A2 Mathematics

Statistics 2 Homework Book

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Contents Marks %
Binomial Distribution .................................................... 2
Poisson Distribution .................................................... 10
Continuous Random Variables .................................... 18
Continuous Uniform Distribution ............................... 30
Sampling ..................................................................... 38
Hypothesis Testing – Binomial .................................... 43
Hypothesis Testing - Poisson ...................................... 52

Munem Ahmed

1
 Binomial Distribution

HOMEWORK MARK SUBMISSION DATE TARGET GRADE HOMEWORK GRADE

SECTION B: SELF ASSESSMENT (to be completed by student)

Please identify the areas in which you feel you have strengths and those in which you need to
improve. Provide evidence to support yourself assessment with reference to the content of your
homework.

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

SECTION C: TUTOR FEEDBACK

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

2
Q1.

A bag contains a large number of counters of which 15% are coloured red. A random sample
of 30 counters is selected and the number of red counters is recorded.
(a) Find the probability of no more than 6 red counters in this sample.
(2)
A second random sample of 30 counters is selected and the number of red counters is
recorded.
(b) Using a Poisson approximation, estimate the probability that the total number of red
counters in the combined sample of size 60 is less than 13
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

3
Q2.
The probability of a telesales representative making a sale on a customer call is 0.15
Find the probability that
(a) no sales are made in 10 calls,
(2)
(b) more than 3 sales are made in 20 calls.
(2)
Representatives are required to achieve a mean of at least 5 sales each day.
(c) Find the least number of calls each day a representative should make to achieve this
requirement.
(2)
(d) Calculate the least number of calls that need to be made by a representative for the
probability of at least 1 sale to exceed 0.95
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

4
5
Q3.
A manufacturer produces sweets of length L mm where L has a continuous uniform
distribution with range [15, 30].

(a) Find the probability that a randomly selected sweet has a length greater than 24 mm.
(2)
These sweets are randomly packed in bags of 20 sweets.

(b) Find the probability that a randomly selected bag will contain at least 8 sweets with
length greater than 24 mm.
(3)
(b) Find the probability that 2 randomly selected bags will both contain at least 8 sweets with
length greater than 24 mm.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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Q4.
In a large restaurant an average of 3 out of every 5 customers ask for water with their meal.
A random sample of 10 customers is selected.

(a) Find the probability that

(i) exactly 6 ask for water with their meal,
(ii) less than 9 ask for water with their meal.
(5)
A second random sample of 50 customers is selected.
(b) Find the smallest value of n such that
P(X < n) ≥ 0.9
where the random variable X represents the number of these customers who ask for water.
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

8
9
 Poisson Distribution

HOMEWORK MARK SUBMISSION DATE TARGET GRADE HOMEWORK GRADE

SECTION B: SELF ASSESSMENT (to be completed by student)

Please identify the areas in which you feel you have strengths and those in which you need to
improve. Provide evidence to support yourself assessment with reference to the content of your
homework.

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

SECTION C: TUTOR FEEDBACK

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

10
Q1.
The probability of an electrical component being defective is 0.075
The component is supplied in boxes of 120
(a) Using a suitable approximation, estimate the probability that there are more than 3
defective components in a box.
(5)
A retailer buys 2 boxes of components.
(b) Estimate the probability that there are at least 4 defective components in each box.
(2)

(Total 7 marks)

11
Q2.
A factory produces components of which 1% are defective. The components are packed in
boxes of 10. A box is selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that the box contains exactly one defective component.
(2)
(b) Find the probability that there are at least 2 defective components in the box.
(3)
(c) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that a batch of 250 components
contains between 1 and 4 (inclusive) defective components.
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

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Q3.

The number of defects per metre in a roll of cloth has a Poisson distribution with mean 0.25
Find the probability that

(a) a randomly chosen metre of cloth has 1 defect,

(2)
(b) the total number of defects in a randomly chosen 6 metre length of cloth is more than 2
(3)
A tailor buys 300 metres of cloth.

(c) Using a suitable approximation find the probability that the tailor's cloth will contain less
than 90 defects.
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

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Q4.

