UNI

TI-INTRODUCTI ON
1.Int
roduct i
ontomobi leappli
cati
ons
2.Embeddedsy stems
3.Mar ketandbusi nessdri
versformobileappli
cat
ions
4.Publishinganddel i
veryofmobileappli
cati
ons
5.Requi r
ementsgat heri
ngandv ali
dati
onformobileappl
i
cat
ions
1.Int
roduct
iontoMobi leApplicat
ions
Mobi
l
eComput
ing–What&Why
?
Aboutbot
hphy
sical
andl
ogi
cal
comput
ingent
it
iest
hatmov
e.

Phy
sical
ent
it
iesar
ecomput
erst
hatchangel
ocat
ions.

Logicalent
it
iesar
einst
ancesofarunni
nguserappl
i
cat
ionoramobi
l
e
agent.Migr
ationi
simport
antf
orsurvi
val
.
Atechnol
ogyt
hatall
owstr
ansmissi
onofdata,
viaacomput
er,
wit
hout
havi
ngtobeconnect
edtoafi
xedphysi
call
ink
AndWher
e??
Mobi
l
ebusi
nessi
ntel
l
igence

Mobi
l
ecomput
ing

Mobi
l
eDev
iceTest
ing

Mobi
l
egames

Mobi
l
eMar
ket
ing

Soci
alNet
wor
king

Mobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ionsDev
elopment
Mobil
eappl i
cat
iondevel
opmentist
hepr ocessbywhichapplicat
ions
aredevel
opedforsmalll
ow-powerhandhelddevicessuchaspersonal
di
git
alassist
ants(PDA),
ent
erpri
sedigi
talassi
stants(EDA)ormobi l
e
phones.
Theseappl
icati
onsareeitherpre-
inst
all
edonphonesduri
ng
manufact
ure,ordownloadedbycust omersf
rom appst
oresandot
her
mobil
esoftwaredist
ri
butionplatf
orms.

Howi
sitdone?
Mobi
l
esof
twar
eisdevelopedbyusi
ngdi
ffer
entpl
atf
ormsand
pr
ogr
ammingl
anguagesbasedonthet
argetmobi
ledevi
ce.
Ther
earemanydi
ffer
enthardwar
ecomponentsfoundinmobile
devi
cessot
hei
rappli
cat
ionsaredev
elopedusi
ngdiff
erentsof
twar
e
 ar
chi
tect
ures.
Mostoft hemethodologi
esi
nusearebasedont
hemodel-
dri
ven
approachwhichhast hr
eedi
ff
erentv
iewsoft
heappl
i
cat
ion
developmentprocess:
(
1)t
heappl
i
cat
ioni
tsel
fandi
tsst
ruct
ure,
(
2)t
hebusi
nessl
ogi
cand
(
3)t
hegr
aphi
cal
useri
nter
faceoft
heappl
i
cat
ion.
WeaponsOfMobi
l
eDev
elopment
Har
dwar
e

Comput
ers

Mobi
l
ePhones

Fr
amewor
k

Pr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguage

I
ntegr
atedDev
elopmentEnv
ironment

Compi
l
er

Si
mul
ator

Moni
tor
s

J2ME
Pr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguage:
Jav
a

I
ntegr
atedDev
elopmentEnv
ironment
:Net
beans/
Ecl
i
pse

Fr
ameWor
k:KVM

Har
dwar
eDepl
oyment
:Mul
ti
ple

I
nst
all
erPackagi
ngOpt
ions:
Jad/
Jar

i
OS(
Appl
e)
Pr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguage:
Obj
ect
iveC

I
ntegr
atedDev
elopmentEnv
ironment
:Xcode

Fr
ameWor
k:CocoaTouch

Har
dwar
eDepl
oyment
:iPhone,
iPad,
iPod

I
nst
all
erPackagi
ngOpt
ions:
.i
pa

Andr
oid
 Pr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguage:
Jav
a

I
ntegr
atedDev
elopmentEnv
ironment
:Ecl
i
pse/
Net
beans

Fr
ameWor
k:Dal
vi
kVM

Har
dwar
eDepl
oyment
:Andr
oidOnl
y

I
nst
all
erPackagi
ngOpt
ions:
.apk

Bl
ackBer
ry
Pr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguage:
Jav
a

I
ntegr
atedDevel
opmentEnvi
ronment
:JDE-Bl
ackBer
ryJav
a
Devel
opmentEnvi
ronment
.
Fr
ameWor
k:Dal
vi
kVM

Har
dwar
eDepl
oyment
:Andr
oidOnl
y

I
nst
all
erPackagi
ngOpt
ions:
.al
x,.
cod

Wi
ndowsMobi
l
e
Pr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguage:
C#,
VB.
NET,
Basi
c4ppc

I
ntegr
atedDevel
opmentEnv
ironment
:Vi
sual
Studi
o2008,
2005,
2003,
Basi
c4ppcIDE
Fr
ameWor
k:.
NetCompactFr
amewor
k

Har
dwar
eDepl
oyment
:Wi
ndowsMobi
l
es

I
nst
all
erPackagi
ngOpt
ions:
.xap,
.appx

TheEnd?No!
TheBegi
nni
ng!
Wel
comet
othewor
ldofmobi
l
edev
elopmenter
a…

Predict
ionsaboutthefut
ureofmobil
edevi
cesarecomingoutt
hatt
he
populari
tyofappl
icati
onswil
lpeakby2020wit
haround10mill
i
onapps
avail
ableworl
dwide.
2.EMBEDDEDSYSTEM
EMBEDDEDSYSTEM BASI
CSANDAPPLI
CATI
ON
TOPI
CSTOBEDI
SCUSSED

 Sy
stem

 EmbeddedSy
stem

 Component
s

 Cl
assi
fi
cat
ions
  Pr
ocessor
s

 Ot
herHar
dwar
e

 Sof
twar
e

 Appl
i
cat
ions
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
 Whati
sasy
stem?

 Asyst
em isawayofworki
ng,or
ganizi
ngordoingoneormany
t
asksaccordi
ngt
oafixedpl
an,progr
am orsetofr
ules.

