Chapter - 9

Light: Reflection and Refraction

•​ Properties of light
1. Light travels in a straight line.
2. It shows reflection when it strikes with an opaque surface.
3. light is a wave which has wavelength and frequencies.
4. Monochromatic light: The light with single frequency or wavelength is known as monochromatic light.
5. Light does not require any medium to travel.
Reflection of light
The bouncing back of light in the same medium
when it strikes with an opaque surface is know as
reflection of light.

Types of mirror
1. Plane mirror

Image formation by plane mirror and Its properties

Properties of image
1. Image distance is same as object
distance.
2. Height of image is equal to the
height of object.
3. Virtual and erect
4. Laterally inverted
*Note: Magnification of image in plane
mirror is 1.

2. Spherical mirror

Concave mirror Convex mirror

A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is
curved inwards, that is, faces towards the centre of curved outwards, is called a convex mirror.
the sphere, is called a concave mirror.

It forms real as well as virtual images. It always forms virtual image.

it forms enlarged as well diminished images. It always forms diminished image.

•​ Type of image.

Real and inverted image virtual and erect image

It can be formed on screen. It forms inside the mirror.

•​ Terminology related to spherical mirror.

1. pole : The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point called the pole.
Represented by- P.

2. Centre of curvature: The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere. The centre of
this sphere is known as the centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.
Represented by - C.

3. Radius of curvature: The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere. The radius of
this sphere is known as the radius of curvature of the spherical mirror.
Represented by - R.
 4. Principal axis:The Imaginary straight line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature of a
spherical mirror is called the principal axis.

5. Aperture: The diameter of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is called its aperture.

6. Principal focus:

Principal focus of concave mirror Principal focus of concave mirror

(a)​ when a number of rays parallel to the when a number of rays parallel to the principal axis
principal axis are falling on a concave are falling on a convex mirror. The reflected rays
mirror. They are all meeting/intersecting at appear to come from a point on the principal axis.
a point on the principal axis of the mirror This point is called the principal focus of the convex
after reflection. This point is called the mirror.
principal focus of the concave mirror. Represented by- F.

Note: We shall consider in our discussion only such spherical mirrors whose aperture is much
smaller than its radius of curvature.
•​ Laws of reflection
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
(ii) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of
incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
•​ Rules for image formation by spherical mirror
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

•​ Image formation by concave mirror(6 cases)

(i) Object: At Infinity (ii) Object: Beyond C

Image: Image:
Position: At Focus Position: Between C and F
Size: Highly Diminished, Point Sized Size: Diminished
Nature: Real and inverted Nature: Real and inverted

(iii) Object: At C (iv)

 Image: Image:
Position: At C Position: Beyond C
Size: Same size as object Size: Enlarged
Nature: Real and inverted Nature: Real and inverted
m=1,m→.- m>1, m→ -

(V) Object: At F (vi) Object: Between P and F

Image: Image:
Position: At Infinity Position: Behind the mirror
Size: HighlyEnlarged Size: Enlarged
Nature: Real and inverted Nature: Virtual and erect
magnification→ m= ∞ magnification→ m>1, m→ +

Uses or application of concave mirror:

Uses Related ray diagrams

(i) in torches, search-lights and vehicles headlights

to get powerful parallel beams of light.

(ii) They are often used as shaving mirrors to see a

larger image of the face.

(iii) The dentists use concave mirrors to see large

images of the teeth of patients.

(iv)Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate

sunlight to produce heat in solar furnaces.

•​ Image formation by convex mirror:

(i)Object: At Infinity (ii) Object: At Infinity
 Image: Image:
Position: Behind the mirror, at F Position: Behind the mirror, Between P and F
Size: Highly Diminished, Point sized Size:Diminished
Nature: Virtual and erect Nature: Virtual and Erect
magnification→ m=o, m→ + magnification→ m<1, m→ +

•​ Uses or Application of convex mirror

(i) used as rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles.

It enables the driver to see traffic behind him/her
to facilitate safe driving. It is preferred because
they always give an erect, though diminished,
image. Also, they have a wider field of view as
they are curved outwards. Thus, convex mirrors
enable the driver to view a much larger area.

