DEVOPS AND FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT

UNIT I - DEVOPS

DevOps -Definition - Practices -DevOps life cycle process - need for DevOps -
Barriers - Introduction To AWS, GCP, Azure - Version control systems: Git and
Github.

What is DevOps?

The DevOps is a combination of two words, one is software Development, and

second is Operations. This allows a single team to handle the entire application
lifecycle, from development to testing, deployment, and operations. DevOps helps
you to reduce the disconnection between software developers, quality assurance (QA)
engineers, and system administrators.

Why DevOps?

o The operation and development team worked in complete isolation.

o After the design-build, the testing and deployment are performed respectively.
That's why they consumed more time than actual build cycles.
o Without the use of DevOps, the team members are spending a large amount of
time on designing, testing, and deploying instead of building the project.
o Manual code deployment leads to human errors in production.
o Coding and operation teams have their separate timelines and are not in synch,
causing further delays.

Definition:

 DevOps is a Methodology/set of practices and cultural philosophies that aims to

automate and integrate the processes of software development and IT operations
(hence the term "DevOps" – Development + Operations).
 The goal of DevOps is to create a more efficient and collaborative environment in
which software development, testing, deployment, and operations can work
together seamlessly to deliver software quickly and reliably.

DevOps Architecture
Development and operations both play essential roles in order to deliver applications.
The deployment comprises analyzing the requirements, designing, developing,
and testing of the software components or frameworks.

The operation consists of the administrative processes, services, and support for the
software. When both the development and operations are combined with
collaborating, then the DevOps architecture is the solution to fix the gap between
deployment and operation terms; therefore, delivery can be faster.

DevOps architecture is used for the applications hosted on the cloud platform and
large distributed applications.

Agile Development is used in the DevOps architecture so that integration and delivery
can be contiguous.

When the development and operations team works separately from each other, then it
is time-consuming to design, test, and deploy.

And if the terms are not in sync with each other, then it may cause a delay in the
delivery. So DevOps enables the teams to change their shortcomings and increases
productivity.
1) Build

Without DevOps, the cost of the consumption of the resources was evaluated based on
the pre-defined individual usage with fixed hardware allocation. And with DevOps,
the usage of cloud, sharing of resources comes into the picture, and the build is
dependent upon the user's need, which is a mechanism to control the usage of
resources or capacity.

2) Code

Many good practices such as Git enables the code to be used, which ensures writing
the code for business, helps to track changes, getting notified about the reason behind
the difference in the actual and the expected output, and if necessary reverting to the
original code developed. The code can be appropriately arranged in files, folders, etc.
And they can be reused.

3) Test

The application will be ready for production after testing. In the case of manual
testing, it consumes more time in testing and moving the code to the output. The
testing can be automated, which decreases the time for testing so that the time to
deploy the code to production can be reduced as automating the running of the scripts
will remove many manual steps.

4) Plan
DevOps use Agile methodology to plan the development. With the operations and
development team in sync, it helps in organizing the work to plan accordingly to
increase productivity.

5) Monitor

Continuous monitoring is used to identify any risk of failure. Also, it helps in tracking
the system accurately so that the health of the application can be checked. The
monitoring becomes more comfortable with services where the log data may get
monitored through many third-party tools such as Splunk.

6) Deploy

Many systems can support the scheduler for automated deployment. The cloud
management platform enables users to capture accurate insights and view the
optimization scenario, analytics on trends by the deployment of dashboards.

7) Operate

DevOps changes the way traditional approach of developing and testing separately.
The teams operate in a collaborative way where both the teams actively participate
throughout the service lifecycle. The operation team interacts with developers, and
they come up with a monitoring plan which serves the IT and business requirements.

8) Release

Deployment to an environment can be done by automation. But when the deployment

is made to the production environment, it is done by manual triggering. Many
processes involved in release management commonly used to do the deployment in
the production environment manually to lessen the impact on the customers.