In a village shop the customers must join a queue to pay. The number of customers joining
the queue in a 10 minute interval is modelled by a Poisson distribution with mean 3
Find the probability that

(a) exactly 4 customers join the queue in the next 10 minutes,

(2)
(b) more than 10 customers join the queue in the next 20 minutes.
(3)

When a customer reaches the front of the queue the customer pays the assistant. The time
each customer takes paying the assistant, T minutes, has a continuous uniform distribution
over the interval [0, 5]. The random variable T is independent of the number of people joining
the queue.

(c) Find P(T > 3.5)

(1)
In a random sample of 5 customers, the random variable C represents the number of
customers who took more than 3.5 minutes paying the assistant.

(d) Find P(C ≥ 3)

(3)
Bethan has just reached the front of the queue and starts paying the assistant.
(e) Find the probability that in the next 4 minutes Bethan finishes paying the assistant and
no other customers join the queue.
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

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 Continuous Random Variables

HOMEWORK MARK SUBMISSION DATE TARGET GRADE HOMEWORK GRADE

SECTION B: SELF ASSESSMENT (to be completed by student)

Please identify the areas in which you feel you have strengths and those in which you need to
improve. Provide evidence to support yourself assessment with reference to the content of your
homework.

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

SECTION C: TUTOR FEEDBACK

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

18
Q1.
The continuous random variable Y has cumulative distribution function

where k is a constant.

(a) Find the value of k.

(2)
(b) Find the probability density function of Y, specifying it for all values of y.
(3)
(c) Find P(Y > 1).
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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Q2.

Figure 1 shows a sketch of the probability density function f (x) of the random variable X.
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, f (x) is represented by a curve OB with equation f (x) = kx2 , where k is a
constant.
For 3 ≤ x ≤ a, where a is a constant, f (x) is represented by a straight line passing through B
and the point (a, 0).
For all other values of x, f (x) = 0.
Given that the mode of X = the median of X, find

(a) the mode,

(1)
(b) the value of k,
(4)
(c) the value of a.
(3)
Without calculating E(X) and with reference to the skewness of the distribution

(d) state, giving your reason, whether E(X) < 3, E(X) = 3 or E(X) > 3.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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Q3.
The queueing time, X minutes, of a customer at a till of a supermarket has probability
density function

(a) Show that the value of k is 4

(4)
(b) Write down the value of E(X).
(1)
(c) Calculate Var(X).
(4)
(d) Find the probability that a randomly chosen customer's queueing time will differ from the
mean by at least half a minute.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

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Q4.
A random variable X has probability density function given by

where k is a positive constant.

(a) Sketch the graph of f(x).
(2)

(b) Show that k = (1 + √5).

(4)
(c) Define fully the cumulative distribution function F(x).
(6)
d) Find P(0.5 < X < 1.5).
(2)
(e) Write down the median of X and the mode of X.
(2)
(f) Describe the skewness of the distribution of X. Give a reason for your answer.
(2)
(Total 18 marks)

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 Continuous Uniform Distribution

HOMEWORK MARK SUBMISSION DATE TARGET GRADE HOMEWORK GRADE

SECTION B: SELF ASSESSMENT (to be completed by student)

Please identify the areas in which you feel you have strengths and those in which you need to
improve. Provide evidence to support yourself assessment with reference to the content of your
homework.

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

SECTION C: TUTOR FEEDBACK

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

30
Q1.
A rectangle has a perimeter of 20 cm. The length, X cm, of one side of this rectangle is
uniformly distributed between 1 cm and 7 cm.
Find the probability that the length of the longer side of the rectangle is more than 6 cm long.
(5)
(Total 5 marks)

31
Q2.
A manufacturer produces sweets of length L mm where L has a continuous uniform
distribution with range [15, 30].

(a) Find the probability that a randomly selected sweet has a length greater than 24 mm.
(2)
These sweets are randomly packed in bags of 20 sweets.

