplyr, and then visualize or model it.

10. Support for Complex Analytics

Advanced RDBMS systems like PostgreSQL or SQL Server support window functions, advanced
aggregations, and geospatial queries, allowing Data Scientists to perform complex analytics directly within the
database without the need to export the data for processing.

Summary:

RDBMS play a vital role in data management for Data Science by providing structured, scalable, and efficient
data storage. They help ensure data accuracy, enable easy retrieval and transformation of data, support complex
analytics, and ensure security and backup for data integrity. Their seamless integration with data analysis tools
makes them indispensable in handling large datasets for meaningful insights.

9) RDBMS Key Concepts: Tables, Rows, Columns, and Relationships.

In essence, the purpose of an RDBMS is to:

 Organize data effectively.

 Ensure data integrity and consistency.
 Facilitate efficient data retrieval and manipulation.
 Support data sharing and collaboration.

Tables

In an RDBMS (Relational Database Management System), a table is the fundamental unit for storing and
organizing data.

 Structure:

Rows: Each row in a table represents a single record or instance of the entity the table represents. For example,
in a "Customers" table, each row would represent a single customer.

Columns: Each column in a table represents an attribute or characteristic of the entity. For example, in a
"Customers" table, columns might include "Customer ID," "Name," "Address," "Phone Number," etc.

 Key Concepts:

o Primary Key: A unique identifier for each row in the table. It ensures that every row is distinct.
 o Foreign Key: A field in one table that references the primary key of another table. This establishes a
relationship between the two tables.
o Data Types: Each column in a table has a specific data type (e.g., integer, text, date, boolean) that defines
the type of data it can store.

 Example:

Customers Table

In this example:

 Each row represents a single customer.

 Each column represents a specific attribute of a customer (CustomerID, Name, Address, City).
 CustomerID could be the primary key as it uniquely identifies each customer.

Rows
In the context of a relational database, a row represents a single record or instance of the entity that the table
describes.

Here's a simple analogy:

 Imagine a table as a spreadsheet.

 Each row in the spreadsheet would represent a single entry or record.

For example:

Let's say you have a table called "Customers".

 Columns: CustomerID, Name, Address, Phone Number

 Rows: Each row would represent a single customer.
In this example:

 The first row represents John Doe and his associated information.
 The second row represents Jane Smith and her information.

And so on.

Key Points:

 Uniqueness: Each row in a table is unique.

 Data Integrity: Rows play a crucial role in maintaining data integrity within a database.

Columns

In a relational database, a column represents a specific attribute or characteristic of the entity that the table
describes.

Think of it like this:

 Table: A spreadsheet
 Row: A single row in that spreadsheet, representing a single entry.
 Column: A vertical column in that spreadsheet, representing a specific piece of information about each entry.

Example:

Let's say we have a table called "Customers".

 Columns in this table might include:

o CustomerID: A unique identifier for each customer (often a number).

o Name: The full name of the customer.
o Address: The customer's mailing address.
o Phone Number: The customer's phone number.
o Email: The customer's email address.

Each column holds a specific type of information for every customer in the table.

Key Points:

o Data Type: Each column is typically associated with a specific data type (e.g., integer, text, date, boolean),
which defines the type of data it can store.
o Column Names: Column names should be descriptive and meaningful to easily understand the data they
represent.

Relationships

In a relational database, relationships define how different tables are connected and interact with each other.
These connections are crucial for accurately representing real-world entities and their associations.

Key Types of Relationships:

1. One-to-One:

o A single record in one table corresponds to at most one record in another table,Nand vice versa.
o Example:

Employees table and Office table (if each employee is assigned to only one office, and each office has only
one assigned employee).

2. One-to-Many:

o One record in the first table can be associated with many records in the second table, but each record in the
second table can only be associated with one record in the first table.
o Example:

Customers table and Orders table (One customer can place many orders, but each order belongs to only
one customer).

3. Many-to-Many:

o Many records in the first table can be associated with many records in the second table, and vice versa.
o Example:

Students table and Courses table (One student can enroll in many courses, and one course can have many
students enrolled).

Implementing Relationships:

Foreign Keys: Relationships are typically implemented using foreign keys.