Q. A student has obtained the image of a distant object with a concave mirror to determine its focal
length. If he has selected a well illuminated red building as object, which of the following correctly
describes the features of the image formed ?

(a) Virtual , Inverted , diminished image in red shade

(b) real , erect, diminished image in pink shade

(c)Real, inverted, diminished in red shade

(d) Virtual, erect , enlarged image in red shade

Q. Write two uses of a concave mirror. Q. Name the type of mirror used in the
following situations:
Ans: a) In torches
(a) Headlights of a car
b) In vehicles headlights
(b) Solar furnace

Ans: (I) concave

(ii) concave
•​ Sign convention in case of spherical mirror:

(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from the object falls on the
mirror from the left-hand side.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken as positive while those
measured to the left of the origin (along – x-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along + y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along –y-axis) are taken as negative.

Mirror u f R v
Concave - - - -/ (in first five case)
+ (In last case)
Convex - + + +

Q. An object of height 4 cm is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. If object is
placed in front of it at following positions.

(i) at 20 cm (ii) 10 cm (iii) 40 cm

Draw a ray digram for each to show these following cases. Also write the sign of u,v,f and r in each
case

Q. Write the sign of u,f,Rand v for the following image.

Diagram Sign

u = -, v = -, f = -.R= - u =-, v =+, f =-.R=-

 u→ -, v→+, f→+,R→+
u =-, v =-, f =-.R=-

•​ Mirror formula: It is the mathematical relation among object distance, Image distance and focal length.

•​ Magnification:
It is defined as the ratio of image distance to the It is defined as the ratio of height of image to height
object distance. of object.
m = -v/u
m = h’/h or m = hi/ho

It has no SI unit.

How are the size and nature of the image determined?

For size of image: For nature of Image:

Magnification Size of Image
Magnification Nature
m>1 Enlarged
m→+ Virtual and erect
m<1 Diminished
m→ - Real and Inverted
m=1 Same size as Object

m= ∞ Highly enlarged

m=0 Highly diminished,

point sized

Q. If the value of magnification is +1.5. What Q. If the value of magnification is -2. What
would be the size and nature of the image? would be the size and nature of the image?
Ans: Size- enlarged Ans: Size- enlarged
Nature- virtual and erect nature- Real and inverted
Practice Question
Q. What is the difference and similarity in the images with magnification -3 and +3?
Q. If the value of magnification is -0.8. What would be the size and nature of the image?

•​ Numericals with mirror formula:

•​ Rules:
1. Identify mirror
2. Write the data
3. Do sign convention
4. apply the formula do calculation(mirror formula, magnification)
5. write the size , nature and position of the image.
6. position of image or object will be calculated by finding image distance and object distance respectively.
7. Size and and nature will be calculated by finding the magnification and h’.
 Q.1. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm Ans: In concave mirror
in front of a concave mirror. It forms a real
image four times larger than the object. u = -12 cm
Calculate the distance of the image from the m = -4
mirror.
m = - v/u

-4 = - v/(-12)

v = -48 cm

Q.2. An object of height 4 cm is placed in front Ans: In concave mirror

of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. if it
forms 2 times magnified virtual image. Find the h= 4 cm
f= -10 cm
object and image distance.
m = +2
Also draw the related diagram. m = -v/u
+2 = -v/u
v = -2u
According to mirror formula
1/v+ 1/u= 1/f
1/(-2u) + 1/u = 1/-10
-1/2u +1/u = -1/10
(-1+2)/2u = -1/10
u= -5 cm
v=-2u = 10 cm
So, object distance= -5cm i.e. object is placed at a
distance of 5cm in front of mirror
Image distance=+10cm i.e. image is formed 10cm
away from mirror on opposite side of object.