 Asyst
em i
salsoanar r
angementi
nwhichal
li
tsuni
tsassembl
e
andworkt
ogetheraccordi
ngt
othepl
anorprogr
am.
SYSTEM EXAMPLES
a.WATCH
b.I
tisat
imedi
spl
aySYSTEM
c.Par
ts:
Har
dwar
e,Needl
es,
Bat
ter
y,Di
al,
Chassi
sandSt
rap
Rul
es
1.Al
lneedl
esmov
ecl
ockwi
seonl
y
2.At
hinneedl
erot
atesev
erysecond
3.Al
ongneedl
erot
atesev
erymi
nut
e
4.Ashor
tneedl
erot
atesev
eryhour
5.Al
lneedl
esr
etur
ntot
heor
igi
nal
posi
ti
onaf
ter12hour
s

EMBEDDEDSYSTEM
COMPUTERHARDWARE

COMPONENTSOFEMBEDDEDSYSTEM
1.I
thasHar
dwar
e
a.Pr
ocessor
,Ti
mer
s,I
nter
ruptcont
rol
l
er,
I/ODev
ices,
Memor
ies,
Por
ts,
et
c.
2.I
thasmai
nAppl
i
cat
ionSof
twar
e
a.Whi
chmayper
for
m concur
rent
lyt
heser
iesoft
asksormul
ti
plet
asks.
3.I
thasReal
TimeOper
ati
ngSy
stem (
RTOS)
a.RTOSdefi
nesthewayt hesystem wor
k.Whichsupervi
sethe
appl
i
cati
onsoftware.I
tset
st herul
esdur
ingtheexecuti
onofthe
appl
i
cati
onprogram.Asmal lscal
eembeddedsystem maynotneedan
RTOS.
EMBEDDEDSYSTEM HARDWARE
EMBEDDEDSYSTEM CONSTRAI
NTS
Anembeddedsy
stem i
ssof
twar
edesi
gnedt
okeepi
nvi
ewt
hreeconst
rai
nts:
1.Av
ail
abl
esy
stem memor
y
2.Av
ail
abl
epr
ocessorspeed
3.Theneedt
oli
mitt
hepowerdi
ssi
pat
ion
(Whenrunni
ngthesy
stem cont
inuousl
yincy
clesofwai
tforev
ent
s,r
un,
stopandwakeup)
.
Whatmakesembeddedsy
stemsdi
ff
erent
?
Real
-t
imeoper
ati
on
• si
ze
• cost
• t
ime
• r
eli
abi
l
ity
• saf
ety
• ener
gy
• secur
it
y
CLASSI
FICATI
ONSOFEMBEDDEDSYSTEM
1.Smal
lScal
eEmbeddedSy
stem
2.Medi
um Scal
eEmbeddedSy
stem
 3.Sophi
sti
cat
edEmbeddedSy
stem
SMALLSCALEEMBEDDEDSYSTEM
1.Si
ngl
e8bi
tor16bi
tMi
crocont
rol
l
er.
2.Li
tt
lehar
dwar
eandsof
twar
ecompl
exi
ty.
3.TheyMayev
enbebat
ter
yoper
ated.
4.Usual
l
y“C”i
susedf
ordev
elopi
ngt
hesesy
stem.
5.Theneedt
oli
mitpowerdi
ssi
pat
ionwhensy
stem i
srunni
ngcont
inuousl
y.
a.Pr
ogr
ammi
ngt
ool
s:
1.Edi
tor
,Assembl
erandCr
ossAssembl
er
MEDI
UM SCALEEMBEDDEDSYSTEM
1.Si
ngleorfew16or32bi tmicr
ocont
rol
ler
sorDigi
tal
Signal
Processor
s(DSP)
orReducedInst
ruct
ionsSetComputer
s(RISC)
.
2.Bot
hhar
dwar
eandsof
twar
ecompl
exi
ty.
a.Pr
ogr
ammi
ngt
ool
s:
1.RTOS,SourcecodeEngineer
ingTool
,Si
mulator
,
DebuggerandInt
egrat
edDev el
opmentEnv
ironment(
IDE)
.
SOPHI
STI
CATEDEMBEDDEDSYSTEM
1.Enor
moushar
dwar
eandsof
twar
ecompl
exi
ty
2.Whichmayneedscal
abl
eprocessororconf
igur
abl
epr
ocessorand
pr
ogramminglogi
car
ray
s.
3.Const
rai
nedbyt
hepr
ocessi
ngspeedav
ail
abl
eint
hei
rhar
dwar
euni
ts.
a.Pr
ogr
ammi
ngTool
s:
1.Forthesesystemsmaynotbereadilyavai
labl
eata
reasonabl
ecostormaynotbeav ai
lableatall
.Acompil
er
orretar
getabl
ecompi
lermighthavetobrdev el
opedf
or
thi
s.
PROCESSOR
1.APr
ocessori
sthehear
toft
heEmbeddedSy
stem.
2.Foranembeddedsy
stem desi
gnerknowl
edgeofmi
cropr
ocessorand
microcont
rol
l
eri
samust.
TwoEssent
ial
Uni
ts: Oper
ati
ons
a.Cont
rol
Uni
t(CU) Fet
ch
 b.Execut
ionUni
t(EU) Execut
e
VARI
OUSPROCESSOR
1.Gener
alPur
posepr
ocessor(
GPP)
a.Mi
cropr
ocessor
b.Mi
crocont
rol
l
er
c.EmbeddedPr
ocessor
d.Di
git
alsi
gnal
Processor
2.Appl
i
cat
ionSpeci
fi
cSy
stem Pr
ocessor(
ASSP)
3.Mul
tiPr
ocessorSy
stem usi
ngGPPs
MI
CROPROCESSOR
1.Amicroprocessori
sasinglechi
psemiconduct
ordev
iceal
sowhi
chi
sa
computeronchip,butnotacomplet
ecomputer
.
2.I
tsCPUcont
ainsanALU,
aprogram counter,
astackpoi
nter
,somewor
king
r
egi
ster
,acl
ockti
mingci
rcui
tandi
nterruptci
rcui
tonasingl
echip.
3.Tomakecomplet
emi cr
ocomputer,onemustaddmemoryusual
l
yROM and
RAM,memorydecoder,
anosci
l
latorandanumberofser
ial
andparal
l
elpor
ts.

HI
STORYOFMI
CROPROCESSOR
1.1stGener
ati
on(
4bi
tpr
ocessor
s)
a.4004and40404bi
tinear
ly1970byI
ntel
(Int
egr
atedEl
ect
roni
cs)
2.2ndGener
ati
on(
8bi
tpr
ocessor
s)
a.8008and80808bi
tin1974I
ntel
wit
h+5VI
nputsuppl
y8080 8085
8bit
3.3r
dGener
ati
on(
16bi
tpr
ocessor
s)
a.808616bit
.Sameas8086,
the8088i
ntr
oduced8088hasonl
y8bi
t
databus
(Thi
smadeiteasi
ert
oint
erf
acet
othecommon8bi
tper
ipher
aldev
ices
avai
labl
eatt
hetime)
Foll
owedby :The80186&80286( 16bitprocessor),t
he80386&80486( a32bit
processor),
leadi
ngtothePenti
um rangeofmi croprocessor
s(64bitpr
ocessors)
avail
abletoday.The80x86andPentium processorshaveallbeendesi
gnedforuse
i
nper sonalcomputertypeappl
i
cati
onsandhav elargememor ymaps.
VARI
OUSMI
CROPROCESSORS
 1.I
ntel
a.4004,
4040
b.8080,
8085
c.8086,
8088,
d.80186,
80188
e.80286,
80386
f
. x86-
64
2.Mot
orol
a
a.6800
b.6809
c.68000
d.G3,
G4,
G5
3.Zi
l
og
a.Z80,
Z180,
eZ80
b.Z8,
eZ8
4.andot
her
s