 A foreign key in one table references the primary key of another table.
 For example, in the "Orders" table, the "CustomerID" could be a foreign key referencing the "CustomerID"

Benefits of Relationships:

 Data Integrity: Helps maintain data consistency and accuracy.

 Reduced Data Redundancy: Eliminates redundant data by storing related information in separate tables.
 Improved Data Retrieval: Enables efficient querying and retrieval of related data.
 Better Data Modeling: Provides a more accurate and realistic representation of realworld entities and their
relationships.
SQL Basics

SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language for interacting with relational databases. Here's a
breakdown of some basic SQL commands:

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

 CREATE TABLE: Creates a new table in the database, defining its structure (columns, data types).

SQL

CREATE TABLE Customers (

CustomerID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(255),

Email VARCHAR(255),

City VARCHAR(255)

);

 ALTER TABLE: Modifies the structure of an existing table (e.g., add, drop, or modify columns).

SQL

ALTER TABLE Customers ADD PhoneNumber VARCHAR(20);

 DROP TABLE: Deletes an existing table and all its data.

SQL

DROP TABLE Customers;

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

 SELECT: Retrieves data from one or more tables.

SQL

SELECT * FROM Customers;

SELECT Name, City FROM Customers;

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City = 'New York';

 INSERT INTO: Inserts new rows (records) into a table.

SQL

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerID, Name, Email, City)

VALUES (4, 'John Smith', '[email protected]', 'London');

 UPDATE: Modifies existing data in a table.

SQL

UPDATE Customers SET City = 'Los Angeles' WHERE CustomerID = 1;

 DELETE: Removes rows from a table.

SQL

DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID = 3;

3. Data Control Language (DCL)

 GRANT: Grants privileges to users or roles (e.g., read, write, update, delete).

SQL

GRANT SELECT ON Customers TO user1;

 REVOKE: Revokes privileges granted to users or roles.

SQL

REVOKE SELECT ON Customers FROM user1;

Basic SQL Concepts:

 WHERE clause: Used to filter data based on specific conditions.

 ORDER BY clause: Used to sort the result set based on one or more columns.
 GROUP BY clause: Used to group rows based on one or more columns and perform aggregate functions
(e.g., SUM, AVG, COUNT).
 JOIN clause: Used to combine data from two or more tables based on related columns.
10) In SQL, Explain SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE Operations.

In SQL (Structured Query Language), SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE are the fundamental
operations used for interacting with data in a relational database.

1. SELECT Operation

The SELECT statement is used to retrieve or query data from one or more tables in a database. It allows you
to specify which columns of data you want to see and how to filter or sort that data.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition
ORDER BY column_name;

 SELECT column1, column2: Specifies the columns to be retrieved.

 FROM table_name: Specifies the table from which to retrieve the data.
 WHERE condition: Filters the rows based on the given condition.
 ORDER BY column_name: Sorts the results based on the specified column.

Example:

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'HR';

This retrieves the first and last names of employees who work in the HR department.

2. INSERT Operation

The INSERT statement is used to add new records (rows) into a table.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)

VALUES (value1, value2, ...);

 INSERT INTO table_name: Specifies the table where the data will be inserted.
 (column1, column2, ...): Specifies the columns where data will be inserted.
 VALUES (value1, value2, ...): Specifies the actual values to be inserted into the table.

Example:

INSERT INTO employees (first_name, last_name, department)

VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'HR');

This adds a new employee with first name "John", last name "Doe", and department "HR" to the employees
table.
3. UPDATE Operation

The UPDATE statement is used to modify existing records in a table. You can update one or more columns of
the table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

 UPDATE table_name: Specifies the table where the records will be updated.
 SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...: Specifies the columns to be updated and their new values.
 WHERE condition: Filters the rows to be updated based on the given condition. Without the WHERE clause, all
rows in the table will be updated.

Example:

UPDATE employees
SET department = 'Finance'
WHERE employee_id = 101;

This updates the department of the employee with employee_id = 101 to "Finance".

4. DELETE Operation

The DELETE statement is used to remove existing records from a table based on a specified condition.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

 DELETE FROM table_name: Specifies the table from which the data will be deleted.
 WHERE condition: Filters the rows to be deleted based on the condition. Without the WHERE clause, all rows in
the table will be deleted.

Example:

DELETE FROM employees

WHERE employee_id = 101;

This deletes the record of the employee with employee_id = 101.