Q.3 An Object of height 3 cm is placed at 12 cm Ans: In convex mirror

in front of a convex mirror of focal length 12 cm.
Find the position, size and nature of the image. h = 3 cm
Also draw the related diagram u = -12 cm

f = + 12 cm

mirror formula

1/v +1/u = 1/f

1/v + 1/(-12) = 1/12
1/v = 1/12 +1/12 = 2/12 = 1/6
v = 6 cm
m = -v/u = -6/- 12 = 1/2 = 0.5
m = h’/h
0.5 = h’/ 3
h’ = 1.5 cm
Position = 6 cm (Behind the mirror)
Size = Diminished, 1.5 cm
Nature = Virtual and erect

Q. Magnification of two images are -2 and +2 . What would be the difference and similarity between
them?
-2 = enlarged, real and inverted
+2 = enlarged , virtual and erect

Q.4 An Object of height 3 cm is placed at 12 cm Ans: In concave mirror

in front of a concave mirror of focal length 12 h = 3 cm
cm. Find the position, size and nature of the u = -12 cm
image. f = -12 cm
mirror formula
1/v + 1/u = 1/f
1/v + 1/(-12) = 1/(-12)
1/v -1/12 = -1/12
1/v = -1/12 +1/12 = 0
v = 1/0 =∞
m = -v/u = - (-∞)/-12
m = -∞
m = h’/h = - ∞ = h’/3
h’ = -∞
Position = ∞
size = highly enlarged , -∞
nature = real and inverted

Q. An Object of height 3 cm is placed at 12 cm Ans: h = 3 cm

in front of a concave mirror of focal length 18 u = -12 cm
cm. Find the position, size and nature of image. f = - 18 cm
Also draw the ray diagram. 1/v + 1/u = 1/f
1/v + 1/(-12) = 1/(-18)
1/ v – 1/12 = -1/18
1/v = -1/18 +1/12
1/v = (-2 +3)/36
1/ v = 1/36
v = 36 cm
magnification
m = -v/u
m = -36/- 12 = 3
m = h’/h
h’ = m x h = 3 x 3 = 9 cm
position: 36 cm(Behind the mirror)
Size = enlarged , 9 cm
nature = virtual and erect

Refraction of light:: When light passes from one medium to another medium it changes its path, This
phenomenon of light is known as refraction.
In refraction, velocity and wavelength of light also changes on moving from one medium to another
medium.
Watch a pencil partly immersed in water in a glass
tumbler. It appears to be displaced at the interface of
air and water.

Example: when a thick glass slab is placed over

some printed matter, the letters appear raised when
viewed through the glass slab.

watch a lemon kept in water in a glass tumbler

appears to be bigger than its actual size.

Cause of refraction: Refraction occurs due to change in the speed of light when it enters from one
transparent medium to another.

Refraction through glass slab:

Medium:
(i) Rarer Medium: On comparing two media , the medium in which speed of light is more is known as the
rarer medium.
(ii) Denser Medium: On comparing two media , the medium in which speed of light is less is known as
denser medium.
Medium Speed of light
1. Vacuum 3 x 108m/s
2. Air 3 x 108m/s
3. Glass 2 x 108m/s
4. Water 2.25 x 108m/s
5. Kerosene Oil 2.08 x 108m/s
6. Diamond 1.24 x 108 m/s

Two media Rarer Denser

Air and Water Air water
 Water and Glass water Glass
Kerosene Oil and water water Kerosene oil

When Light passes from Light Speed of Light

(i) Rarer to denser bends towards normal decreases
(ii) Denser to rarer Moves away from normal increases

Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence.

lateral displacement:
The perpendicular distance between
incident ray and emergent ray is known
as lateral shift or lateral displacement.

* Factors on which lateral displacement depends:

(i) Angle of incidence
(ii) Refractive index
•​ Laws of refraction of light:
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a
given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.

Sin i/ Sin r = n = constant

•​ n = refractive index

Angle of incidence Angle of refraction Sin i Sin r Sin i/sin r

30 18 Sin 300 Sin 180 Sin300/sin 180=0.5/0.3 = 1.67

•​ Refractive index and its application

Refractive index or absolute refractive index: It

is defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum or
air to speed of light in a given medium. It is refractive index of medium with respect to
Symbol: n vacuum
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in
given medium n = c/v
c = speed of light in vacuum = 3 x 108 m/s
n = c/v

Q. Speed of light in glass and vacuum are 2 x Ans: (i) refractive index of glass or refractive index
 108 m/s and 3 x 108 m/s respectively. Find the of glass with respect to vacuum
(i) refractive index of glass or refractive index of n = c/v = 3 x 108 m/s/ 2 x 108 m/s =1.5
glass with respect to vacuum
(ii) refractive index of vacuum with respect to (ii) refractive index of vacuum with respect to glass
glass n = v/c= 2 x 108 m/s/ 3 x 108 m/s = 2/3 = 0.67

