fractal and fractional

Research Paper
A New Perspective on the Exact Solutions of the Local Fractional
Modified Benjamin–Bona–Mahony Equation on Cantor Sets
Kang‑Jia Wang * and Feng Shi

School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: A new local fractional modified Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation is proposed within the
local fractional derivative in this study for the first time. By defining some elementary functions
via the Mittag–Leffler function (MLF) on the Cantor sets (CSs), a set of nonlinear local fractional
ordinary differential equations (NLFODEs) is constructed. Then, a fast algorithm namely Yang’s
special function method is employed to find the non‑differentiable (ND) exact solutions. By this
method, we can extract abundant exact solutions in just one step. Finally, the obtained solutions on
the CS are outlined in the form of the 3‑D plot. The whole calculation process clearly shows that
Yang’s special function method is simple and effective, and can be applied to investigate the exact
ND solutions of the other local fractional PDEs.

Keywords: local fractional derivative; Mittag–Leffler function; Yang’s special function method;
cantor sets

1. Introduction
As is known to all, many complex phenomena occurring in nature involving in op‑
tics [1–5], vibration [6,7], social and economic [8], thermal science [9,10], and others [11–13]
can be modeled by the partial differential equations (PDEs). In recent years, the fractional
Citation: Wang, K.‑J.; Shi, F. A New
derivative has been adopted to PDEs to describe many phenomena arising in scientific
Perspective on the Exact Solutions of
and engineering fields, such as physics [14–18], biology [19–21], chemistry [22–24], me‑
the Local Fractional Modified
chanics [25–27], communication engineering [28–31], and so on [32,33]. Finding the ex‑
Benjamin–Bona–Mahony Equation
act solution of the fractional partial differential equation is helpful to further understand
on Cantor Sets. Fractal Fract. 2023, 7,
and analyze the dynamic behavior of the fractional partial differential equation. Com‑
72. https://doi.org/10.3390/
fractalfract7010072
pared with the mathematical model with an integer derivative, the fractional derivative
mathematical model can more accurately describe the complex phenomena. Recently, the
Academic Editors: Sameerah Jamal local fractional derivative (LFD) has attracted wide attention in various fields and some
and Ricardo Almeida outstanding research results have emerged. In [34], the q‑homotopy analysis transform
Received: 30 November 2022 method is applied to study the local fractional Poisson equation. In [35], the local fractional
Revised: 28 December 2022 Fokker Planck equation is proposed and the reduced differential transform method and lo‑
Accepted: 5 January 2023 cal fractional series expansion method are considered. In [36], the factorization technique
Published: 9 January 2023 is derived to investigate some local fractional PDEs. In [37], the Sumudu transform method,
alongside the Adomian decomposition method, is used to employ the local fractional PDEs.
In [38], the Mittag–Leffler function‑based method is adopted to find the non‑differentiable
exact solutions of the (2 + 1)‑dimensional local fractional breaking soliton equation. In [39],
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. the local fractional variational iteration method is presented to investigate the local frac‑
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. tional heat conduction equation. In [40], the extended rational fractal sine–cosine method
This article is an open access article is used and six sets of the exact solutions are obtained. In [41], the Local fractional Fourier
distributed under the terms and
series method is utilized to study the wave equations. Many other studies can be seen
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).

Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7010072 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fractalfract

Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 2 of 12

in [42–46]. On the inspiration of the latest research results about the LFD, we present a
new local fractional modified Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation (LFMBBME) below:
( )
∂ϑ ℵϑ ∂ϑ ℵϑ ∂ϑ ℵ ∂2ϑ ∂ϑ ℵϑ
ϑ
+ ϑ
+ kℵ2ϑ ϑϑ + 2ϑ = 0, (1)
∂t ∂x ∂x x ∂tϑ
ϑ ϑ
where ϑ(0 < ϑ ≤ 1) is the fractional order, ∂∂tℵϑϑ and ∂∂xℵϑϑ are the local fractional derivatives.
The definitions are presented in Section 2. In this work, we aim to investigate the exact ND
solutions of the LFMBBME via a fast algorithm known as Yang’s special function method,
which can avoid the complicated calculation process and obtain abundant exact solutions
in one step. The ideas within work are expected to open up some new horizons in the
study of local fractional PDEs. The rest of this article is structured as follows. In Section 2,
the properties of the LFD and some special functions are presented. In Section 3, a set
of nonlinear local fractional ODEs is constructed. In Section 4, Yang’s special function
method is used to find the exact ND solutions, and the behaviors of the solutions on the
CS are presented. Finally, a conclusion is reached in Section 5.