DevOps Lifecycle
DevOps defines an agile relationship between operations and Development. It is a
process that is practiced by the development team and operational engineers together
from beginning to the final stage of the product.
Learning DevOps is not complete without understanding the DevOps lifecycle phases.
The DevOps lifecycle includes seven phases as given below:
1) Continuous Development
This phase involves the planning and coding of the software. The vision of the project
is decided during the planning phase. And the developers begin developing the code
for the application. There are no DevOps tools that are required for planning, but there
are several tools for maintaining the code.
2) Continuous Integration
This stage is the heart of the entire DevOps lifecycle. It is a software development
practice in which the developers require to commit changes to the source code more
frequently. This may be on a daily or weekly basis. Then every commit is built, and
this allows early detection of problems if they are present. Building code is not only
involved compilation, but it also includes unit testing, integration testing, code
review, and packaging.

3) Continuous Testing
This phase, where the developed software is continuously testing for bugs. For
constant testing, automation testing tools such as TestNG, JUnit, Selenium, etc are
used. These tools allow QAs to test multiple code-bases thoroughly in parallel to
ensure that there is no flaw in the functionality. In this phase, Docker Containers can
be used for simulating the test environment.
4) Continuous Monitoring
Monitoring is a phase that involves all the operational factors of the entire DevOps
process, where important information about the use of the software is recorded and
carefully processed to find out trends and identify problem areas. Usually, the
monitoring is integrated within the operational capabilities of the software
application.
5) Continuous Feedback
The application development is consistently improved by analyzing the results from
the operations of the software. This is carried out by placing the critical phase of
constant feedback between the operations and the development of the next version of
the current software application.
6) Continuous Deployment
In this phase, the code is deployed to the production servers. Also, it is essential to
ensure that the code is correctly used on all the servers.The new code is deployed
continuously, and configuration management tools play an essential role in executing
tasks frequently and quickly.
7) Continuous Operations
All DevOps operations are based on the continuity with complete automation of the
release process and allow the organization to accelerate the overall time to market
continuingly.
Barriers in Devops
1. Cultural Barriers
 Resistance to change
 Lack of collaboration between Development and Operations
 Fear of job displacement
 Difficulty in shifting to a shared responsibility model

2. Organizational Barriers
 Siloed teams and departments
 Hierarchical and rigid organizational structure
 Misaligned objectives and incentives between teams (Dev vs Ops)
 Lack of leadership support for DevOps transformation

3. Technical Barriers
 Legacy systems and infrastructure
 Lack of tool integration or incompatible tools
 Complexity in automating existing systems
 Difficulty in scaling infrastructure (especially in hybrid or cloud environments)

4. Process Barriers
 Manual processes and workflows
 Slow or lengthy release cycles
 Lack of proper feedback loops (metrics and monitoring)
 Poor incident management and resolution processes

5. Security Barriers
 Traditional security processes conflicting with speed of DevOps
 Insufficient security awareness or expertise in DevOps teams
 Difficulty in automating security testing (DevSecOps)
 Fear of compromising security for speed
6. Resource Barriers
 Lack of skilled personnel (e.g., DevOps engineers, automation specialists)
 Budget limitations for tools, infrastructure, and training
 Insufficient time for implementing and scaling DevOps

7. Tooling Barriers
 Overwhelming number of DevOps tools and technologies
 Tool compatibility and integration issues
 Tool sprawl (using too many tools, leading to complexity)
 Resistance to adopting new tools or technologies

Introduction to AWS
Amazon Web Services (AWS):

* AWS stands for Amazon Web Service. It is the most comprehensive cloud service
provider by Amazon.

* It includes services for storage, databases, analytics, networking, mobile,

development tools and enterprise applications.

* AWS manages and maintains hardware and infrastructure, saving organizations and
individuals the cost and complexity of purchasing and running resources on-site.
These resources may be accessed for free or on a pay-per-use basis.
* It provides different services of cloud such as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS) and packaged Software as a Service (SaaS),

o IaaS: Infrastructure as a service means delivering computing infrastructure on

demand. Under this service, the user purchases the cloud infrastructure including
servers, networks, operating systems and storage using virtualization technology.
These services are highly scalable. IaaS is used by network architects. Examples of
cloud services: AWS, Microsoft Azure.

* PaaS: The platform as a service means it is a service where a third party provider
provides both hardware and software tools to the clients. It provides elastic scaling of
your application which allows developers to build applications and services over the
internet and the deployment models include public, private and hybrid. PaaS is used
by developers. Examples of cloud services - Facebook and Google Search Engine.

