1. What is Phonetics?

Write IPA vowels with examples

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, including their production, transmission, and perception.
It focuses on how sounds are physically created and heard rather than their meaning in language.

IPA Vowels with Examples

IPA SYMBOL EXAMPLE WORD

I see /siː/
ɪ sit /sɪt/
E bed /bed/
Æ cat /kæt/
ɑ father /ˈfɑːðər/
Ɔ law /lɔː/
Ʊ book /bʊk/
U blue /bluː/
Ʌ cup /kʌp/
Ə about /əˈbaʊt/
ɜː bird /bɜːd/

2. Convert the phrase into ipa format: An Engineering student

The phrase "An Engineering student" in IPA format:

/ n ˌɛnʤɪˈnɪrɪŋ ˈstuːd nt/

3. Basic Verb Combinations

Here are some basic verb combinations in English:

Verb + Verb (Infinitive/Gerund)

 Want to → I want to study.

 Like + ing → She likes reading books.
 Need to → You need to practice.
 Enjoy + ing → They enjoy playing football.
 Try to → He tried to help.
Verb + Noun

 Take a break → Let's take a break.

 Make a decision → She made a decision.
 Give advice → He gave advice.
 Have fun → We had fun at the party.

Verb + Preposition

 Listen to → She listens to music.

 Look at → They looked at the painting.
 Depend on → It depends on the weather.
 Talk about → We talked about the project.

4. How does Phrase differ from Clause?

Difference Between Phrase and Clause

Feature Phrase Clause

Definition A group of words without a subject-verb A group of words with a subject
pair and a verb
Completeness Incomplete thought Can be a complete or incomplete
thought
Example "In the morning" (no verb) "She woke up early" (subject +
verb)
Types Noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional Independent clause, dependent
phrase, etc. clause

Examples

 Phrase: Running fast, a beautiful place, under the table

 Clause: She runs fast, Because he was late, If you study hard

A phrase adds detail but doesn’t form a full sentence, while a clause can stand alone if it’s
independent.
 5. Discuss Noun Phrase Structure with proper example

Noun Phrase Structure

A noun phrase (NP) is a group of words centered around a noun, acting as a subject, object, or
complement in a sentence.

Basic Structure of a Noun Phrase

1. Determiner (optional) + Pre-modifier (optional) + Head (Noun) + Post-modifier

(optional)

Components of a Noun Phrase

Component Example
Determiner (Det) The book, A cat, Some people
Pre-modifier (Adj, Noun, or Participle) Beautiful flowers, Old house, Running
water
Head (Noun) Car, Boy, Story (Main noun)
Post-modifier (Prepositional phrase, Relative A book on the table, The boy who won the
clause, Infinitive phrase, etc.) race, The decision to leave early

Examples of Noun Phrases

1. Simple Noun Phrase: A dog (Det + N)

2. Expanded Noun Phrase: The big red car (Det + Adj + Adj + N)
3. Noun Phrase with Post-modifier: The man standing near the door (Det + N +
Participle phrase)
4. Complex Noun Phrase: The old house at the end of the street (Det + Adj + N +
Prepositional phrase)

6. How can questions be framed? Explain different type of questions

Questions are framed based on their purpose and structure. They help in gathering information,
confirming details, or seeking clarification.

Types of Questions

1. Yes/No Questions
  Structure: Auxiliary/Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object?
 Example:
o Do you like coffee?
o Can she swim?

2. WH-Questions (Information Questions)

 Structure: WH-word + Auxiliary/Modal + Subject + Main Verb?

 Example:
o What is your name?
o Where do you live?
o Why are you late?

3. Choice Questions

 Structure: Question + Option A or Option B?

 Example:
o Do you want tea or coffee?
o Are you coming today or tomorrow?

4. Tag Questions

 Structure: Statement + Tag (Auxiliary + Pronoun)?

 Example:
o You are coming, aren’t you?
o She doesn’t like spicy food, does she?

5. Embedded (Indirect) Questions

 Structure: Introductory phrase + WH/Yes-No question

 Example:
o I don’t know where he lives.
o Could you tell me if she is coming?

6. Rhetorical Questions (No real answer expected)

 Example:
o Who doesn’t love vacations?
o Isn’t life beautiful?
 7. Explain different type of conditional Sentences with examples

Types of Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences express possible or hypothetical situations and their consequences. There
are five main types:

1. Zero Conditional (General Truths)

 Structure: If + Present Simple, Present Simple

 Use: Facts, scientific truths, general rules
 Example:
o If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
o If the sun sets, it gets dark.