2. Basic Theory
In this section, some basic theory that is used to study the problem is presented.

Definition 1. The LFD of Ξ( x )with orderϑis defined as [47]:

dϑ Ξ( x ) ∆ϑ [Ξ( x ) − Ξ( x0 )]
| x = x 0 = lim , (2)
dx ϑ x → x0 ( x − x0 ) ϑ

where ∆ϑ [Ξ( x ) − Ξ( x0 )] ∼
= Γ(1 + ϑ)[Ξ( x ) − Ξ( x0 )] with Euler’s gamma function.
∫ ∞
Γ (1 + ϑ ) =: x ϑ−1 exp(− x )dx.
0
For the LFD, there is the following rule chain [47]:

k times
dkϑ Ξ( x ) dϑ dϑ
= ... Ξ ( x ).
dx kϑ dx ϑ dx ϑ

Definition 2. The local fractional integral (LFI) of Ξ( x ) with the fractional order ϑ (0 < ϑ ≤ 1)
is defined by [47]:
∫ b N −1
1 1
ϑ
a Ib Ξ ( x ) = Ξ( x )(dx )ϑ = lim ∑ Ξ( xk )(∆xk )ϑ (3)
Γ (1 + ϑ ) a Γ(1 + ϑ ) ∆xk →0 k=0

Here, ∆xk = xk+1 − xk and x0 = a < x1 < . . . < x N −1 < x N = b.

Property 1. The properties of the LFD are listed as follows [47]:

dϑ dϑ dϑ
(1) [ p ( t ) ± q ( t )] = p ( t ) ± q ( t ), (4)
dtϑ dtϑ dtϑ

dϑ dϑ dϑ
(2)
ϑ
[ p(t)q(t)] = q(t) ϑ p(t) + p(t) ϑ q(t), (5)
dt dt dt
[ ϑ
]
dϑ
d ϑ q ( t ) d
dtϑ
p ( t ) − p ( t ) dtϑ
q ( t )
(3) ϑ [ p(t)/q(t)] = , (6)
dt q ( t )2
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 3 of 12

Definition 3. The MLF on the CS with fractional order ϑ is defined as [47]:

∞
℘ℑϑ
MIϑ (℘γ ) = ∑ . (7)
ℑ=0
Γ (1 + ℑ ϑ )

Definition 4. Based on the MLF, we can derive four special functions, namely the SE function, the
CH function, the SE function, and the CS function, as [47]:
( ) 2
SHϑ ℘ϑ = ( ) ( ), (8)
MIϑ ℘ϑ + MIϑ −℘ϑ
( ) 2
CHϑ ℘ϑ = ( ) ( ), (9)
MIϑ ℘ϑ − MIϑ −℘ϑ
( ) 2
SEϑ ℘ϑ = ( ) ( ), (10)
MIϑ i ϑ ℘ϑ + MIϑ −iϑ ℘ϑ
( ) 2iϑ
CSϑ ℘ϑ = ( ) ( ). (11)
MIϑ i ϑ ℘ϑ − MIϑ −iϑ ℘ϑ

The behaviors of the four special functions on the CS using ϑ = ln 2/ ln 3 are displayed
in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The outline of the special functions on the CS: (a) for the SE function, (b) for the CH function,
(c) for the SE function, (d) and for the CS function.
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 4 of 12

Property 2. The properties of the MLF are given as [47]:

( ) ( )
(1) D (ϑ) MIϑ ∆ξ ϑ = ∆MIϑ ξ ϑ , (12)
( ) ( ) ( )
(2) MIϑ ξ ϑ MIϑ ζ ϑ = MIϑ ξ ϑ + ζ ϑ , (13)
( ) ( ) ( )
(3) MIϑ ξ ϑ MIϑ −ζ ϑ = MIϑ ξ ϑ − ζ ϑ (14)
( ) ( ) ( )
(4) MIϑ ξ ϑ MIϑ iϑ ζ ϑ = MIϑ ξ ϑ + iϑ ζ ϑ (15)
( ) ( ) ( )
(5) MIϑ iϑ ξ ϑ MIϑ iϑ ζ ϑ = MIϑ iϑ ξ ϑ + iϑ ζ ϑ (16)