SaaS: Software as a Service model that hosts software to make it available to clients.
It is used by the end users. Examples of cloud services Google Apps.

1.2.2 Advantages of AWS

 AWS allows organizations to use already familiar programming models, any

operating systems, any kind of databases and architectures.
 AWS allows to automatically increase the capacity of resources as per
requirements so that the application is always available.
 It is a cost effective service that allow you to pay only for what you use.
 AWS requires no upfront investment, long-term commitment and minimum
expense when compared to traditional IT infrastructure that requires a huge
investment.
 AWS provides end to end security and privacy to the customers.

Features of AWS

1) Flexibility:
* The AWS always allows the user to use the operating system, programming
languages and web application platforms that the user is comfortable with.

* Flexibility means that migrating legacy applications to the cloud should be easy.

* Instead of re-writing the applications to adopt new technologies, we just need to

move the applications to the cloud and tap into advanced computing capabilities.

2) Cost effective:

Instead of purchasing and creating our own expensive servers, we can use AWS
where we need to pay only for the tools and service that we use.

AWS offers a pay-as-you-go pricing method, which means that we only pay for the
services that are needed and have been used for a period of time.

3) Scalable and elastic

AWS is scalable because the AWS auto scaling service automatically increases the
capacity of constrained resources as per requirements so that the application is always
available.

* Elasticity is one of the AWS advantages. If we use fewer resources and do not need
he rest of them, the AWS itself shrinks the resources to fit our requirements. In short,
upsizing. and downsizing of resources is possible with AWS

4) Secure:

AWS maintains confidentiality, integrity and availability of the user's data,Each

service provided by the AWS cloud is secure, Personal and business data can be
encrypted to maintain data privacy

5 High performances
High performance computing is the ability to process massive amounts of data at high
speed.
AWS often a high-performance computing service so that the companies need not
worry about the spend.

Applications of AWS

AWS is widely used for following purposes -

1) Building mobile and social applications

2) Storage, backup and disaster recovery
3) Academic computing
4) Website hosting
5) Media sharing such as image or video
6) Content delivery and media distribution
7) Social networking
8) AWS has been serving many gaming studios.

Services offered by AWS

The most five important services provided by Amazon Web Services are -
1) Amazon Elastic Cloud Compute(EC2):
 EC2 stands for Elastic Cloud Compute.
 Amazon EC2 is one of the most used and most basic services on Amazon.
 EC2 is a machine with an operating system and hardware components of
developer's choice, But the difference is that it is totally virtualized. The
developer can run multiple virtual computers, in a single physical hardware.
 EC2 enables on-demand, scalable computing capacity in the AWS cloud.
 No upfront investments on hardware is required, we only pay for what we use.
 The most important thing is that EC2 is secure.

2) Amazon Simple Storage Service(S3)

 S3 stands for Simple Storage Service.
 Amazon simple storage service is a scalable, high speed, web-based cloud storage
service.
 Data can be transferred to S3 over the public internet via access to S3 Application
Programming Interface (API).
 S3 is used to store and retrieve any amount of data from anywhere on the web.
 It is object-based storage, that means we can store the images, word files, pdf
files, etc.
 The files which are stored in S3 can be from 0 Bytes to 5 TB.
 In addition, users can integrate other AWS services with S3. For example, an
analyst can query data directly on S3.
3) Amazon Virtual Private Cloud(VPC)
 VPC stands for Virtual Private Cloud.
 Amazon VPC provides a logically isolated area of the AWS cloud which can be
used as a private network but it is virtual. It resembles your traditional
networking.
 By using Amazon's VPC service we can have complete control over our virtual
networking environment including a selection of your IP address range, the
creation of subnets and configuration of route tables and network gateways.
 Additionally we can easily customize the networking configuration for this VPC.
For instance we can create a subnet for our web servers which can be accessible
using the internet.
 Amazon provides multiple layers of security to the VPC
 Each VPC is isolated from another VPC.

