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2.4 Inverse Using Elementary Operations

The document explains how to find the inverse of a non-singular matrix using elementary row operations by augmenting the matrix with the identity matrix and reducing it to the identity form. It includes examples of matrices and their inverses, as well as exercises to determine the rank of given matrices and find their inverses. The process is illustrated through various transformations and operations performed on the augmented matrices.

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25 views3 pages

2.4 Inverse Using Elementary Operations

The document explains how to find the inverse of a non-singular matrix using elementary row operations by augmenting the matrix with the identity matrix and reducing it to the identity form. It includes examples of matrices and their inverses, as well as exercises to determine the rank of given matrices and find their inverses. The process is illustrated through various transformations and operations performed on the augmented matrices.

Uploaded by

khushpatel1222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

4 Inverse using elementary operations

It is also possible to find the inverse of a non-singular matrix using elementary


row (or column) operations. Consider a square matrix A of order n , and the
identity matrix I of the same order. We define an augmented matrix [ A | I ]
by appending the columns of I to the columns of A , on the right. Then we
reduce A in [ A | I ] to the identity matrix of order n by performing a series of
elementary row operations on the augmented matrix. When A has been reduced
to the identity matrix, I would have been reduced to A−1 . If it is not possible to
reduce A to the identity matrix, then its row reduced form contains at least one
zero row, which means that A is singular and hence has no inverse.

Example

1 2 
1. A =  
3 4 
1 2 1 0 
[A| I] =  
3 4 0 1 
1 2 1 0 
~  R2 → R2 − 3R1
0 −2 −3 1 
1 2 1 0 
~ R2 → R2 / 2
0 1 3 / 2 −1 / 2 
1 0 −2 1 
~ R1 → R1 − 2 R2
0 1 −3 / 2 −1 / 2 
 −2 1 
 A = 3 
 2 −1
2 

 0 1 1
2. A = 1 1 1
1 1 3
0 1 1 1 0 0
[ A | I ] = 1 1 1 0 1 0
 
1 1 3 0 0 1 
1 1 1 0 1 0
~ 0 1 1 1 0 0  R1  R2
 
1 1 3 0 0 1 
1 1 1 0 1 0
~ 0 1 1 1 0 0
 
0 0 2 0 −1 1 
1 1 1 0 1 0 
~ 0 1 1 1 0 0 
 
0 0 1 0 −1 / 2 1 / 2 
1 1 1 0 1 0 
~ 0 1 0 1 1 / 2 −1 / 2 
 
0 0 1 0 −1 / 2 1 / 2 
1 0 0 −1 1 0 
~ 0 1 0 1 1 / 2 −1 / 2 
 
0 0 1 0 −1 / 2 1 / 2 

 −1 1 0 
 
A =  1
−1 1 −1 
 2 2
 0 −1 1 
 2 2

Exercises
Determine the rank of the following matrices by using elementary row
operations:
1 −2 0
1. 1 1 1 Ans. Rank = 2
 
 2 −1 1 
1 1 0
2.  2 −2 1 Ans. Rank = 3
 
1 −1 0 
1 1 1 1 
3. 1 −1 1 2 Ans. Rank = 2
 
3 1 3 4
 1 3 1 1
 −1 1 2 2 
4.   Ans. Rank = 4
 2 1 −2 1 
 
 1 2 −2 2 
1 1 1 
5. 1 0 1  Ans. Rank = 3
 
1 1 0

Determine the inverse of the following matrices by using elementary row


operations:

1 0 1 
1 1 0   2 2
1. A =  2 −2 1  Ans. A−1 =  1 0 −1 
   2 2
1 −1 0  0 1 −2 
 
1 0 1 
1 1 0  2 2
2. A = 1 −1 1  Ans. A−1 =  1 0 −1 
   2 2
1 −1 0  0 1 −1 
 
1 3 1 4 −7 −5
3. A =  −1 1 2  Ans. A−1 =  −2 4 3
   
 2 1 −2   3 −5 −4 
1 1 1   −1 1 1
4. A = 1 0 1  Ans. A−1 =  1 −1 0 

1 1 0  1 0 −1
5 8 1  5 −11 −6 
5. A =  0 2 1  Ans A−1 =  −4 9 5 
   
 4 3 −1  8 −17 −10

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