3. Construct of the NLFODEs

In the view of Equation (8), we define the following NLFODE [48]:
( ) ( )
φϑ ℘ϑ = χ1 SHϑ χ2 ℘ϑ , (17)

Taking the LFD of Equation (17), we have:

[ ]
( ) [ ( )]
D (ϑ) φϑ ℘ϑ = D (ϑ) χ1 SHϑ χ2 ℘ϑ = D (ϑ) 2χ1
MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )
2χ1 χ2 [MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )−MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )]
(18)
=− 2
[MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )]

which gives:
[ ( ) ]2
D (ϑ ) φ ℘ϑ
{ }2
2χ χ [MI (χ ℘ϑ )−MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )] ϑ ϑ
2 χ2 [MIϑ (2χ2 ℘ )+MIϑ (−2χ2 ℘ )−2]
= − 1 2 ϑ ϑ2 2 = 4χ 1 2 4
[MIϑ (χ2 ℘ )+MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )] ( [MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )] )
2
[MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )] −4
= 4χ1 χ2
2 2
4 = χ1 χ2
2 2
ϑ
4
ϑ 2
, −, 16
4
(19)
[MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )] [[MIϑ (χ2 ℘ )+MIϑ](−χ2 ℘ )] [MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )]
[ ( ) ( ) ] ( ) ( )
= χ22 χ21 SH2ϑ ℘ϑ − SH4ϑ ℘ϑ = χ22 φ2ϑ ℘ϑ 1 − χ12 φ2ϑ ℘ϑ
1
( ϑ ) χ22 4 ( ϑ )
= χ 2 φ ϑ ℘ − χ2 φ ϑ ℘
2 2
1

Based on Equation (9), we can construct the following NLFODE [48]:

( ) ( )
φϑ ℘ϑ = χ1 CHϑ χ2 ℘ϑ , (20)

Taking the LFD of the above equation as:

[ ]
( ) [ ( )]
D (ϑ ) φ ϑ ℘ϑ = D (ϑ ) χ1 CHϑ χ2 ℘ϑ = D (ϑ ) 2χ1
MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )−MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )
℘ϑ ℘ϑ
(21)
)+MIϑ (−χ2 )]
2χ1 χ2 [MIϑ (χ2
=− ϑ ϑ 2
χ
[ ϑ( 2 )
MI ℘ − MI ϑ ( − χ2 ℘ )]
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 5 of 12

Then, we have:
[ ( ) ]2
D (ϑ) φ ℘ϑ
{ }2
2χ χ [MI (χ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )] [MI (2χ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−2χ2 ℘ϑ )+2]
= − 1 2 ϑ ϑ2 ϑ 2 = 4χ21 χ22 ϑ 2 ϑ 4
[MIϑ (χ2 ℘ )−MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ )] MI χ ℘ −MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )]
 [ ϑ( 2 )  4
2 2
[MI (χ ℘ϑ )−MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )] +4 [MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )−MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )]  (22)
= 4χ21 χ22 ϑ 2 ϑ 4 = χ21 χ22  16
[MI χ ℘ −MI −χ ℘ϑ
( 2 ) ϑ( ϑ
2 )] + 4
[ ] [MIϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ )−MIϑ (−χ2 ℘ϑ )]
( ) ( )
= χ22 χ21 CH2ϑ ℘ϑ + CH4ϑ ℘ϑ
( ) χ2 ( )
= χ22 φ2ϑ ℘ϑ + χ22 φ4ϑ ℘ϑ
1

We can also consider the following NLFODE [48]:

( ) ( )
φϑ ℘ϑ = χ1 SEϑ χ2 ℘ϑ , (23)

Similarly, its LFD is given by:

[ ]
( ) [ ( )]
D (ϑ ) φ ϑ ℘ϑ = D (ϑ ) χ1 SEϑ χ2 ℘ϑ = D (ϑ ) 2χ1
MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )
iϑ MI i ϑ ℘ϑ −iϑ MI
(24)
2χ1 χ2 [ ϑ ( χ2 (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )]
) ϑ
=− 2
[MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )]