** There is no SI unit of refractive index.

Practice Questions
Q.1. Refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find the speed of light in it.
Q. 2.Speed of light in water is 2.25 x 108 m/s. Find the refractive index of it.
Q.3. Three media P,Q and R of r.i. 1.2,1.7 and 1.5 respectively are given. In which medium speed of
light will be maximum?
Q.4. In which medium refractive index will be more ?
Medium Refractive index
A 2.25 x 108m/s
B 2 x 108m/s

More refractive index →More denser →less speed of light

Q.5 Three media P,Q and R of r.i. 1.2,1.7 and 1.5 respectively are given. Which will be most denser
medium ?

Q. Three media P,Q and R of r.i. 1.2,1.7 and 1.5 respectively are given. If a light falls on these three
media with the same angle of incidence then in which medium angle of refraction will be maximum?
Ans: Medium P

Refractive index of medium 1 with respect to Refractive index of medium 2 with respect to
medium 2 medium 1
n12 = Speed of light in medium 2 /speed of light in n21 = Speed of light in medium 1 /speed of
medium 1 light in medium 2
n12 = v2/v1 n21 = v1/v2

Refractive index of glass with respect to water Refractive index of water with respect to glass
ngw = Speed of light in water(vw) /speed of light in nwg = Speed of light in glass(vg) /speed of light in
glass(vg) water(vw)
ngw = vw/vg nwg = vg/vw

Q. Speed of light in glass and water are 2 x 108 Ans: vg = 2 x 10 8 m/s

m/s and 2.25 x 108 m/s respectively. Find the (i) vw = 2.25 x 10 8 m/s
refractive index of glass with respect to water. refractive index of glass with respect to water
(ii) refractive index of water with respect to ngw = vw/vg
glass = 2.25 x 108 m/s /2 x 108 m/s
= 2.25/2
=225/200= 9/8 = 1.125

(ii) refractive index of water with respect to glass

nwg = Vg/vw
= 2 x 108 m/s/2.25 x 108 m/s
= 8/9
= 0.88

Q. Refractive index of glass with respect to air is 3/2. Find the speed of light in air if speed of light in
glass is 2 x 108 m/s.

Q. The refractive indices of glass and water are Ans: ng = 3/2

3/2 and 4/3 respectively. Find the refractive nw = 4/3
 index of water with respect to glass. refractive index of water with respect to glass
nwg = nw/ng = 4/3/3/2 = 8/9

Q.2 The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. Ans: The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the
What is the meaning of this statement? speed of light in the diamond is 2.42.

Q.3 The refractive indices of glass and water Ans: ng = 3/2

with respect to vacuum are 3/2 and 4/3 nw = 4/3
respectively. If the speed of light in glass is Vg = 2 x 10⁸ m/s
2X108 m/s, find the speed of light in vacuum. ng=C/vg
Also find the refractive index of glass with C = ng x vg = 3/2 x 2 x 10⁸ m/s= 3 x 108 m/s
respect to water.
refractive index of glass with respect to water
ngw = ng/nw = (3/2)/(4/3)= 9/8

•​ lens and its type

Lens: A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are spherical, forms a
lens.
Types of lens:

•​ Terminology related to lens

(i) Optical
Centre:
symbol- o

(ii)
Principal
Focus:
Symbol-F1
and F2

(iii) Centre of curvature: A lens, either a convex lens or a concave lens, has two spherical surfaces. Each
of these surfaces forms a part of a sphere. The centres of these spheres are called centres of curvature of
the lens.
 (iv)principl
e axis

(V)
Aperture:

Aperture: The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens is called its aperture.
Thin Lens: such lenses whose aperture is much less than its radius of curvature. Such lenses are called thin
lenses with small apertures.
•​ Rules for image formation by lens

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
•​ Image formation by convex lens(6 cases)

Object: At Infinity Object: Beyond 2F1

Image: Image:
Position: At F2 Position: Between F2and 2F2
Size: Highly Diminished, Point Sized Size: Diminished
Nature: Real and inverted Nature: Real and inverted