MI
CROCONTROLLER
1.Amicrocontr
oll
eri
saf unct
ionalcomput
ersy
stem-on-a-
chip.I
tcont
ainsa
pr
ocessor,memory,andprogrammablei
nput
/outputperi
pheral
s.
2.Micr
ocontr
oll
ersincludeanintegr
atedCPU,memory(asmal l
amountofRAM,
pr
ogram memor y
, orboth)andperi
pheral
scapabl
eofinputandout
put.
VARI
OUSMI
CROCONTROLLERS
1.I
NTEL
a.8031,
8032,
8051,
8052,
8751,
8752
2.PI
C
a.8-
bitPI
C16,
PIC18,
b.16-
bitDSPI
C33/PI
C24,
c.PI
C16C7x
 3.Mot
orol
a
a.MC68HC11
MI
CROPROCESSORVsMI
CROCONTROLLER

EMBEDDEDPROCESSOR
1.Specialmi
cropr
ocessor
s&mi
crocont
rol
l
ersof
tencal
l
ed,
Embedded
processor
s.
2.Anembeddedpr
ocessori
susedwhenf astpr
ocessi
ngf
astcont
ext
-swi
tchi
ng
&atomi
cALUoperat
ionsareneeded.
3.Exampl
es:
ARM 7,
INTELi
960,
AMD29050.
DI
GITALSI
GNALPROCESSOR
1.DSPasaGPPi
sasi
ngl
echi
pVLSIuni
t.
2.Iti
ncl
udesthecomput
ati
onal
capabi
l
iti
esofmi
cropr
ocessorandmul
ti
ply&
accumulat
eunit
s(MAC).
3.DSPhaslar
genumberofappli
cat
ionssuchasi
magepr
ocessi
ng,
audi
o,v
ideo
&tel
ecommuni
cati
onprocessi
ngsystems.
4.I
tisusedwhensi
gnal
processi
ngf
unct
ionsar
etobepr
ocessedf
ast
.
5.Exampl
es:
TMS320Cxx,
SHARC,
Mot
orol
a5600xx
APPLI
CATI
ONSPECI
FICSYSTEM PROCESSOR(
ASSP)
1.ASSPi
sdedi
cat
edt
ospeci
fi
ctasksandpr
ovi
desaf
ast
ersol
uti
on.
2.AnASSPisusedasanaddit
ionalpr
ocessi
nguni
tforr
unni
ngt
heappl
i
cat
ion
i
nplaceofusi
ngembeddedsoftwar
e.
 3.Exampl
es:
IIM7100,
W3100A
MULTIPROCESSORSYSTEM USI
NGGPPs
1.Mult
ipleprocessor
sar
eusedwhenasi
ngl
epr
ocessordoesnotmeett
heneeds
ofdi
fferentt
ask.
2.Theoper
ati
onsofal
lthepr
ocessor
sar
esy
nchr
oni
zedt
oobt
ainanopt
imum
per
for
mance.
OTHERHARDWARE
1.PowerSour
ce
2.Cl
ockOsci
l
lat
or
3.Real
TimeCl
ock(
RTC)
4.ResetCi
rcui
t,Power
-upResetandwat
chdogt
imerReset
5.Memor
y
6.I
/OPor
ts,
I/OBuses
7.I
nter
ruptHandl
er
8.DACandADC
9.LCDandLEDDi
spl
ay
10.
Key
pad/
Key
boar
d
SOFTWARE
C,
C++,DotNet
SI
MULATOR
Masm
COMPI
LER
RI
DE,
KEI
L