4) Amazon Relational Database Services(RDS)

 RDS stands for Relational Database Services,
 AWS RDS is a relational database cloud service using which we can store data as
tables, records and fields on cloud.
 It also helps in relational database management tasks like data migration, backup,
recovery and patching
 Amazon RDS supports PostgreSQL, MySQL, Maria DB, Oracle, SQL Server and
Amazon Aurora
5) Amazon CloudFront
 Amazon CloudFront is a fast Content Delivery Network (CDN) service.
 AWS CloudFront is a globally-distributed network which securely transfers
content such as software, SDKs, videos, etc. to the clients, with high transfer
speed.

Google Cloud Platform (GCP):

 GCP stands for Google Cloud Platform.

 Google Cloud Platform (GCP), offered by Google, is a suite of cloud computing
services that runs on the same infrastructure that Google uses internally for its
end-user products, such as Google Search, Gmail, Google Drive and YouTube.
 Google Cloud Platform provides infrastructure as a service, platform as a service
and serverless computing environments.
 In April 2008, Google announced App Engine, a platform for developing and
hosting web applications in Google-managed data centers.
 Google Cloud Platform is a set of cloud computing services provided by Google
that allows us to store, manage and analyze data.

 It is used for developing, deploying and scaling applications on Google's

environment.
 The services of GCP can be accessed by software developers, cloud
administrators and IT professionals over the Internet or through a dedicated
network connection.

Features
Following are the reasons why Google Cloud Platform-
1) Tools and services:
 Google has many innovative tools for handling cloud data.
 Google Cloud Platform offers the same core data storage and virtual machine
functionality of AWS and Azure or any other cloud provider. Google's strength.
lies in big data processing tools, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning
initiatives and container support.
 Google's BigQuery and Dataflow bring strong analytics and processing
capabilities for companies that work heavily with data, while Google's
Kubernetes container technology allows for container cluster management,
 GCP offers number of physical, logistical and human-resource-related
components, such as wiring, routers, switches, firewalls, load balancers services.
2) Speed:
 Google Cloud provides its Google Cloud and Google App customers network
speeds of up to 10 Tbs
 The network has connections throughout the world in the United States, Europe,
main cities in Japan, major hubs in Asia and much more.
3) Cost effective:
 Google Cloud offers a monthly pricing plan. The price model of GCP is
awesome, it allows you to pay only for what we use.
 Google Cloud pricing provides discounts.
4) Security:

 GCP provides multi-level secunty options to protect resources, such as assets,

network and OS-components

Advantages
1) GCP offers a first rate security level. A big advantage is that the company
constantly releases updates, adds improvements to security.
2) In comparison with competitors, like Amazon Web Services, Digital Ocean, or
Microsoft Azure, GCP's advantage is the opportunity to not pay any extra money for
unused services. Google enables users to get Google Cloud hosting at the cheapest
rates.
3) Once the account is configured on GCP, it can be accessed from anywhere. That
means that the user can use GCP across different devices from different places.
4) Google always keeps backup of user's data with built-in redundant backup
integration.
5) Migrating to Google's Cloud Platform eliminates the need to buy on-premises
infrastructure.
6) There is Global Presence of Data Centers, Networks and Cloud Services by GCP.
Services using GCP

Following are soitse significant services offered by OCP-

1) Compute
Compute engine allows us to create Virtual Machines (VM), allocate CPU and
memory and choose from SSD (Solid State Drives) or HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
storage. It allows you to create a workstation or computer virtually and handle all its
details.
The various services under this are as follows:
 App Engine
 Compute Engine
 Kubernetes Engine
 Cloud Functions

2) Networking

GCP Provides Networking services tools to manage and scale your network easily.
It offers following suit of services -

 Virtual Private Cloud (VPC): VPC provides the flexibility to scale and control
how workloads connect regionally and globally. By using VPC you can bring
your own IP addresses to google network across all the regions.

 Cloud DNS: Google Cloud DNS (Domain name system) is scalable, reliable and
managed authoritative DNS service. Cloud DNS is also programmable.

 Premium Tier Network: Premium Tier is recommended for high performance

routing. Users can also take advantage of the global fiber network, with the
globally distributed Points of Presence(PoP).