(b) Find the probability that a randomly selected bag will contain at least 8 sweets with
length greater than 24 mm.
(3)
(b) Find the probability that 2 randomly selected bags will both contain at least 8 sweets with
length greater than 24 mm.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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Q3.
The time in minutes that Elaine takes to checkout at her local supermarket follows a
continuous uniform distribution defined over the interval [3, 9].
Find,
(a) Elaine's expected checkout time,
(1)
(b) the variance of the time taken to checkout at the supermarket,
(2)
(c) the probability that Elaine will take more than 7 minutes to checkout.
(2)
Given that Elaine has already spent 4 minutes at the checkout,
(d) find the probability that she will take a total of less than 6 minutes to checkout.
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

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Q4.
The continuous random variable X is uniformly distributed over the interval [−2, 7].
(a) Write down fully the probability density function f(x) of X.
(2)
(b) Sketch the probability density function f(x) of X.
(2)
Find
(c) E(X2),
(3)
(d) P(−0.2 < X < 0.6).
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

36
37
 Sampling

HOMEWORK MARK SUBMISSION DATE TARGET GRADE HOMEWORK GRADE

SECTION B: SELF ASSESSMENT (to be completed by student)

Please identify the areas in which you feel you have strengths and those in which you need to
improve. Provide evidence to support yourself assessment with reference to the content of your
homework.

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

SECTION C: TUTOR FEEDBACK

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

38
Q1.

A factory produces components. Each component has a unique identity number and it is
assumed that 2% of the components are faulty. On a particular day, a quality control
manager wishes to take a random sample of 50 components.

(a) Identify a sampling frame.

(1)
The statistic F represents the number of faulty components in the random sample of size 50.

(b) Specify the sampling distribution of F.

(2)
(Total 3 marks)

39
Q2.
A random sample X1, X2, ... Xn is taken from a population with unknown mean μ and
unknown variance σ2. A statistic Y is based on this sample.
(a) Explain what you understand by the statistic Y.
(2)
(b) Explain what you understand by the sampling distribution of Y.
(1)
(c) State, giving a reason which of the following is not a statistic based on this sample.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

40
Q3.
A bag contains a large number of counters. A third of the counters have a number 5 on
them and the remainder have a number 1.
A random sample of 3 counters is selected.

(a) List all possible samples.

(2)
(b) Find the sampling distribution for the range.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

41
Q4.
A single observation x is to be taken from a Binomial distribution B(20, p).
This observation is used to test H0 : p = 0.3 against H1 : p ≠ 0.3

(a) Using a 5% level of significance, find the critical region for this test. The probability of
rejecting either tail should be as close as possible to 2.5%.
(3)
(b) State the actual significance level of this test.
(2)
The actual value of x obtained is 3.
(c) State a conclusion that can be drawn based on this value giving a reason for your
answer.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

42
 Hypothesis Testing – Binomial

HOMEWORK MARK SUBMISSION DATE TARGET GRADE HOMEWORK GRADE

SECTION B: SELF ASSESSMENT (to be completed by student)

Please identify the areas in which you feel you have strengths and those in which you need to
improve. Provide evidence to support yourself assessment with reference to the content of your
homework.

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

SECTION C: TUTOR FEEDBACK

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

43
Q1.
Before Roger will use a tennis ball he checks it using a "bounce" test. The probability that a
ball from Roger's usual supplier fails the bounce test is 0.2. A new supplier claims that the
probability of one of their balls failing the bounce test is less than 0.2. Roger checks a
random sample of 40 balls from the new supplier and finds that 3 balls fail the bounce test.
Stating your hypotheses clearly, use a 5% level of significance to test the new supplier's
claim.
(5)
(Total 5 marks)

44
Q2.
A company claims that a quarter of the bolts sent to them are faulty. To test this claim the
number of faulty bolts in a random sample of 50 is recorded.

(a) Give two reasons why a binomial distribution may be a suitable model for the number of
faulty bolts in the sample.
(2)
(b) Using a 5% significance level, find the critical region for a two-tailed test of the

hypothesis that the probability of a bolt being faulty is . The probability of rejection in
either tail should be as close as possible to 0.025
(3)
(c) Find the actual significance level of this test.
(2)
In the sample of 50 the actual number of faulty bolts was 8.

(d) Comment on the company's claim in the light of this value. Justify your answer.
(2)
The machine making the bolts was reset and another sample of 50 bolts was taken. Only 5
were found to be faulty.