3.MARKETANDBUSI
NESSDRI
VERSFORMOBI
LEAPPLI
CATI
ONS
Mobi
l
eBusi
nessAppl
i
cat
ion
 Iti
sat erm usedtodescri
beinter
netappli
cati
onsthatrunonsmar tphones
andothermobi ledevi
ces.I
thelpstheusertoconnecttot heint
ernet,deskt
op
appli
cati
ons, i
ntr
anetappli
cati
onsorevenaccesstheirlaptops/desktop
remotelythroughthei
rsmartphone.
Mobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ionsFut
ures2013-
2017
  Theappsbusi
nesshasf
inal
l
y‘comeofage’
andt
hiswor
ldwi
desuccessst
ory
i
snowgr owi
ngfast
 Appsgenerat
edanimpressiv
eUSD12bi l
li
oninful
l
-year2012,andintot
al46
bi
ll
ionappsweredownloadedint
heyear,
taki
ngthecumul at
iveal
l-
ti
met ot
al
downloadssi
ncetheappgamebegan,to83bill
i
on.
 Theall
-t
imecumulat
ivetot
alnumberofdownl
oadsstoodat37bil
li
onatthe
endof2011,butr
eached83bill
i
onbytheendof2012,morethandoubl
i
ngin
oneyear.
 Soin2012,
mor
eappswer
edownl
oadedt
hati
nthepr
evi
ous5y
ear
sal
ladded
toget
her
.
Mar
ketDoubl
i
ngi
n2013
 I
n2013,82bi
l
li
onappsdownloadedworl
dwi
de,
taki
ngt
hecumul
ati
vet
otal
to
165bi
l
li
onappsbytheendoftheyear
.
 Af
ter2012,f
ull
-y
earapprevenuesofUSD12bi
ll
ion,
in2013wef
orecast
worl
dwideapprevenuest
or eachUSD20.
4bi
ll
i
on.
 From t
hisdoubli
ngoftheappsbusinessin2013, weforecastthatdownloads
will
conti
nuetogr owtoexceed200bil
li
onpery earbytheendoff ul
lyear
2017,andrevenuesin2017will
reach63.5bi
ll
ionUSdol lars.
SoWhati
sDr
ivi
ngt
hisRapi
dGr
owt
hinDownl
oads?
 What
’sdri
vi
ngthegrowthi
ntheappdownl
oadbusi
nessi
sther
api
dgr
owt
hin
smar
tphoneandtabl
etsal
es.
 Smar
tphoneshi
pment
swor
ldwi
der
eached823mi
l
li
oni
n2013.
 Andmorethanhal
f(56per
cent
)oft
otal
handsetshi
pment
swi
l
lbesmar
tphones
by2017.
 Fr
om 680mill
i
onsmart
phonesshippedi
n2012,
iti
sexpect
edt
osee1296mi
l
li
on
smar
tphonesshi
ppedi
n2017,al
mostdoubl
ethenumber
 Simil
arl
y,tabl
etsal
esareenj
oy i
ngexplosi
vegrowthnow.Tabl
etshipmentsare
for
ecasttoaverageof24percentovertheper
iod2012-
2017,r
isingf
rom 2012
shipmentsof136mi l
l
ion,
to2013shi pmentsof208mil
li
on,goingonto2017
shipmentsof398mi l
l
iondev
ices.
 Duet othi
srapi
dgrowthinsmar
tphoneandtabl
etsal
es,wef
orecastt
hatoverthe
peri
od2012-2017,t
henumberofappsuserswil
lgrowataCAGRof29.8percent,
toreach4.4bil
l
ionuser
sbytheendof2017,4ti
mesasmanyappsuser sasthere
aretoday
TheSmar
tphonet
rendi
saccel
erat
ingt
hemobi
l
eappl
i
cat
ionmar
ket
 Soft
wareespecial
lydev
elopedformobil
ephoneshasbeenaroundforwel
lov
era
decadeandbeforetheter
m appli
cat
ion(app)st
orewaspopul
ari
zed
 Di
str
ibut
ionofmobi
l
econt
entandappl
i
cat
ionswasof
tenr
eal
i
zedt
hrough
 por
tal
swhi
chwer
emanagedbynet
wor
koper
ator
s.
 Oper
atorport
alshadsomesuccessinsel
li
ngmobil
econtentbutt
heecosystem
wasatfi
rstuncl
earanddi
dnotattr
actenoughdev
eloper
sanduserst
or eal
lytake
of
f.
 TheAppleAppStore–anondev icecentral
iz
edstore–witheasytofi
nd
appl
icat
ionsandwithasi
mplif
iedbusinessmodel f
ordevel
opers,wasl
atert
he
di
srupti
vefor
cethatki
ck-
star
tedthemar ketformobil
eappl
icat
ions
 Thesuccesswasi
mmediateandwi
thi
nitsf
ir
stweekofoper
ati
on,
theAppSt
ore
account
edfor10mil
l
ionappdownl
oads.
 Todayalll
eadi
ngoper
ati
ngsyst
em pr
ovider
sandhandsetv
endor
shav
efol
l
owed
andlaunchedt
hei
rownappl
icat
ionst
ores.
 Theecosy
stem ar
ounddev i
cesconsi
sti
ngofservi
cesandappl
icat
ionshastoday
becomeanimportanti
nfl
uenci
ngfact
orforuser
swhenchoosinghandsets.
 Ther
efor
e,iti
simportantformobi l
eplatf
ormvendorstoachieveaprosperous
mobil
eappecosystem thatcreatesrevenuesf
orpubli
shersandv al
ueforend
user
sinordertoi
ncreasecust omerloyalt
yandsel
lmor edevices
 Eventhought hedir
ectl
ygeneratedrev
enuesinmobileappst or
esstil
lare
comparablysmal l
,thei
mpor t
anceofmobi l
eappsisselfevi
dential
when
observi
ngt heconsumerinter
estinappsaswellasthefactthatappsat t
ractand
generat
er evenuesforagrowingmobilecommunityofsoft
war edevelopers,
publi
shers,mediaownersandmobi leadcompanies.
 I
n2010,ther
ewer
eappr
oxi
mat
ely10bi
l
li
onappdownl
oadsmadeonal
lmobi
l
e
pl
atf
orms.
 Consumersar
eget
ti
ngusedt
oexpandi
ngt
hef
unct
ional
i
tyoft
hei
rdev
ices
thr
oughapps
 I
n2015, ov
er70percentofall
handsetshi
pment
swil
lbesmar
tphones,
bui
ldi
nga
l
argeuserbasethatwi
llspurt
henumberofappdownl
oadst
oreachalmost100
bi
ll
ionduri
ng2015
 Thenumberofappdownl
oadsperpl
atf
orm wi
l
lgr
adual
l
ymi
mict
hemar
ketshar
e
foreachmobi
l
eplat
for
m.
 However
,someofthenewerpl
atf
orms,
suchasi
OSandAndr
oid,
aremuchmor
e
appcent
ri
cthanol
derpl
atf
ormssuchasSymbi
an
 i
OSandAndr
oidcombi
nedwi
l
lser
veov
er62per
centoft
het
otal
appdownl
oads
i
n2015
 TheWindowsPhoneoper
ati
ngsy
stem i
spr
oject
edt
obet
het
hir
dmostpopul
ar
appl
i
cati
onplat
for
min2015.
Di
rectRev
enues
 Revenuesf
rom pai
dappli
cat
ions,i
n-apppur
chasesandsubscr
ipt
ionser
vices–
socall
eddi
rectrev
enues–reached€1. 6bi
l
li
onin2010.
 Thefor
ecastssay
sdi
rectappstorer
evenuestogrowatacompoundannual
growt
hrateof40.
7percentt
oreach€8.8bil
li
onin2015.
 Appl
e’
siOSi
sthecur
rentl
eaderi
ndi
rectmonet
izat
ionofmobi
l
eappl
i
cat
ions
 I
n2010,
theAppl
eAppSt
oregener
atedr
evenuesof€1.
33bi
l
li
on
 I
n2015thecompany
’sappst
orei
spr
edi
ctedt
ogener
ate€4.
4bi
l
li
oni
ndi
rect
r
evenues
 TheAndroidplat
for
misthesecondlar
gestpl
atf
ormint
ermsofdi
rectr
evenues
andgenerated€80mil
li
onduring2010whichwil
lgr
owtoal
most€1.5bil
li
onin
2015.
I
nAppAdv
ert
isi
ng
 Themarketf
ori
n-appadv
ert
isi
ngt
ookof
fdur
ing2010asameanst
ocapi
tal
i
ze
onfr
eeapps
 In-
appadv
ert
isi
nggenerat
ed€300mi
l
li
onr
epr
esent
ing16per
centoft
het
otal
apprev
enuesduri
ngtheyear
 I
n2011,
appadv
ert
isi
ngr
evenueswi
l
lmor
ethandoubl
etor
each€750mi
l
li
on.
 Thei
n-appadver
ti
singr ev
enueswi l
li
ncreaset
hroughoutt
hefor
ecastperi
odand
i
n2015,in-
appadverti
singisf
orecastedtogener
ate€3.5bil
l
ioncor
respondi
ngto
29per
centofthetotalapprevenues.
 I
n-appadver
ti
singismoreofavolumegameandAndroidwil
lsur
passi
OSi
n
2012astheplatf
ormthatgener
atesmosti
n-appadr
evenues.
 Andr
oidtogener
ateov
er€1.
2bi
l
li
oni
nin-
appadr
evenuesi
n2015,
upf
rom €39
mil
li
onin2010.
 Thei
OSplatf
orm gener
ated€230mi
l
li
oni
n2010andi
sfor
ecast
edt
oreach
al
most€1.0bil
l
ionin2015.
 Mobi
l
eappmar
keti
sboomi
ngandwi
l
lexceed$46bi
l
li
onby2016
4.PUBLI
SHI
NGANDDELI
VERYOFMOBI
LEAPPLI
CATI
ONS
CPA-Cer
ti
fi
edPubl
i
cAccount
ant
FI
LLANEED
 Amobileappisasoftwar
eappl
icationdesi
gnedtor
unonthe“
nat
ive”
oper
ati
ngsystem ofamobil
edevice.Nati
veappsar
enot
i
nter
changeable.
 Amobi lewebsi
tei
sawebsiteopti
mi zedf
ormobil
edevices.The
contentisr
efor
matt
ed—andoftenstreamli
ned—t
oprovideabetter
experi
enceonmobiledev
icesthantheful
lwebsi
tedoes.
 Mobilewebsi
tesmayalsofeat
ureenhancement
sfortouchscr
een
nav
igati
on.Asingl
emobil
ewebsitewil
lworkonabroadrangeof
mobil
ebrowsersanddevi
ces.
 Nat
ivemobi
l
eappsshoul
ddoatl
eastoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ng,
 Expandthefi
rm’spr
oductorservi
ceoff
eri
ngsusingthebui
lt-
in
capabi
li
ti
esofsmartphones,suchascameras,
globalposi
ti
oning
syst
ems( GPS),
etc.
 Enhancet
hef
ir
m’sbr
and
DETERMI
NETHEAPP'
SLOOKANDUSERI
NTERACTI
ONS
Oncei
thasbeendeter
minedwhatt
heappwi
l
ldo,deci
sionsmustbe
madeonwhattheappwill
lookl
i
keandhowi
twil
lwork.
 Fi
rstthi
ngi
stheappear
anceandf
unct
ional
i
tyoft
heuser
i
nterf
aces(
UIs)
.
 AUIr ef
erstoameshingpointwheretheuseri
nter
act
swithan
appl
icati
on.UIel
ementsi
ncludethedesignofmenusandicons,
thefuncti
onal
it
yoft
ouchscreens,andtheeaseofnav
igat
ionto
theappli
cati
on’
svar
iousfeatur
es.
PROCEEDWI
THCAUTI
ON
 Ther
e’snooff
ici
alcer
ti
ficat
iont
odi
sti
ngui
sht
hegooddev
eloper
s
fr
om thebaddevel
opers.
 “
Any
onecansayt
heyar
eamobi
l
eappdev
eloper
,”