 Cloud Load Balancing: Cloud balancing is used to distribute workload across

different computing resources to balance the entire system performance Cloud
Run.
3) Storage
 Google Cloud Storage is unified object storage. The GCP has Buckets, Objects
and various storage classes. It is an online data storage web service that Google
provides to its users to store and access data from anywhere,

 Cloud SQL: It is a web-service that enables users to create, manage and use
relational databases stored on Google Cloud servers.

 Cloud BigTable: BigTable is a fully managed wide-column and key-value

NoSQL database service for large analytical and operational workloads

4) Big Data

 Big data is the massive amount of data available to organizations that because of
its volume and complexity is not easily managed or analyzed by marry business
intelligence tools

 BigQuery is a data warehouse that processes and analyzes large data sets using
SQL queries. These services can capture and examine streaming data for real-
time analytics
 Google Cloud Dataproc is a managed Apache Hadoop and Spark service for
batch processing, querying, streaming and machine learning.
 Cloud Dataflow is a serverless stream and batch processing service. Users can
build a pipeline to manage and analyze data in the cloud, while Cloud Dataflow
automatically manages the resources.

5)Cloud Al
 Google Cloud Machine Learning Engine is useful to rum complex ML. models. It
is scalable across different machines. It supports the increased performance of
linear algebra computations.
 AutoML enables developers with limited machine learning expertise to build
custom ML. models in minutes. It is a cloud-based ML. platform and uses a No-
Code approach with a set of prebuilt models via APIs.

Microsoft Azure :

1.4 Introduction to Azure

 Microsoft's cloud computing platform, Azure, was introduced at the Professional

Developers Conference (PDC) in October 2008 under the codename "Project Red
Dog"
 Microsoft Azure, formerly known as Windows Azure, is Microsoft's public cloud
computing platform.
 It provides a range of capabilities, including Software as a Service (SaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (laas).
 It provides a broad range of cloud services, including compute, analytics, storage
and networking.

Features

1) Unique storage system:

 Azure has multiple delivery points and data centers.
 Due to which the content delivery to the user is faster.
 Also, Azure allows users to store data in a fast and reliable environment.

2) Flexibility: Azure is flexible. That means, it provides a wide range of services

including virtual machines, storage and networking, allowing businesses to build
custom solutions that meet their specific needs. This flexibility allows organizations
to create and deploy applications quickly and easily, improving time to market and
providing a competitive advantage.
3) Scaling: Azure allows us to effortlessly scale our infrastructure up or down as per
our requirements.

4) Security: Data security and compliance are top priorities for any business and
Microsoft Azure provides a range of features and services to help organizations
protect their data in the cloud.

5) Cost effective: With Azure, there are no upfront costs for hardware or
infrastructure and organizations only pay for the services they use. This means that
businesses can reduce their capital expenditures and operational expenses, while still
having access to the latest technology and features.

6) Strong support in analytics: Microsoft Azure is equipped with built-in support that
analyzes data and key insights. The service provides features such as Cortana
Analytics, Stream Analytics, Machine Learning, and SQL services. These features
will help to enhance customer service and make informed decisions.

Services using Azure

1) Compute domain:

The Azure compute domain allows its user to host the model for the computing
resources on which our application can run. Following are some main options
available under compute domain of Azure-

App Service:

 This service allows hosting web apps, mobile apps with back ends, automated
processes and RESTful APIs.
 It is a managed PaaS offering.

Virtual Machine:

 It is an IaaS service.
 Virtual Machines, or VMs, are software emulations of physical computers.
 They include a virtual processor, memory, storage and networking resources.
 They host an Operating System (OS), of our choice and run software just like a
physical computer.
 And by using a remote desktop client, we can use and control the virtual machine.

Functions:
 It is a server-less computing service,
 It is a service that allows developers to quickly create and deploy small pieces of
back- end code, or "functions", without having to worry about the underlying
infrastructure,
 Users can upload applications with multiple functions.
 Azure function can be written in a variety of languages, including c#,
F#,Node.js,Python,powershell.

