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4.1 Cascade Control

The document discusses the advantages and weaknesses of feedback control systems, highlighting their minimal knowledge requirements and versatility, but also their limitations in achieving perfect control and potential instability. It introduces cascade control as a configuration that improves performance by using multiple measurements and faster secondary loops. Implementation issues and design considerations for cascade control are also outlined, emphasizing the need for sequential tuning and the benefits of faster dynamics in secondary loops.

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15 views16 pages

4.1 Cascade Control

The document discusses the advantages and weaknesses of feedback control systems, highlighting their minimal knowledge requirements and versatility, but also their limitations in achieving perfect control and potential instability. It introduces cascade control as a configuration that improves performance by using multiple measurements and faster secondary loops. Implementation issues and design considerations for cascade control are also outlined, emphasizing the need for sequential tuning and the benefits of faster dynamics in secondary loops.

Uploaded by

22u217
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEX CONTROL SCHEMES

Feedback control advantages

◼ It requires minimal knowledge about the process to be

controlled. In particular, a mathematical model is not

necessary, although it is useful for control system

design.

◼ The classical PID controllers are versatile and robust. If

process conditions change, re-tuning the controller

usually produces satisfactory response.


5 April 2021 15U602 Process Control 2
Feedback control weaknesses

◼ The feedback controller acts only after the process feels the upset. It

therefore can never yield perfect control where the controlled variable

does not deviate from the set point during load or set point changes.

◼ Poor feedback tuning may cause instability

◼ PID controller does not always provide the best possible control for all

processes especially for processes with large dead times and/or cascade

processes with large time constant.

◼ In some applications the controlled variable can not be measured on line

and consequently feedback control is not feasible.

◼ Feedback control does not provide predictive control action to

compensate
5 April 2021 for the effects 15U602
of known or measurable
Process Control disturbances. 3
Possible configurations

◼ Additional process output measurements are used


(e.g. cascade , inferential)
◼ Additional process inputs measurements are used
(e.g. feed-forward)
◼ Use explicit modeling in control calculations
(e.g. inferential)
◼ Use a different control algorithm than PID
(e.g. feed-forward)

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Cascade Control

In a cascade control configuration we have one manipulated variable


and two measurements

Feedback Control Cascade Control

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Open loop Process

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Feedback Control

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Open loop Process

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Cascade Control Block Diagram

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Implementation issues

Cascade controller modes and tuning:


◼ The secondary loop is normally P or PI controller.
Derivative modes are not advised in the secondary loop.
The primary loop is usually PI or PID controller.
◼ The cascade controller is tuned in a sequential manner.
The secondary controller is first tuned satisfactorily and
the primary is then tuned.
Cascade controller is desired when:
◼ Single loop does not provide satisfactory performance
◼ A measured secondary variable is available
◼ The secondary loop should be three times as fast as the
primary.

5 April 2021 15U602 Process Control 10


Advantages

◼ Disturbances felt by the secondary variable, is significantly corrected


by the secondary controller before it is felt by the process.

◼ The dynamics of the secondary loop are much faster than those of
the primary loop. This allows the use of higher gains in the
secondary controller to suppress more effectively the effect of the
disturbance occurring in the secondary loop without affecting the
stability of the system.

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Design of Cascade Control
Case I: Consider the block diagram without cascade

The dynamic of the inner loop is

The dynamic of the outer loop is

The characteristic equation for the overall closed-loop system is given by

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Contd…
Case II : Consider the block diagram of a cascade system

The closed-loop dynamics of the secondary loop


are

The overall closed-loop transfer function for the primary is

The stability of the primary closed-loop is determined by the characteristic


equation

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Example

Let

In conventional feedback

This means that the inner loop has a time constant of 0.1
minute
The characteristic equation of the overall system is

5 April 2021 15U602 Process Control 14


Contd…
In Cascade control

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5 April 2021 15U602 Process Control 16

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