 Andanyonecantakeadeposi
t,usual
l
y50%of
theov
eral
lcost
,andthendi
sappearwitht
he
money.
StepsCPAscant
aketopr
otectt
hemselv
eswhensel
ect
ingamobi
l
eapp
devel
oper
,oramobi
lewebsi
tedevel
oper
,incl
ude
 Obt
ainali
stofappsormobil
ewebsit
esdevel
opedbyt
hevendor.Test
t
hoseappsandgaugethei
rperf
ormanceonyourmobi
l
edevicesandthe
 t
ypesofmobi
l
edev
icesy
ouwantt
obeabl
etor
uny
ourapp.
 Contactcustomersoft
hevendort
oseewhatthei
rexper
iencewasl
ike.
Whatwentwel l?Whatcoul
dhavegonebet
ter
?Wouldtheyworkwit
ht he
vendoragain?
 Requesttoseefullt
echnicalspecsfort
heappormobilesi
tet
hatshowin
detai
lwhatthesitewouldlooklike,
howitwouldwork,
andwhethert
he
codeusedwoul dall
owforchangest ofunct
ionanddesi
gnbasedon
feedbacki
nt est
ing.
 Don’tr
ushintoacont
ract
.Youneedt
onegoti
atetermsfr
om aposi
ti
onof
str
ength.Don’
tscr
ambletoputt
oget
heranappjusttomeetanar
ti
fi
cial
deadli
ne.
 Negoti
atenotonlyt
hef
inalpr
ice,
butalsowhatyouwi
l
lpayupfr
ont
.Whil
e
50%isacommondeposi tf
ormobi l
eappdevel
opment
,iti
sbynomeans
theonl
yoption.
 Tal
ktoasmanydeveloper
saspossi
ble.Thisi
swher eyourconsul
tantcan
hel
pwit
hini
ti
ali
nter
viewsandscr
eening.Yourgoalshoul
dbet ocr
eateas
muchcompeti
ti
onaspossibl
etodevelopyoursi
te.
SETABUDGET–CostDr
iver
s
 Thecostofbuil
dinganappcanr
angef
rom af
ewt
housanddol
l
arst
owel
l
i
ntothesi
xfigures
 Howmuchofthedesignandcodi
ngiscust
omi
zed.Themor
e
cust
omi
zat
ion,
thehighert
hepri
ce.
 Theuseofexi
sti
ngtemplat
esandcodingcanreducecostsbutalsopl
aces
l
imit
sonthefunct
ional
i
tyandfeat
uresthatcanbeincl
udedintheapp.
 Thequant
it
yandcompl
exi
tyoft
hef
eat
ures.
 Thecompl
exi
tyoft
hef
unct
ional
i
ty.
 Thenumberofaddit
ionsandchangesmadeduri
ngthedevel
opment
process.Thi
scanr
angefrom newfeat
urest
oredesi
gneduseri
nter
faces.
“I
t’
skindofli
kebui
l
dingahouse,”
 Thenumberofv er
sionsthatmustbepr
oduced.Tablet
sandsmart
phones
requi
redi
ff
erentspecif
icat
ions,
asdodi
ffer
entoperati
ngsy
stems.
PI
CKTHEBESTDEVI
CE(
S)FORANAPP
Whi
lethecostfact
orshouldcar
ryalotofweighti
nthedeci
sionondev
iceand
oper
ati
ngsystem f
oranapp,ther
eareotherf
actor
st oconsi
der
 Therearesi gni
fi
cantdif
fer
encesinthesizeandpur poseofsmar t
phones
andtablets.Smartphones,
forexample,areidealf
orthedeliv
eryofcontent
thatcanbequi ckl
yconsumed, whi
letablet
sar esuperi
orforreadi
nglong-
form material
.
  Usersmar
tphonesalmostal way
shaveani nt
ernet
-accesspl
anwi
tha
tel
ecommunicati
onscarri
er.Manyt
abletuserscanconnectt
othei
nter
net
onlyvi
aaWi-Ficonnect
ion.
 Smart
phonesar
efarmor
ewi
despr
eadt
hant
abl
etsandmor
econv
eni
ent
tocar
ry.

 AppsdesignedforApple’si
OSwi l
lhaveaconsistentuserexper
ienceon
eachofApple’
spl at
formsbecausethecompanyr estri
ctstheway
consumerscanuset heiri
PhonesandiPads.Andr oi
dapps, i
ncontr
ast,
coul
dbeusedi ncount l
essways,andnotjustbecausetherearehundreds
ofAndroi
dsmar tphonesandtabl
ets.
 Ifyouputtwopeopleusi
ngthesameapponi denti
cal
SamsungGalaxyS
II
Ismar t
phonesbesi
deeachother,
theappscouldl
ooktot
all
ydi
ff
erent,
as
couldthewayeachpersonusestheapp,
 “
User
scancust
omi
zeev
ery
thi
ngonAndr
oid”
SELECTTHERI
GHTSTORES
 Appl
er equi
resal
lappsforthei
Phone,
iPad,andi
PodToucht
obe
di
str
ibutedexcl
usi
velyt
hroughi
tsAppStore.
 Googl
e,i
ncont
rast,
notonlyof
fer
sAndroi
dappst
hroughi
tsGoogl
ePl
ay
st
ore,
butal
soall
owsthir
d-par
tyst
orest
ooff
erAndroi
dapps.
o Theresul
tist
wodiametr
ical
l
yopposedappst
oreexper
iences.
Appl
econtrol
sev
eryt
hingini
tsAppStor
e.
 CPAsandot her
swhowoul dli
ketodist
ri
but
ethroughtheAppStoremust
fi
rstr
egisterasanAppledevel
oper(eveni
fthepersonfi
l
ingthe
appli
cati
oni sn’
ttheact
ual
developer
)andpaytheassociat
edannual
fee,
whichisabout$100
o Appl
ewi
l
lmakesur
etheappwor
ksonal
lpl
atf
ormsi
t’
sbui
l
tfor