2. First Conditional (Real & Possible Future Situations)

 Structure: If + Present Simple, Will + Base Verb

 Use: Possible future outcomes
 Example:
o If it rains, we will stay indoors.
o If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

3. Second Conditional (Hypothetical or Unlikely Situations)

 Structure: If + Past Simple, Would + Base Verb

 Use: Unreal or improbable situations in the present or future
 Example:
o If I were a millionaire, I would travel the world.
o If she studied more, she would get better grades.

4. Third Conditional (Past Hypothetical & Regrets)

 Structure: If + Past Perfect, Would Have + Past Participle

 Use: Imaginary past situations and their results
 Example:
o If you had studied, you would have passed.
o If I had left earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train.

5. Mixed Conditional (Past Cause, Present/Future Effect)

 Structure: If + Past Perfect, Would + Base Verb

 Use: Past event affecting the present/future
 Example:
 o If I had slept early, I wouldn’t be so tired now.
o If she had taken the job, she would be rich today.

8. What is a Topic Sentence?

A topic sentence is the main idea of a paragraph. It gives readers a clear understanding of what
the paragraph will discuss.

Characteristics of a Good Topic Sentence:

✔ Clear & Specific – States the main idea directly.

✔ Concise – Not too broad or too narrow.
✔ Usually First Sentence – Often appears at the beginning of the paragraph.

Examples:

✅ Good Topic Sentence:

 "Regular exercise improves both physical and mental health." (Clearly introduces the
paragraph’s focus.)

❌ Weak Topic Sentence:

 "Exercise is good." (Too vague and general.

9. Write a paragraph on Presentation Skills

Presentation Skills

Effective presentation skills are essential for delivering clear, engaging, and impactful messages
to an audience. A good presenter is confident, well-prepared, and able to convey ideas in a
structured manner. Key elements include speaking clearly, maintaining eye contact, and using
appropriate body language to emphasize points. Visual aids, like slides, should support the
content and not overwhelm it. Additionally, being able to handle questions with poise and
managing time effectively ensures that the presentation remains on track. Developing strong
presentation skills boosts one’s ability to communicate effectively in various settings, from
academic settings to professional meetings.
 10. How do prefix & Suffix help to create a new word? Explain
Prefixes and suffixes are types of affixes, which are added to the beginning or end of a root
word to create a new word with a different meaning.

1. Prefixes (Added to the beginning of a word)

 Function: Change the meaning of the original word by indicating direction, negation,
time, etc.
 Examples:
o Un- (not) → Happy → Unhappy
o Re- (again) → Write → Rewrite
o Pre- (before) → View → Preview
o Dis- (opposite) → Agree → Disagree

2. Suffixes (Added to the end of a word)

 Function: Change the grammatical category of the word (such as noun to adjective, verb
to noun, etc.)
 Examples:
o -ness (turns adjectives into nouns) → Happy → Happiness
o -ful (turns nouns into adjectives) → Beauty → Beautiful
o -ly (turns adjectives into adverbs) → Quick → Quickly
o -ment (turns verbs into nouns) → Develop → Development

Both prefixes and suffixes allow for greater flexibility in language, enabling speakers to create
new words that are more specific to context or meaning.

11. Form new word or different parts of speech using

following prefix/suffix (with meaning)
- ab,acu,ambi,bia,de
- ant,ar,ism,ed,ment

Here are the new words formed by adding the given prefixes and suffixes, along with their
meanings:

Prefixes:

1. ab- (away, from)

 o Abandon (verb) – To leave something behind or give up.
o Absent (adjective) – Not present or away.
2. acu- (sharp, pointed)
o Acute (adjective) – Sharp, intense, or severe, often referring to a condition or
angle.
o Acumen (noun) – Keenness of mind or insight.
3. ambi- (both, on both sides)
o Ambidextrous (adjective) – Able to use both hands equally well.
o Ambivalent (adjective) – Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about
something.
4. bia- (two, twice)
o Bicycle (noun) – A vehicle with two wheels, typically powered by pedals.
o Bilingual (adjective) – Able to speak two languages fluently.
5. de- (reverse, remove)
o Deactivate (verb) – To make something inactive.
o Deforest (verb) – To clear a forest or remove trees.