2) Storage:

 Microsoft Azure provides highly available, durable, scalable and redundant

storage.
 To use any storage type in Azure, we first have to create an account in Azure.
After creating an account, we can transfer data to or from services in your storage
account.
 We can create a storage account to store up to 500 TB of data in the cloud.
Following are some storage options used in Azure-

Blob Storage:
 BLOB is an acronym and means Binary Large OBject.
 Azure Blob storage is a service that stores unstructured data in the cloud as
objects/blobs.
 Blob storage can store any type of text or binary data, such as a document, media
file, or application installer.
 Blob storage is also referred to as object storage.

Queue Storage:
 Queue storage in Azure is a fully managed, cloud-based service for storing and
retrieving large numbers of messages.
 It is used to build asynchronous, loosely-coupled, scalable, and reliable
applications by allowing communication between microservices,
 A single queue message can be up to 64 KB in size, and a queue can contain
millions of messages, up to the total capacity limit of a storage account.

File Storage:

 File Storage in Azure is a fully managed, cloud-based file storage service that
allows applications to access and store files using the standard Server Message
Block (SMB) protocol.
 It provides a fully managed network file share that can be accessed from
anywhere and by multiple concurrent clients.
 An account can contain an unlimited number of shares and a share can store an
unlimited number of files, up to the 5 TH total capacity of the file share

3) Database:

Using various database services from the Azure users can easily deploy one or more
databases to virtual machines or applications.
The core database services available in Microsoft Azure revolve around the following
five offerings.
Cosmos DB, MySQL, PostgreSQL, MS SQL and SQL Managed Instance.

Cosmos DB:
 zure Cosmos DB is a globally distributed, multi-model database service that
supports various data models and query languages.
 It is designed for building highly scalable, globally distributed applications that
require low latency and high availability.
 It is a NoSQL data store that is available in Azure.

MySQL:
 Azure Database for MySQL is a relational database service powered by the
MySQL community edition.
 Azure Database for MySQL is cost effective and easy to set up, operate and
scale.

MSSQL:

 It is a Microsoft SQL service in the cloud.

 It is a fully managed PaaS database engine that handles the tasks of upgrading,
patching, backups and monitoring.
 MS SQL has artificial intelligence features that are updated often.

4) Networking:

Auto-scaling and load balancer are two important features in network services of
Azure:

Auto scaling service is used in a cloud to scale out or scale in the virtual machine
instances according to some condition, for instance - If CPU usage is heavy then we
can increase the virtual machine instances and if it drops to some limit then we can
reduce the virtual machine instance.

4) Networking:

Auto-scaling and load balancer are two important features in network services of
Azure:
Auto scaling service is used in a cloud to scale out or scale in the virtual machine
instances according to some condition, for instance - If CPU usage is heavy then we
can increase the virtual machine instances and if it drops to some limit then we can
reduce the virtual machine instance.
Load balancing is a feature that balances the traffic between different servers. It is
used to divide the traffic between the different servers or if one of the machines stops
responding it directs its traffic to the different server. In the cloud, we could use the
load balancer to balance the traffic between our virtual machines.

Comparison among AWS,GCP,Azure

Version Control Systems

Version control systems are a category of software tools that helps in recording
changes made to files by keeping a track of modifications done in the code.

Benefits of the version control system:

 Enhances the project development speed by providing efficient collaboration,

 Leverages the productivity, expedites product delivery, and skills of the
employees through better communication and assistance,
 Reduce possibilities of errors and conflicts meanwhile project development
through traceability to every small change,
 Employees or contributors of the project can contribute from anywhere
irrespective of the different geographical locations through this VCS,
 For each different contributor to the project, a different working copy is
maintained and not merged to the main file unless the working copy is validated.
The most popular example is Git, Helix core, Microsoft TFS,
 Helps in recovery in case of any disaster or contingent situation,
 Informs us about Who, What, When, Why changes have been made.

Types of Version Control Systems:

 Local Version Control Systems

 Centralized Version Control Systems
 Distributed Version Control Systems

Local Version Control Systems:

 It is one of the simplest forms and has a database that kept all the changes to files
under revision control. RCS is one of the most common VCS tools.
 It keeps patch sets (differences between files) in a special format on disk.
 By adding up all the patches it can then re-create what any file looked like at any
point in time.