 Thi
rd-
par
tymar
ketpl
acesal
sovaryi
nfocus.Some,suchasGoogl
ePl
ay,
oper
atel
i
keashoppi
ngmall,wi
thsomethi
ngforev
eryone.
 Perhapsthebi
ggestdownsidef
oruser
softheAndr
oidappsmar
ket
place
system i
sther
iskofdownloadi
ngmalwar
e.
 Malwaremightfool
thef
ir
st10or100peopl
e,butassoonassomeone
f
iguresi
tout,t
heappisal
mostinst
ant
lypul
l
edof ft
hemarket
place.
CONCLUSI
ON
 Mobi
leappsof
ferspower
fulnewway stoengagecl
i
ent
sandempower
empl
oyeesonthedevi
cestheypr
efertouse.
 From t
het
imelydel
i
ver
yoft
arget
edcontentorinst
antaccesstofi
nanci
al
tool
sandadv
ice,mobi
l
eappscanpr
ovideinfor
mat i
onandinter
acti
ve
 f
eat
urest
hathel
pindi
vi
dual
sandbusi
nessesmakebet
terdeci
sionswi
th
t
hei
rmoney.
Bef
orepubl
i
shi
ngt
heApp…
 Appl
i
cat
ionset
ti
ngsar
eset
 AppMul
ti
medi
aar
eupl
oaded
 Appst
oreset
ti
ngsar
efi
l
ledout
 Testy
ourAppony
ourdev
iceusi
ngpr
evi
ewerApp
 Act
iveSubscr
ipt
ioni
sneeded
o htt
p:/
/for
umone.com/insi
ghts/
how-
publ
i
sh-
your
-mobi
l
e-app-
googl
e
-pl
ay-
and-
appl
e-app-
stores/
Eg:
Prepar
eandPubl
i
shMov
ies
 Fl
ashpr ovi
dessever
alfeat
urest
hathelpyougenerat
ethefi
lesthatar
e
necessaryfordel
i
ver
ingmov i
essuccessf
ull
ytothetar
getaudience
overtheInt
ernet
 Adobeprov
idesyouwi
thDev
iceCent
ral
,apr
ogram t
hatal
l
owsyouto
pr
eviewandtestmobi
l
econt
entonanassor
tmentofmobil
edev
ices
 Iti
simpor t
antthatyoukeepthef
il
esi
zedownwhendeliv
eri
ngcontent
overtheInter
net,sothatmov
iespl
aysmoot
hlyr
egar
dlessoftheuser’
s
connecti
onspeed.
 TheFl
ashPubl
i
shfeat
uregener
atest
hef
il
esnecessar
ytodel
i
vert
he
movi
esontheweb.
 Whenyoupubli
shamov i
eusi
ngthedef
aultset
ti
ngs,aFl
ash(
.swf
)fi
l
e
i
screat
edthatcanbev
iewedusi
ngtheFlashPl
ayer.
 TheGIF,JPEG,
andPNGf
ormat
scr
eat
est
il
li
magest
hatcanbe
del
iv
eredontheweb.
Publ
i
shAI
RAppl
i
cat
ions
Fl
ashpr
ovidesanothert
echnology
, AI
R(AdobeI
ntegr
atedRunt
ime)
,thatcr
eat
es
appl
i
cat
ionsthatcanbeplayedwithoutabr
owser.
AnAI
Rappcanbedi
spl
ayedon:
a.mobi
l
edev
ice
b.st
and-
alonecomput
ers
c.t
heI
nter
netandev
enont
elev
isi
onset
s
AI
Rappl
i
cat
ionsar
ecr
oss-
plat
for
m
i
.Wi
ndows
 i
i
.Mac
Cr
eat
eandPubl
i
shAppl
i
cat
ionsForMobi
l
eDev
ices
 Fl
ashCS6all
owsyoutoqui
ckl
yandeasil
ydevel
opappl
i
cat
ionsf
or
mobi
ledev
ices,
suchassmart
phonesandtabl
ets.
 I
tspeci
fi
cal
l
ytar
get
sAndr
oidandi
OS(
Appl
e)dev
ices.
 Ther
ear
efi
vet
absi
nthePubl
i
shSet
ti
ngsdi
alogbox:
 Gener
al
 Depl
oyment
 I
cons
 Per
missi
ons
 Languages
 Whileyoucantakeanalreadydev el
opedFlashfil
eandr epurposei tfor
mobiledevi
cesbycompl eti
ngtheAI Rpubli
shingprocess,itwillnot
haveanyofthefeatur
esuser sareaccustomedt o,
suchaspi ncht o
zoom orswipe,
unlessyouhav especif
icall
yaddedt hesefeatures,
cal
ledgestur
esandev ents,
toy ourFl
ashf i
le.
o Gest
uresandevent
scanbei
ncor
por
atedi
ntoaFl
ashf
il
eusi
ng
CodeSnippet
s.
o CodeSni
ppet
saresmall
blocksofcodethaty
ouappl
ytoan
obj
ecti
nyourapport
heappingeneral
.
o Gest
uresandevent
scanbei
ncor
por
atedi
ntoaFl
ashf
il
eusi
ng
CodeSnippet
s.
o CodeSni
ppet
saresmall
blocksofcodethaty
ouappl
ytoan
obj
ecti
nyourapport
heappingeneral
.
5.REQUI
REMENTSGATHERI
NGANDVALI
DATI
ONFORMOBI
LEAPPLI
CATI
ONS
1.Brainst orming
2.DocumentAnal ysis
3. FocusGr oup
4. I
nter f
aceAnal y
sis
5.Intervi
ew
6.Obser v ati
on
7.Protot yping
8.Requi rement sWor kshop
9.Rev erseEngi neering
10.
Sur vey
Val
idati
onref
erstoact iv
iti
est hatensurether
ightproducti
sbui
ltbydeter
mini
ng
whetheri
tmeetscust omerexpect at
ionsandf
ulfi
l
lsspeci
fi
cuser
-def
inedint
ended
pur
poses.”
Mobi
l
eRequi
rementGat
her
ing

 St
ep1.Anal
yzet
hePr
obl
em

 St
ep2.Under
standUserNeeds

 St
ep3.Def
inet
heSy
stem

 St
ep4.Managet
heScope

 St
ep5.Ref
inet
heSy
stem Def
ini
ti
on

 St
ep6.ManageChangi
ngRequi
rement
s
Mobi
leAppl
i
cati
onDev
elopmentLi
feCy
clef
rom Concept
ual
i
zat
iont
oMar
ket
ing–
TheUl
ti
mateGui
de

Themobi leappli
cati
ondevel
opmentli
fecycl
ebeginsmuchbef oreactual
conceptuali
zat
ionoftheapp.I
tstar
tswhenbusinessesreal
izetheimport
anceofa
mobileappasat oolf
ori
mprovi
ngthestrat
egicgrowthofbusinesses.

TheMobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ionDev
elopmentLi
feCy
cle

Requi
rementGat
her
ingandAnal
ysi
s

Todevel
opasuccessf
ulapp,youmustfi
rstunder
standthecli
ent
’sexpect
ati
ons
fr
om t
heappandwhatbusinessobj
ecti
vesneedtobef ul
fi
ll
edwiththeapp.

1.Fi
rstCont
actandSubsequentExpl
orat
ion

Formobi l
eappdev eloperst heprocessofgat her
inganunder standingofthecli
ent
proj
ectbeginswhent hecl ientestabli
shescontactwitht heappdev el
opment
companyf ortheveryfir
stt ime.Whet hercl
ientsgetintouchwi thy outhroughemail,
phonecall,off
icevi
sit,
ort hrought heprocessoffil
li
ngt he‘form’ onthecompany
sit
e,youdogetani niti
alideaofwhatt heyarelooki
ngf orint er
msofapp
funct
ional
ity.Theprocessofdi ggingdeeperi nt
other equirement sbeginsfrom her
e.

2.Det
ail
edDi
scussi
onswi
thCl
i
ent(
Wor
kingoutPr
ojectBr
ief
)
Somecl i
entswi l
lcomeupwi t
hadet ai
ledprojectbr
ief
,andalldev
eloper
sneedt odo
i
sfleshitout.Howev er
,inmostcases,aprojectbri
efi
sacollabor
ativ
eef f
ort
betweentheclientandthedevel
oper.Anextensivebri
efanswersthefol
lowing
questi
ons:

 Whatdoesy
ourbusi
nessdo?

Gett
inganunderstandi
ngofwhatbusi nessyourcli
enti
sint
o,helpsyougetan
underst
andingoftheprocessesandactivi
ti
esthatfor
m anint
egralpar
tofthei
r
busi
ness.Thisi
nformationiscri
ti
cal
ifyouaredev el
opi
ngenterpri
semobil
eappsor
appsthatseektoaddresscertai
ncoreconcernsofabusinessprocessandseekt
o
i
mpr ovethem.

 Whatdoy
ouwanty
ourappt
odo?

Doy ouwanttheapptoimprov
ecustomerservi
ce?Doy ouwanti
ttoimprov
ebrand
connect?Doyouwantittoi
mproveinvent
orycontr
ol?Doyouwantitt
oimprovereal
ti
mecol l
abor
ati
onbetweenemployees?Thepurposeoftheappneedstobedefi
ned
cl
earlyandcomprehensi
vel
y.

Makesur ey ouclearl
yknowwhaty ouwanttheusersoft
heapptoachiev
eandt he
tasksthattheywi l
lperf
orm wit
htheuseoftheapp.Thepur
poseoftheappactsasa
guidi
nglightfordefini
ngtheuserjour
neyt
hroughtheappri
ghtf
rom thet
imethey
opentheappt i
l
ltheycloseit
.

 Whoar
etheTar
getUser
soft
heApp?

Whowi l
lusetheapp?Whatar et
heuserdemogr aphi
cs?Whati stheagegr oupthey
fal
lunder?Thecl i
entshouldexplai
ntheattr
ibutesoftheappusert heywi shtotar
get,
whichwi l
lhel
py ouenvisionappdesign,f
eaturesandf uncti
onali
ti
esthatarespecif
ic
totheuserdemogr aphics.Whenwet alkaboutappf eaturesbei
ngsel f
-expl
anator
y,
wear eessenti
all
ydiscussingappfuncti
onali
ti
est hatarefamili
artotheuser,
somet hi
ngthatisonlypossibl
etoachieveifwear eabletounder st
andt hetar
get
usersoftheappi nsomedet ail
.

 Wor
kingoutt
heMi
nimum Vi
abl
ePr
oduct(
MVP)

Athoroughpr
ojectbri
efthr
owsupahugel istoffeatur
esthatyouandt hecl
ient
bel
iev
eshouldbeapar toftheapp.But,
notallofthem canbeincludedwit
hinthe
app;y
ouneedtot hi
nkaboutintegr
ati
ngsomef eaturesinsubsequentappupdates.

So,fr
eezeont hebar eminimum offeat
uresthatwi
llhel
pachiev
eappobject
ives;
i
dentif
ytheback- endandf r
ont-
endfeat
uresthatwil
lhel
pyoudev el
opt
heappasper
cli
entexpect
ations.Discussthesamewi t
hthecli
entandagreeonthef
eaturesthat
youwantt omakeapar toftheapp.

I
t’
simport
antt
or emembert
hatt
hesuccessofanappi
sdefinedbyi
tssimpl
i
cit
yand
i
tsabi
l
ityt
oachievei
tsgoal
swit
hasfewfuncti
onal
act
ivi
ti
esaspossi
ble.

Concept
ual
i
zat
ion
Thi
sisthemakeorbreakphaseofappdevel
opment
.Ify
oucan’
tconcept
ual
i
zean
appri
ght,
itsdesi
gnanddevel
opmentwil
lgoforat
oss.

Mobil
eappconceptual
i
zat
ionr
estsonthefundament
albel
i
eft
hatanapp’
sconcept
needstoi
nter
estt
heuseri
nordertosucceed.

Brai
nstorm wi
ththecl
i
entandwitht
hedesignanddev el
opmentteam t
ogener
ate
appideasthatcanbethebasi
sofafantast
icconcept
.Keepi
ngthefoll
owi
ngti
psin
mindwi l
lhel
pyoucomeupwi thasuccessf
ulconcept
:

 Got hr
oughAppl e’sappst ore,
andGoogl ePlayt otakeal ookatthetopapps
i
nv ari
ouscat egories.Thiswil
lhelpy oui dent
ifytrendsthataremaki ngtheir
presencefelt,whichinturnwillhel
py oucomeupwi thsuccessfulappdesign
i
deas.
 Don otemul ateexisti
ngapps, buttakei nspir
ationfrom them.Answert his
i
mpor tantquestion–Whatdosuccessf ulappsof ferintermsofdesi gnand
functi
onali
tythatmakest hem sosuccessf ul
?Makeuseoft heanswert othis
questi
ont ocomeupwi thanef f
ectiv
ei dea.