Such that
[ ( ) ]2
D (ϑ ) φϑ ℘ϑ
{ }2
2χ1 χ2 [iϑ MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )−iϑ MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )] ϑ ϑ ϑ ϑ
2 χ2 [MIϑ (2χ2 i ℘ )+MIϑ (−2χ2 i ℘ )−2]
= − 2 = − 4χ 1 2 4
[MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )]  [MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )]
2 − 4
2
[MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )] −4  [ MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )] 
= −4χ1 χ2 2 2
4 = χ 2 χ
1 2
2
16
(25)
[MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )] + 4
[ [MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘]ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )]
[ ( ) ( ) ] ( ) ( )
= χ21 χ22 −SE2ϑ ℘ϑ + SE4ϑ ℘ϑ = χ22 φ2ϑ ℘ϑ −1 + χ12 φ2ϑ ℘ϑ
1
( ) χ2 ( )
= −χ22 φ2ϑ ℘ϑ + χ22 φ4ϑ ℘ϑ
1

In the light of Equation (11), we construct another NLFODE as [48]:

( ) ( )
φϑ ℘ϑ = χ1 CSϑ χ2 ℘ϑ , (26)

Applying the LFD for Equation (26) as:

[ ]
( ) [ ( )] 2χ1 iϑ
D (ϑ) φ ϑ ℘ϑ = D (ϑ) χ1 CSϑ χ2 ℘ϑ = D (ϑ )
MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )−MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )
i ϑ ℘ϑ i ϑ ℘ϑ
(27)
2χ1 χ2 [MIϑ (χ2 )+MIϑ (−χ2 )]
= 2
[MIϑ (χ2 i ϑ ℘ϑ )−MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )]
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 6 of 12

Thus, we have:
[ ( ) ]2
D (ϑ ) φ ℘ϑ
{ }2
2χ1 χ2 [MIϑ (χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )] [MI (2χ iϑ ℘ϑ )+MIϑ (−2χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )+2]
= ϑ ϑ ϑ ϑ 2 = 4χ21 χ22 ϑ 2 ϑ ϑ 4
[MIϑ (χ2 i ℘ )−MIϑ (−χ2 i ℘ )] MI χ i ℘ )−MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )]
 [ ϑ( 2 − 
ϑ ϑ ϑ ϑ 2 − 4
2
[MI (χ i ℘ )−MIϑ (−χ2 i ℘ )] +4 ϑ ϑ
MI χ i ℘ )−MIϑ (−χ2 i ℘ )]  ϑ ϑ
= 4χ21 χ22 ϑ 2 ϑ ϑ 4 = χ12 χ22  [ ϑ ( 2 16
(28)
[MIϑ (χ2 i ℘ )−MIϑ (−χ2 iϑ ℘ϑ )] + ϑ ℘ϑ ) −MI ( − χ i ϑ ℘ϑ )]4
[ [ MI ϑ ( χ 2 i ] ϑ 2
[ ( ϑ) ( ϑ )] ( ϑ) ( ϑ)
= χ1 χ2 −CSϑ ℘ + CSϑ ℘
2 2 2 4
= χ 2 φ ϑ ℘ −1 + χ2 φ ϑ ℘
2 2 1 2
1
( ϑ ) χ22 4 ( ϑ )
= − χ 2 φ ϑ ℘ + χ2 φ ϑ ℘
2 2
1

From Equations (19), (22), (25), and (28), we can conclude the general NLFODE as the
following form by introducing two parameters p and q:
[ ( )]2 ( ) χ2 ( )
D (ϑ ) φϑ ℘ϑ = pχ22 φ2ϑ ℘ϑ + q 22 φ4ϑ ℘ϑ , (29)
χ1

Obviously, its exact ND solutions are given as:

 ( )

 χ1 SHϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ ), f or p = 1, q = −1
( )  χ CH χ ℘ϑ , f or p = 1, q = 1
ϑ( 2 )
φϑ ℘ϑ = 1
. (30)
 χ1 SEϑ (χ2 ℘ϑ ), f or p = −1, q = 1


χ1 CSϑ χ2 ℘ϑ , f or p = −1, q = 1

4. Yang’s Special Function Method

In this section, Yang’s special function method will be adopted to search for the exact
ND solutions. For this goal, the following ND transformation is considered [49–51]:
( ) ( )
ℵϑ x ϑ , tϑ = ℵϑ ℘ϑ , ℘ϑ = ρϑ x ϑ − ϖ ϑ tϑ , (31)

Additionally, there is:

lim ℘ϑ = ρx − ϖt, (32)
ϑ →1

Putting Equation (31) into Equation (1) gives:

∂ϑ ℵ ϑ
ϑd ℵ
= − ϖ , (33)
∂tϑ d℘ϑ

∂ϑ ℵϑ ϑ
ϑ d ℵϑ
= ρ , (34)
∂x ϑ d℘ϑ
( )
∂2ϑ ∂ϑ ℵϑ 2ϑ ϑ d ℵϑ
3ϑ
= − ρ ϖ , (35)
x2ϑ ∂tϑ dζ 3ϑ
Taking them into Equation (1) yields:
( ) dϑ ℵ dϑ ℵ 2ϑ γ d ℵ
3ϑ
ρϑ − ϖ ϑ + kρϑ ℵ2 − ρ ϖ = 0, (36)
d℘ϑ d℘ϑ d℘3ϑ

where ρϑ − ϖ ϑ ̸= 0.
Applying the LFI to Equation (36) and ignoring the integral constant yields:
( ) 1 d2ϑ ℵϑ
ρϑ − ϖ ϑ ℵϑ + kρϑ ℵ3ϑ − ρ2ϑ ϖ γ = 0, (37)
3 d℘2ϑ
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 7 of 12

dϑ ℵϑ
By multiplying both sides of above equation by d℘ϑ
, we have:

( ) dϑ ℵ 1 ϑ 3 dϑ ℵϑ ϑ
2ϑ γ d ℵϑ d ℵϑ
2ϑ
ϑ
ρϑ − ϖ ϑ ℵϑ + kρ ℵ ϑ − ρ ϖ = 0, (38)
d℘ϑ 3 d℘ϑ d℘2ϑ d℘ϑ

Taking the LFI of the above equation leads to:

( )2
1( ϑ ϑ
) 1 ϑ 4 1 2ϑ γ dϑ ℵϑ
ρ − ϖ ℵϑ + kρ ℵϑ − ρ ϖ
2
= ∆, (39)
2 12 2 d℘ϑ

Here, ∆ is the integral constant. Letting ∆ to be zero, we have:

( )2
1( ϑ ϑ
) 1 ϑ 4 1 2ϑ γ dϑ ℵϑ
ρ − ϖ ℵϑ + kρ ℵϑ − ρ ϖ
2
= 0. (40)
2 12 2 d℘ϑ

Such that:
( )2
dϑ ℵϑ ρϑ − ϖ ϑ 2 k
= ℵ + ℵ4 . (41)
d℘ϑ ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ ϑ 6ρϑ ϖ ϑ ϑ
By comparing Equation (41) and Equation (29), we have:
Set 1: For p = 1, q = −1, there is:

ρϑ − ϖ ϑ
= χ22 , (42)
ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ

k χ22
= − , (43)
6ρϑ ϖ ϑ χ21
According to Equations (42) and (43), we have:
√ ( ) √
6 ϖ ϑ − ρϑ ρϑ − ϖ ϑ
χ1 = ϑ
, χ2 = , (44)
kρ ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ

Thus, we can obtain the exact solution of Equation (1) as:

√ ( ) (√ )
6 ϖ ϑ − ρϑ ρϑ − ϖ ϑ ( ϑ ϑ ϑ ϑ
)
ℵϑ ( x, t) = SHϑ ρ x −ϖ t . (45)
kρϑ ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ

For ϖ ϑ = 1, ρϑ = 2, k = −1, we display the profile of the exact ND solution given by

Equation (45) on the CS in Figure 2. Here, the t and x are both selected on the CS range
0 to 1, and the fractional order is used as ϑ = ln 2/ ln 3. It can be found that the value
of the solution is between 1 and 1.8. In addition, the figure is the blocky structure which
conforms to the CS characteristics.
Set 2: For p = 1, q = 1, there is:

ρϑ − ϖ ϑ
= χ22 , (46)
ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ

k χ22
= , (47)
6ρϑ ϖ ϑ χ21
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 8 of 12

Figure 2. The profile of Equation (45) on CS with ϖ ϑ = 1, ρϑ = 2, and k = −1 for ϑ = ln 2/ ln 3.