Object: At 2F1 Object: Between F1and 2F1

Image: Image:
Position: At 2F2 Position: Beyond 2F2
Size: Same size as object Size: Enlarged
Nature: Real and inverted Nature: Real and inverted

Object: At F1 Object: Between Oand F1

Image: Image:
Position: At Infinity Position: Same side as object
Size: HighlyEnlarged Size: Enlarged
Nature: Real and inverted Nature: Virtual and erect

Image formation by Concave lens(2 cases)

Object: At Infinity Object: Between infinity and optical centre

 Image: Image:
Position: same side as object, at F1 Position:Same side as object,Between O and F1
Size: Highly Diminished, Point sized Size:Diminished
Nature: Virtual and erect Nature: Virtual and Erect

Q. Name the lens which always forms a diminished, virtual and erect image.
Ans- concave lens
•​ Sign convention for lens
For lenses, we follow sign conventions, similar to the one used for spherical mirrors.
•​ The focal length of a convex lens is positive and that of a concave lens is negative.
•​ Except: all measurements are taken from the optical centre of the lens.

Lens u f R v
Concave - - - -
Convex - + + + (in Five cases)
- (In one case)

Lens formula Magnification

1/v -1/u = 1/f It is defined as the ratio of image distance to the
object distance.
m = v/u
or
It is defined as the ratio of height of image to height
of object.
m = h’/h or m = hi/ho

•​ For size of image:

Magnification Size of Image For nature of the image
m>1 Enlarged Magnification Nature
m<1 Diminished + Virtual and erect
m=1 Same size as Object - Real and Inverted
m= ∞ Highly enlarged

•​ Numericals with Lens formula

Q. A convex lens forms 4 cm long image of an

object of 2cm height on screen. Find the object Ans: h= +2cm
and image distance if focal length of the lens is 10
cm. h’= - 4cm
 f= +10 cm

m= h’/h

=-4/2 = -2

m= -2

m =v/u

-2= v/u

v= -2u

from lens formula

1/v - 1/u = 1/f

1/(-2u) -1/u = 1/10

(-1-2)/2u = 1/10

-3/2u = 1/10

-30 = 2u

u = -15 cm

v= -2u

= +30 cm

Q. An object of height 5 cm is placed in front of Ans: In convex lens

a convex lens at 10 cm. If focal length of the
lens is 15 cm. Find out the nature, position and h = 5 cm
size of image formed by lens. Also draw the
related diagram u = -10 cm

f = 15 cm

from lens formula

1/f = 1/v -1/u

1/15 = 1/v – 1/(-10)

1/v = 1/15 – 1/10

1/v = (2-3)/30

1/v = -1/30

v = - 30 cm

magnification

m= v/u

= -30/-10= 3

h’/h = v/u

h’/ 5 = 3
 h’ =15 cm

size = enlarged, 15 cm

nature = virtual and erect

position = same side as object at 30 cm.

•​ Power of lens.
Power of lens: it is determined by degree of convergence or divergence of light , when light passes through
it.

It is reciprocal of focal length.

P = 1/f

Power of a convex lens is positive and that of a concave lens is negative.

SI unit of power of lens and its definition

SI unit: dioptre (D)
1 dioptre: 1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 m.
1 D= 1/1m

Q. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of Power of lens=1.7

power + 1.7 D . Find the focal length of the lens.
Is the prescribed lens diverging or converging? P = +1.7
f = 1/P = 1/+1.7 = +10/17 = +0.58

Power of combination of lens Focal length of combination of lenses

1/f = 1/f1 +1/f2
P = P1 +P2 +.....

Q. Two lenses of power + 2.0 D and + 0.25 D are Two lenses of focal length 20 cm and -30 cm are
combined . Find the equivalent power of lens. combined. Find the focal length of the
Also find the nature of lens. combination of lens.
Ans: P = P1 +P2 1/f = 1/f1 +1/f2
P = +2.0 D + 0.25 D = + 2.25 D. 1/f= 1/20 +(1/-30)
Nature of lens – Converging lens 1/f= 3-2/60= 1/60→ f= 60 cm

Q. Two lenses of focal length -20 cm and +15 f1= -20 cm

cm are combined. Find the focal length of the f2= +15 cm
combination of lens. Find the power and nature 1/f = 1/f1 +1/f2
of the combination of lenses. 1/f = 1/(-20) + 1/15 = -1/20 +1/15= -3+4/60= +1/60
 f = 60 cm= 0.6 m
P = 1/f = 1/0.6= 10/6= 1.67 D
Nature- Converging lens

Two lenses of power + 2.5 D and - 3.5 D are combined . Find the equivalent power of the lens. Also
find the nature of lenses.