Centralized Version Control Systems:

 Centralized version control systems contain just one repository globally and
every user need to commit for reflecting one’s changes in the repository.
 It is possible for others to see your changes by updating.
Two things are required to make your changes visible to others which are:
 You commit
 They update
Distributed Version Control Systems:
 Distributed version control systems contain multiple repositories. Each user
has their own repository and working copy.
 Just committing your changes will not give others access to your changes.
 This is because commit will reflect those changes in your local repository
and you need to push them in order to make them visible on the central
repository.
 Similarly, When you update, you do not get others’ changes unless you have
first pulled those changes into your repository.
To make your changes visible to others, 4 things are required:
 You commit
 You push
 They pull
 They update
Purpose of Version Control:
 Multiple people can work simultaneously on a single project. Everyone works on
and edits their own copy of the files and it is up to them when they wish to share
the changes made by them with the rest of the team.
 It also enables one person to use multiple computers to work on a project, so it is
valuable even if you are working by yourself.
 It integrates the work that is done simultaneously by different members of the
team. In some rare cases, when conflicting edits are made by two people to the
same line of a file, then human assistance is requested by the version control
system in deciding what should be done.
 Version control provides access to the historical versions of a project. This is
insurance against computer crashes or data loss. If any mistake is made, you can
easily roll back to a previous version.
 It is also possible to undo specific edits that too without losing the work done in
the meanwhile. It can be easily known when, why, and by whom any part of a file
was edited.
GIT
 Git is an open-source distributed version control system.
 It is designed to handle minor to major projects with high speed and efficiency.
 It is developed to co-ordinate the work among the developers.
 The version control allows us to track and work together with our team members
at the same workspace

Features of Git
1) It is a free and open source tool.
2) It keeps track of any addition, modification and deletion of any file in the project
repository.
3) It creates backups.
4) Creating branches and making changes on particular branches is easy.
5) This tool is used for project management in distributed environments.
6) It is scalable.
7) Git allows users from all over the world to perform operations on a project
remotely. Thus it helps in non-linear development.
8). It is secure. Git keeps a record of all the commits done by each of the collaborators
on the local copy of the developer.

Concept of GitHub

 GitHub is a web-based hosting service for Git repositories. It makes Git more
user-friendly and also provides a platform for developers to share code with
others.
 Additionally, GitHub repositories are open to the public. Developers worldwide
can interact and contribute to one another's code, modify or improve it, making
GitHub a networking site for web professionals.
 The process of interaction and contribution is also called social coding.

What is a repository?

 Repository means a storage space or directory that holds all the project's files.
Each file has revision history. It is also called a repo.
 The repository helps to communicate and manage project's work systematically.
 We can keep files and images inside our repository.
Features
 1) It makes the project management smooth by keeping track of all the updates made
in the project.
2) We can push the package privately and secure the projects from being public.
Similarly we can distribute the work publicly if we want to do so.
3) GitHub helps the team members to review, develop and propose new code. It
allows users to share the changes in the code among themselves.
4) Code hosting is easy using GitHub
5) It helps in streamlining the project workflow
6) It allows effective team management.
7) It is intuitive and easy to learn.

Difference between Git and Github

S.No. Git GitHub

1. Git is a software. GitHub is a service.

2. Git is a command-line tool GitHub is a graphical user interface

3. Git is installed locally on the system GitHub is hosted on the web

4. Git is maintained by linux. GitHub is maintained by Microsoft.

Git is focused on version control and code GitHub is focused on centralized source code
5.
sharing. hosting.

Git is a version control system to manage

GitHub is a hosting service for Git
6. source code history.
repositories.

Git was first released in 2005.

7. GitHub was launched in 2008.

Git has no user management feature. GitHub has a built-in user management
8.
feature.

GitHub includes a free-tier and pay-for-use

9. Git is open-source licensed.
tier.

10. Git has minimal external tool GitHub has an active marketplace for tool
S.No. Git GitHub

configuration. integration.

Git provides a Desktop interface named Git GitHub provides a Desktop interface named
11.
Gui. GitHub Desktop.

GitHub competes with GitLab, Bit Bucket,

Git competes with CVS, Subversion,
12. AWS Code Commit, Azure DevOps Server,
Mercurial, etc.
etc.