(e) Test at the 1% level of significance whether or not the probability of a faulty bolt has
decreased. State your hypotheses clearly.
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

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Q3.
As part of a selection procedure for a company, applicants have to answer all 20 questions
of a multiple choice test. If an applicant chooses answers at random the probability of
choosing a correct answer is 0.2 and the number of correct answers is represented by the
random variable X.

(a) Suggest a suitable distribution for X.

(2)
Each applicant gains 4 points for each correct answer but loses 1 point for each incorrect
answer. The random variable S represents the final score, in points, for an applicant who
chooses answers to this test at random.

(b) Show that S = 5X − 20

(2)
(c) Find E(S) and Var(S).
(4)
An applicant who achieves a score of at least 20 points is invited to take part in the final
stage of the selection process.

(d) Find P(S ≥ 20)

(4)
Cameron is taking the final stage of the selection process which is a multiple choice test
consisting of 100 questions. He has been preparing for this test and believes that his chance
of answering each question correctly is 0.4

(e) Using a suitable approximation, estimate the probability that Cameron answers more
than half of the questions correctly.
(5)
(Total 17 marks)

48
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51
 Hypothesis Testing - Poisson

HOMEWORK MARK SUBMISSION DATE TARGET GRADE HOMEWORK GRADE

SECTION B: SELF ASSESSMENT (to be completed by student)

Please identify the areas in which you feel you have strengths and those in which you need to
improve. Provide evidence to support yourself assessment with reference to the content of your
homework.

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

SECTION C: TUTOR FEEDBACK

STRENGTHS AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

52
Q1.
A company claims that it receives emails at a mean rate of 2 every 5 minutes.
(a) Give two reasons why a Poisson distribution could be a suitable model for the number of
emails received.
(2)
(b) Using a 5% level of significance, find the critical region for a two-tailed test of the
hypothesis that the mean number of emails received in a 10 minute period is 4. The
probability of rejection in each tail should be as close as possible to 0.025
(2)
(c) Find the actual level of significance of this test.
(2)
To test this claim, the number of emails received in a random 10 minute period was
recorded.
During this period 8 emails were received.
(d) Comment on the company's claim in the light of this value. Justify your answer.
(2)
During a randomly selected 15 minutes of play in the Wimbledon Men's Tennis Tournament
final, 2 emails were received by the company.
(e) Test, at the 10% level of significance, whether or not the mean rate of emails received by
the company during the Wimbledon Men's Tennis Tournament final is lower than the mean
rate received at other times. State your hypotheses clearly.
(5)
(Total 13 marks)

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Q2.
Sammy manufactures wallpaper. She knows that defects occur randomly in the
manufacturing process at a rate of 1 every 8 metres. Once a week the machinery is cleaned
and reset. Sammy then takes a random sample of 40 metres of wallpaper from the next
batch produced to test if there has been any change in the rate of defects.
(a) Stating your hypotheses clearly and using a 10% level of significance, find the critical
region for this test. You should choose your critical region so that the probability of rejection
is less than 0.05 in each tail.
(4)
(b) State the actual significance level of this test.
(2)
Thomas claims that his new machine would reduce the rate of defects and invites Sammy to
test it. Sammy takes a random sample of 200 metres of wallpaper produced on Thomas'
machine and finds 19 defects.
(c) Using a suitable approximation, test Thomas' claim. You should use a 5% level of
significance and state your hypotheses clearly.
(7)
(Total 13 marks)

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Q3.
An online shop sells a computer game at an average rate of 1 per day.

(a) Find the probability that the shop sells more than 10 games in a 7 day period.
(3)
Once every 7 days the shop has games delivered before it opens.

(b) Find the least number of games the shop should have in stock immediately after a
delivery so that the probability of running out of the game before the next delivery is less
than 0.05
(3)

In an attempt to increase sales of the computer game, the price is reduced for six months. A
random sample of 28 days is taken from these six months. In the sample of 28 days, 36
computer games are sold.

(c) Using a suitable approximation and a 5% level of significance, test whether or not the
average rate of sales per day has increased during these six months. State your hypotheses
clearly.
(7)
(Total 13 marks)

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