Suffixes:

1. -ant (having the quality of, a person who)

o Important (adjective) – Having great significance or value.
o Defendant (noun) – A person being accused or sued in a court of law.
2. -ar (related to, or one who)
o Regular (adjective) – Conforming to a standard, usual, or expected.
o Scholar (noun) – A person who has studied a particular subject or field
extensively.
3. -ism (belief, action, or practice)
o Realism (noun) – The belief in or practice of accepting situations as they are.
o Tourism (noun) – The practice of traveling for recreation or exploration.
4. -cd (could be a typo or abbreviation; no common examples found in general usage)
o If intended as "cord," the meaning might relate to a rope or string (e.g., "cordial").
o Cordial (adjective) – Warm, friendly, or sincere.
5. -ment (result of an action, state, or process)
o Achievement (noun) – A result gained by effort or accomplishment.
o Judgment (noun) – The ability to make considered decisions or form opinions.

Suffixes:

1. -ant (having the quality of, a person who)

o Important (adjective) – Having great significance or value.
o Defendant (noun) – A person being accused or sued in a court of law.
2. -ar (related to, or one who)
o Regular (adjective) – Conforming to a standard, usual, or expected.
o Scholar (noun) – A person who has studied a particular subject or field
extensively.
3. -ism (belief, action, or practice)
 o Realism (noun) – The belief in or practice of accepting situations as they are.
o Tourism (noun) – The practice of traveling for recreation or exploration.
4. -ed (past tense, or completed action, often used to form the past tense of regular verbs)
o Talked (verb) – The past tense of "talk."
o Played (verb) – The past tense of "play."
o Baked (verb) – The past tense of "bake."
5. -ment (result of an action, state, or process)
o Achievement (noun) – A result gained by effort or accomplishment.
o Judgment (noun) – The ability to make considered decisions or form opinions.

12. Write a short notes on the following 1. Executive summary 2.

Fish bone theory in writting 3. Skimming & Scanning
1. Executive Summary

An executive summary is a brief and concise overview of a larger document, such as a report,
proposal, or business plan. Its purpose is to provide readers with a quick preview of the main
points, recommendations, and conclusions without needing to read the entire document.
Typically placed at the beginning of a report, it summarizes key elements like objectives,
methodologies, findings, and suggested actions, allowing decision-makers to grasp the essential
information quickly.

2. Fishbone Theory in Writing (Ishikawa Diagram)

The Fishbone Diagram, also known as the Ishikawa diagram, is a tool used for identifying and
analyzing the root causes of a problem or issue. In writing, it helps break down complex topics
into categories of causes and effects, providing a visual framework for organizing ideas. The
diagram looks like a fish skeleton, with the problem (effect) at the "head" and the potential
causes branching out like bones. It’s useful for structuring writing that explores causes and
solutions in a logical, organized way.

3. Skimming & Scanning

 Skimming is a reading technique used to quickly get the general idea or main points of a
text. Readers don’t focus on every word but rather glance through the text to capture the
essence, such as the introduction, headings, and concluding sentences. Skimming is
useful when you need a quick overview or when deciding if the material is relevant.
 Scanning, on the other hand, is a technique used to locate specific information or details
quickly, such as a name, date, or fact. In scanning, you focus on keywords or numbers
and skip over other parts of the text. It is effective for finding precise data without
reading everything.
 13. Prepare a tender notice to fullfill your requirement for the
office

Tender Notice

Tender for Supply of Office Equipment and Services

Date: [Insert Date]

Tender No: [Insert Tender Number]

The [Your Company/Organization Name] invites sealed tenders for the supply of office
equipment and services as per the following requirements:

Scope of Work

1. Office Furniture
o Desks, Chairs, and File Cabinets
o Meeting Room Furniture
o Conference Room Chairs
2. Office Equipment
o Computers, Laptops, Printers
o Photocopiers, Scanners
o Projectors and Whiteboards
3. Office Supplies
o Stationery (Pens, Paper, Folders, etc.)
o Cleaning Supplies
4. Other Services
o Installation and Setup of Equipment
o Delivery and Assembly of Furniture
o Maintenance Services

Eligibility Criteria

 Tenderers must be registered suppliers or service providers with a proven track record of
similar work.
 Experience in supplying office equipment and services for corporate or government
offices is required.
 A valid business license and tax registration certificate must be provided.