We have: √ ( ) √
6 ρϑ − ϖ ϑ ρϑ − ϖ ϑ
χ1 = , χ = , (48)
kρϑ 2
ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ
Then, the second exact ND solution of Equation (1) is attained as:
√ ( ) (√ )
6 ρϑ − ϖ ϑ ρϑ − ϖ ϑ ( ϑ ϑ )
ℵϑ ( x, t) = CHϑ ρ x − ϖ ϑ tϑ . (49)
kρϑ ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ

For using ϖ ϑ = 1, ρϑ = 2, k = 1, we display the solution Equation (49) on the CS for

ϑ = ln 2/ ln 3 in Figure 3. The values of t and x are all selected on the CS from 0 to 1. It can
be found that the profile of Equation (49) is the blocky structure, and when the coordinate
(x, t) is close to (0, 0), the value of the solution increases rapidly.

Figure 3. The profile of Equation (49) on CS with ϖ ϑ = 1, ρϑ = 2, k = 1 for ϑ = ln 2/ ln 3.

Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 9 of 12

Set 3: For p = −1, q = 1, there is:

ρϑ − ϖ ϑ
= −χ22 , (50)
ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ

k χ22
= , (51)
6ρϑ ϖ ϑ χ21
There is: √ ( ) √
6 ϖ ϑ − ρϑ ϖ ϑ − ρϑ
χ1 = ϑ
, χ2 = , (52)
kρ ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ
Correspondingly, we can find the exact ND solutions of Equation (1) as:
√ ( ) (√ )
6 ϖ ϑ − ρϑ ϖ ϑ − ρϑ ( ϑ ϑ ϑ ϑ
)
ℵϑ ( x, t) = SEϑ ρ x −ϖ t , (53)
kρϑ ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ

By choosing the parameters as ϖ ϑ = 2, ρϑ = 1, k = 1, we display the outline of

Equation (53) on CS for ϑ = ln 2/ ln 3 in Figure 4. Here, the outline of the solution is also
the blocky structure which corresponds to the characteristics of the CS. Additionally, the
value of the solution increases rapidly when (x, t) is close to (1, 0).

Figure 4. The profile of Equation (53) on CS with ϖ ϑ = 2, ρϑ = 1, k = 1 for ϑ = ln 2/ ln 3.

Set 4: For p = −1, q = 1, there is:

ρϑ − ϖ ϑ
= −χ22 , (54)
ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ

k χ22
= , (55)
6ρϑ ϖ ϑ χ21
There is: √ ( ) √
6 ϖ ϑ − ρϑ ϖ ϑ − ρϑ
χ1 = ϑ
, χ2 = , (56)
kρ ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 10 of 12

Correspondingly, we can find the exact ND solutions of Equation (1) as:

√ ( ) (√ )
6 ϖ ϑ − ρϑ ϖ ϑ − ρϑ ( ϑ ϑ ϑ ϑ
)
ℵϑ ( x, t) = CSϑ ρ x −ϖ t . (57)
kρϑ ρ2ϑ ϖ ϑ

For using ϖ ϑ = −1, ρϑ = 1, k = −1, we display the profile of the Equation (57)
solution on the CS with ϑ = ln 2/ ln 3 in Figure 5. Similar to Equation (49), the blocky
structure increases rapidly when (x, t) is close to (0, 0).

Figure 5. The profile of Equation (57) on CS with ϖ ϑ = −1, ρϑ = 1, k = −1 for ϑ = ln 2/ ln 3.

It should be noted that the correctness of the exact obtained ND solutions provided
by Equations (45), (49), (53), and (57) are verified by substituting them into Equation (41).

5. Conclusions
This paper proposes a new local fractional modified Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equa‑
tion based on the local fractional derivative. A group of nonlinear local fractional ordinary
differential equations is constructed by defining some elementary functions via the Mittag–
Leffler function on the Cantor set. A simple and effective approach, called Yang’s special
function method, is suggested for the first time to solve this problem. By using this method,
we can obtain four different exact solutions in just one step. Furthermore, the obtained so‑
lutions on the Cantor set are outlined in the form of a 3‑D plot. It is revealed that the
one‑step method is effective and can be utilized to study the other local fractional PDEs.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, K.‑J.W.; methodology, K.‑J.W.; writing—original draft

preparation, K.‑J.W.; software, F.S.; validation, F.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This work is supported by the Key Programs of Universities in Henan Province of China
(22A140006), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province (NSFRF210324),
the Program of Henan Polytechnic University (B2018‑40), and the Innovative Scientists and Techni‑
cians Team of Henan Provincial High Education (21IRTSTHN016).
Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the
corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 72 11 of 12

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