Q. A real image 4/5th size of the object is formed 18 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal length of the
lens.

Practice Question
1.An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. Find
the position and nature of the image.

2.When an object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a convex mirror the magnification produced is 1/2.
Find the position of the image.

3.A 2.0-cm-high object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave mirror. The distance of
the object from the mirror is 30 cm, and its image is formed 60 cm from the mirror, on the same side of the
mirror as the object. Find the height of the image formed.

4.An object 2.0 cm in size is placed 20.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10.0 cm. Find the
distance from the mirror at which a screen should be placed in order to obtain a sharp image. What will be
the size and nature of the image formed?

5.Speed of light in glass and vacuum are 2 x 108 m/s and 3 x 108 m/s respectively. Find the
(i) refractive index of glass or refractive index of glass with respect to vacuum
(ii) refractive index of vacuum with respect to glass
6.Refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find the speed of light in it.
7.Speed of light in water is 2.25 x 108 m/s. Find the refractive index of it.
8.Three media P,Q and R of r.i. 1.2,1.7 and 1.5 respectively are given. In which medium speed of light will
be maximum? Arrange the above medium in the increasing order of the angle of refraction if light falls o n
these three media with same angle of incidence.
9.Three media P,Q and R of r.i. 1.2,1.7 and 1.5 respectively are given. Which will be most denser medium
?Arrange the medium in the increasing order of the velocity of light in it.
10.For which medium refractive index will be more ?
Medium Refractive index
A 2.25 x 108m/s
B 2 x 108m/s

11.A student has focussed the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a concave mirror. The
situation is as given below.
Length of the candle= 1.5 cm
Focal length of the mirror= 12 cm
Distance of candle from mirror= 18 cm
If the candle flame is perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror. Calculate the following.
a.​ Distance of image
b.​ Height of the image
c.​ If the distance between the mirror and the image is reduced to 10 cm then what would be
observed on the screen?
12.An object of 2 cm height is placed at a distance of 64 cm from a white screen on placing a convex lens
at a distance of 32 cm from the object it is found that a distant image of the object is formed on the screen.
a.​ What is the focal length of the convex lens and size of image formed on the screen?
b.​ State the nature of the image formed.
c.​ Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in this position of the object with respect to
the lens.
13.If a magnification of -1 is to be obtained by using a converging mirror of focal length 12 cm, then what
should be the position of the object?
14.The refractive index of a medium ‘a’ with respect to medium ‘b’ is 2/3 and the refractive index of
medium b with respect to medium c is 4/3. Find the refractive index of medium c with respect to medium a.
15.A lens produces a magnification of -0.5. Is this a converging or diverging lens? If the focal length of the
lens is 6 cm. Draw a ray diagram
16.For the given data showing object distance and focal length of the three concave mirrors, answer the
following questions.

S.no Object distance focal length

1 30 20

2 10 15

3 20 10
i. Out of three in which case the mirror will form the image having the same size as the object?
ii.Out of three in which case the mirror is used as a makeup mirror?
iii. Draw a ray diagram for the part (i) and (ii)
a.​ No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image always appears erect and diminished.
Identify the type of mirror.
17.Analyze the following observation table showing the variation of image distance with object distance in
case of convex lens. Answer the question that follows without doing any calculation.

S. No Object - distance Image- a.​ What is the focal length of the convex
distance lens? Give a reason to justify your
answer.
1 -100 +25 b.​ Write the serial number of
observations which is not correct. On
2 -60 +30 what basis have you arrived at this
conclusion?
3 -40 +40 c.​ Select an appropriate scale and draw
a ray diagram for the observation at
4 -30 +60 serial number 2.

5 -25 +100

6 -15 +120