Submission Guidelines

 The tender should be submitted in a sealed envelope addressed to the Tendering Officer,
[Your Company Name], [Office Address].
 Tender documents must include:
 1. Detailed quotation for each item/service
2. Relevant company profile, business registration, and tax documents
3. Delivery and installation timelines
4. Warranty and after-sales support details

Important Dates

 Last date for submission of tenders: [Insert Date]

 Tender Opening: [Insert Date]

Contact Information

For any inquiries or additional information, please contact:

[Your Name]
[Your Position]
[Phone Number]
[Email Address]

Note: The company reserves the right to reject any or all tenders without assigning reasons.

14. Prepare a memo to announce a meeting in your office

Memo

To: All Staff

From: [Your Name], [Your Position]
Date: [Insert Date]
Subject: Announcement of Meeting

Dear Team,

This is to inform you that a mandatory meeting has been scheduled for all staff members to
discuss important updates and upcoming projects.

Meeting Details:

 Date: [Insert Date]

 Time: [Insert Time]
 Venue: [Insert Meeting Room or Office Location]
The meeting will cover the following agenda items:

1. Review of ongoing projects and deadlines

2. Upcoming events and team responsibilities
3. Discussion on office policies and improvements
4. Open floor for questions and feedback

Please ensure to be on time and come prepared with any relevant information you may need for
the discussion.

Should you have any additional points to add to the agenda, kindly email me by [Insert Date].

Thank you, and I look forward to seeing you all there.

Best regards,
[Your Name]
[Your Position]
[Your Contact Information]

15. Write a product order letter to Navana Furniture to buy some

good for your office

[Your Company Name]

[Your Company Address]

[City, State, ZIP Code]
[Email Address]
[Phone Number]

Date: [Insert Date]

To:
Navana Furniture
[Navana Furniture Address]
[City, State, ZIP Code]

Dear Sir/Madam,

Subject: Order for Office Furniture

I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing on behalf of [Your Company Name] to place an
order for office furniture to fulfill our requirements for the new office space.
We would like to order the following items:

1. Office Desks (Quantity: [Insert Quantity], Size/Color: [Insert Size/Color])

2. Ergonomic Office Chairs (Quantity: [Insert Quantity], Color: [Insert Color])
3. File Cabinets (Quantity: [Insert Quantity], Size: [Insert Size])
4. Conference Room Table (Quantity: [Insert Quantity], Size/Color: [Insert Size/Color])
5. Visitor Chairs (Quantity: [Insert Quantity], Color: [Insert Color])

Please provide a quotation including the prices, delivery charges, and estimated delivery date for
these items. Additionally, we would appreciate information on any warranties or after-sales
support that may be offered.

Kindly confirm the availability of the products and send us an official invoice along with the
payment details. We would like to proceed with this order as soon as possible and request the
delivery to be completed by [Insert Desired Delivery Date].

Should you require any further details or specifications, please feel free to contact us.

Thank you for your cooperation. We look forward to a smooth transaction and a continued
partnership.

Best regards,
[Your Name]
[Your Position]
[Your Company Name]

16. Write in text citation & Reference Entry of the following :

One author book, a journal article,newspaper article, an edited
book, book chapter, article with DOI

Here are the correct formats for in-text citations and reference entries for various sources in APA
style:

1. One Author Book

In-Text Citation:

 (Author, Year)
  Example: (Smith, 2020)

Reference Entry:
Smith, J. (2020). The power of creativity. XYZ Publishing.

2. Journal Article

In-Text Citation:

 (Author, Year)
 Example: (Johnson, 2018)

Reference Entry:
Johnson, M. (2018). The role of innovation in modern education. Journal of Educational
Research, 25(4), 220-230. https://doi.org/10.1234/jer.2018.25.4.220

3. Newspaper Article

In-Text Citation:

 (Author, Year)
 Example: (Brown, 2021)

Reference Entry:
Brown, A. (2021, March 15). The rise of renewable energy: A global trend. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/15/renewable-energy-trend

4. Edited Book

In-Text Citation:

 (Editor, Year)
 Example: (Miller, 2019)

Reference Entry:
Miller, S. (Ed.). (2019). Global perspectives on climate change. Green Earth Publications.

5. Book Chapter
In-Text Citation:

 (Author, Year)
 Example: (Taylor, 2017)

Reference Entry:
Taylor, B. (2017). Climate change and urban development. In A. Green (Ed.), Urban planning
for the future (pp. 45-60). City Press.

6. Article with DOI

In-Text Citation:

 (Author, Year)
 Example: (Davis, 2020)

Reference Entry:
Davis, P. (2020). Exploring the impact of social media on youth behavior. Journal of Social
Studies, 15(2), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.5678/jss.2020.15.2.100