Array of Structures & Pointers to Structures

Structures: overview
▪ Definition & structure ▪ Giving values to members
variable declaration Using dot operator ‘.’
struct student s1. rollno = 25;
{ int rollno; cin>>s1.name;
int age;
char name[20]; ‘.’ operator acts as Link between
}s1, s2, s3; member and a Structure variable.

▪ Initialization ▪ Assign & compare members

int main( ){ s1 = s2 ; assignment (allowed)
struct ----------------------------
{ int rollno; s1 == s2 comparison (not allowed)
int age; s1!=s2 comparison (not allowed)
}stud={20, 21};
… ----------------------------------
… s1.rollno == s2.rollno; (allowed)
return 0; s1.rollno!=s2.rollno; (allowed)
}
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 Objectives

•To learn and appreciate the following concept

• Array of structures

• Pointers and Structures

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Session outcome

• At the end of session one will be able to

• Understand the overall ideology of array of structures

• Write programs using array of structures
• Understand the concept of pointers to structures
• Write programs on pointers to structures.

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 Arrays of structures
• An ordinary array: One type of data

0 1 2 … 98 99

• An array of structs: Multiple types of data in each array

element.

0 1 2 … 98 99

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Array of structures
We can define single or multidimensional arrays as structure variables.
struct marks
{
int subject1;
int subject2;
int subject3;
} ;
marks student[80];

▪ Defines an array called student, that consists of 80 elements.

▪ Each element is defined to be the type marks.

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Array of structures – Initialization
struct marks {
int subject1; Memory
int subject2; student[0].subject1 45
int subject3; student[0].subject2 47
} ; student[0].subject3 49

student[1].subject1 43
main(){ student[1].subject2 44
marks student[]={
student[1].subject3 45
{45,47,49},
student[2].subject1 46
{43,44,45},
student[2].subject2 42
{46,42,43}
}; student[2].subject3 43

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Array of Structure: Example
struct Book { //Structure Definition
char title[20];
char author[15];
int pages;
float price;
};
int main( ){
struct Book b[10];
printf("Input values");
for (int i=0;i<3;i++)
scanf("%s %s %d %f", b[i].title, b[i].author, &b[i].pages, &b[i].price);
for (int j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("%s\t %s\t %d\t %f\n", b[j].title, b[j].author, b[j].pages, b[j].price);
return 0;
}
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 Arrays within Structures
We can define single or multidimensional arrays inside a structure.
struct marks
{ int rollno;
float subject[3];
} student[2] ;

The member subject contains 3 elements; subject[0], subject[1] & subject[2].

student[1].subject[2];
▪ Refers to the marks obtained in the third subject by the second student.

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Arrays within structures : example
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){ //Structure Definition
struct marks student[3] ={{0,45,47,49}, struct marks{
{0,43,44,45}, int total;
{0,46,42,43}}; int sub[3];
int i, j ; };
//students total
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) {
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
student[i].total+=student[i].sub[j]; }
printf("Grand Total of each student:");

for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
printf("\nTotal of student[%d]= %d", i, student[i].total);
return 0;
}

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Structures within Structures
Structure within structure means nesting of structures.
for instance see the following structure defined to store information about
students
struct student{
int rollno;
char name[15];
struct { // marks for 3 subjects under structure marks
int sub1;
int sub2;
int sub3;
}marks;
}fs[3]; //3 students

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Structures within Structures
//Structure Definition
//Structure Definition struct m{
int sub1;
struct student{ int sub2;
int rollno; int sub3;
char name[15]; };
struct m marks;
Tag name is used to define
}fs[3]; inner structure marks

The members contained in the inner structure namely sub1, sub2

and sub3 can be referred to as:
fs[i].marks.sub1;
fs[i].marks.sub2;
fs[i].marks.sub3;

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Structures and functions
void read(struct book x[]); // prototype //Structure
int main() { Definition
int i; struct book
struct book b1[2]; {
int ibn;
printf("\n Enter IBN, Author name & Price \n"); char author[15];
read(b1); // function call float price;
};
printf("\nThe book details entered are:\n");
for(i=0;i<2;i++){ //function definition
printf("\n Book %d", i+1); void read(struct book a[])
printf("\nIBN: \t\t%d", b1[i].ibn); {
printf("\nAuthor: \t%s", b1[i].author); int i;
for(i=0;i<2;i++){
printf("\nPrice: \t\t%f", b1[i].price); printf("\nBook %d\n", i+1);
} scanf("%d", &a[i].ibn);
return 0; scanf("%s", a[i].author);
scanf("%f", &a[i].price);
} }
}
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Structures -Problems

Write programs to

1. Create a student record with name, rollno, marks of 3 subjects (m1, m2, m3).
Compute the average of marks for 3 students and display the names of the
students in ascending order of their average marks.

2. Create an employee record with emp-no, name, age, date-of-joining (year),

and salary. If there is 20% hike on salary per annum, compute the retirement
year of each employee and the salary at that time. [standard age of retirement
is 55]

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Structures – Solution for Q1
int main() struct student{
{ int rollno;
struct student temp, fs[3] =
char name[15];
{{1,"manish",45,47,49},
{2,"ankur",43,44,45}, struct {
{3,"swati",46,42,43}}; int sub1;
int i, n=3, total[3]={0}, avg[3]={0},tot=0; int sub2;
int sub3;
for(i=0; i< n; i++) {
}marks;
total[i]=fs[i].marks.sub1+fs[i].marks.sub2+
fs[i].marks.sub3; //students total };
avg[i] = total[i]/3;
}
//display
printf("Total & Average of each student.\n“);
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
printf("\nTotal of %s = %d & avg = %d", fs[i].name, total[i], avg[i]);
}
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Structures – Solution for Q1
// sorting
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(int j=i+1;j<n;j++)
if(avg[i] > avg[j])
{
temp=fs[i]; //Swapping
fs[i]=fs[j];
fs[j]=temp;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++) //Sorted list w.r.to average marks
printf("\n%s\n",fs[i].name);
return 0;
} //end of main

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Pointers and structures
Consider the following structure
struct inventory {
char name[30];
int number;
float price;
} product[2],*ptr;

This statement declares product as an array of 2 elements, each of the type struct
inventory.

ptr=product; assigns the address of the zeroth element of product to ptr or ptr
points to product[0];

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Pointers and Structures
Its members are accessed using the following notation
ptr →name
ptr →number
ptr →price
The symbol → is called arrow operator (also known as member selection
operator)

When ptr is incremented by one, it points to the next record. i.e. product[1]

The member price can also be accessed using

(*ptr).price
Parentheses is required because ‘.’ has higher precedence than the operator *

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Pointers and Structures- example
struct invent{
int main() {
char name[30]; struct invent prod[3], *ptr;
int number; printf("Enter 3 (0, 1 and 2 )sets of Name,
float price; Number and Price");
}; for(ptr = prod; ptr < prod+3; ptr++)
scanf("%s %d %f",ptr ->name, &ptr ->number, &ptr ->price);

ptr=prod;

while(ptr < prod+3) {

printf("%s %d %f\n", ptr ->name,
ptr ->number, ptr ->price); ptr++;
}
return 0;
}
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Summary

• Array of Structures

• Arrays within Structures

• Structures within Structures

• Structures and Functions

• Pointers and Structures

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