Thenextpar
toft
heprocessi
stoconceptuali
zeani
dea.Theappconcept
ual
i
zat
ion
fr
ameworkisgov
ernedbythef
oll
owingfactors:

1.Compet
it
iveAdv
ant
age
Whatdoesy ourappoff
erthatotherappsdonot ?Thisquesti
onisn’
treall
yvery
i
mpor t
antifyouaredevel
opinganappt otakecareofy ourbusi
nessprocessacti
vi
ty,
butiscri
ti
cali
ftheappisgoingtocompet ewithotherappsonthemar ket.The
conceptmustimpressupont hetar
getusers,
theapp’suniquediff
erent
iati
ng
qual
iti
es.

2.Al
i
gnmentwi
thBusi
nessGoal
s

Theconceptmustbeinsy ncwiththestrat
egicbusinessgoalsofy ourcl
ient
.Itmust
beali
gnedwithallt
hatthebusinessstandsfor,
itscorecompet enciesandhowt he
busi
nesswantstobeseeni nthemar ket.Amobileappi syourbusiness’
sidenti
tyon
themobil
edevicesofyourtar
getusers.Itshoul
dbear epr
esentati
onoft hebestthat
yourbusi
nesshastooffer.

3.Cust
omer
/UserCent
ri
c

Theconceptmustbeuserdrivenmoret hanany thi

ngelse.Putyoursel
finthe
user
’s/
customer’sshoestof
indoutwhet hertheywi l
ll
iketheconcept.Thi
swill
hel
p
youconceptual
i
zet heki
ndoffeat
uresthatsat i
sfythewidestcustomer/user
segment.Youalr
eadyknowwhoy ourtar getusersare,somakesur eyoucomeup
wit
hanappconceptt hati
sinaccordancewi ththei
rneedsandexpect ati
ons.

4.Execut
abl
eConcept

Youhav eagreatconceptbutwil
lyoubeabletoexecut
ei t
?Ar etheapp’s
funct
ional
it
iescommensur atewi
ththet
echnicalpr
ofi
ciencyoft hemobil
eOSy ou’v
e
chosenfortheproj
ectanddoy ouhaveaccesstotheancill
arytechnol
ogiesneeded
toprocesstheconcept.Yourabi
l
ityt
oexecutetheconcepthasabear i
ngont he
conceptyoucomeupwi th.

5.Wi
l
litDel
i
verTangi
ble/
Abst
ractVal
uet
otheBusi
ness

Ifacli
entwant syoutodevelopanappwher euser
swi l
lneedt opayforappusage,
wil
litdel i
vertheexpectedtangi
bler
eturns?I
ftheapp’
spur poseisimproving
employ eepr oduct
ivi
tywil
litdel
i
vervalueamongstexpectedli
nes?Thebusi ness
val
uet hatt heappbringstothetabl
eshouldbethedriv
ingf or
ceofy ourapp
concept uali
zati
oneffort
s.

I
nordertoconcept
uali
zeaneffect
iveapp,
it’
simpor
tantt
oknowwhet
hery
ourappi
s
act
ual
lyneededbyit
sintendedtar
getaudi
ence.

Desi
gn

1.Sket
chi
ng
Whiledesi gni
nganapp, youar eessentiall
ydesigningmobileappuserexperi
ences.
Sketchingbef or
ewi r
efr
ami nganappi si mpor t
antbecauseithelpsyoutr
ansl
ateyour
userinterfacebett
er.Mor eimpor tantl
y,ital
lowsy outosetinmot iont
hedesi
gn
processatt heconceptualizationstage,wher ei
ny oucanjusttakepaperandapencil
tovisualizeyourconceptualizati
on.Ithelpsy ouunderst
andi tbett
erasyougeta
l
ookatt helayoutandstr
uct ureofy ourappl i
cati
on.

Butsket
chi
ngisn’
twi
ref
rami
ng,
sot
henextst
epi
swi
ref
rami
ngy
ourapp,
acr
it
ical
appdesi
gnstage.

2.Wi
ref
rami
ng

Thi
sisar
guabl
ythemosti
mpor
tantst
epofadesi
gnpr
ocessasi
thel
psdesi
gner
s
visuali
zetheskeletalstr
uctur
eofmobi l
eapplicat
ions.Thinkofital
ongtheli
nesofa
bluepri
ntthatcapturesthestruct
ure,
hier
archyandr el
ationshi
psbetweenthevar
ious
element st
hatf or
m apar toft
hemobi l
eapplicati
on.Thisarti
clei
srecommended
readingforwirefr
ami ngausablemobileappinterf
ace.

Whyi
swi
ref
rami
ngi
mpor
tant
?Her
ear
eaf
ewr
easons:

 Iti
sst ruct
uredrawingwhosemai nfocusisonshowcasi ngtheusabi
li
tyofthe
screenr at
herthanitslooks.
 Wireframingdefinesthest r
uctur
alfoundat
ionofthemobi leapp.
 Ac li
entcannotonl yvisuali
zebutalsonavi
gatethev ar
ioussecti
onsofthe
mobi l
eapp; i
toffersav erycl
earideaoftheusabil
it
yoft heapp.
 Therear enodistract
ionsintheform ofcolororgr
aphicelements,meaning
thefocusdoesn’ tshi
ftfrom theuserfl
owoft heappandt heworkabi
li
tyofthe
appconcept .

Wir
eframi
ngcanbeaccomplishedwi
tht
heuseoft
ool
ssuchasFr
amer
,Indi
go
St
udio,Mocki
ngbi
rd,
Creat
elyandmanyother
s.

3.Desi
gnAppSki
ns

Conver
tyourwiref
ramei ntoactual
design.Thi
sneedstobedonebycreatingapp
‘
ski
ns’whichrefer
st othevari
ousscreensneededfory
ourapp.Theseneedt obe
hi
ghresol
utionsscreens;andwhereasy ourwi
ref
rameshadnocolororgraphic
el
ements,yourappskinsshouldbedesi gnedt
hewayyouwanttheappt olook.

TheKeyt
“ oGr
eatMobi
l
eAppDesi
gni
sSi
mpl
i
ficat
ion”

Whetheryou’r
edesigningent
erpri
seappsorgamingappsorutil
it
yapps,
si
mpl i
fi
cati
onisthekeytodesigni
nganappt hatwor
ksforyouruser.I
fyouare
desi
gninganenterpri
semobileappli
cat
ionthati
saderi
vateofanexisti
ngdeskt
op
appl
icati
on,i
t’
snotnecessarythatyoubri
ngeachandeverydesktopfeat
uret
o
mobile.Userswi
llappr
oachthesameappl
i
cati
ondif
ferent
lyonmobil
eandusual
l
y
pref
erlimit
edfuncti
onal
it
ythatmakest
heper
formanceoftasksahugel
ysi
mpler
exer
cise.

Also,ifyouaredesigni
ngfortheiPhoneandi Padit’
simportanttounderst
andthe
designpat t
ernsofnati
veappsthatar eav
ail
ablewi t
hdevice.Ify
ou’venoti
cedthe
designoft heseapps,t
hefocusisonsi mpli
city
.Youratt
entionfrom t
hedesign
perspectiv
emustf ocusonsimpl i
cit
yaswell.Butsimpli
cit
ydoesn’tmean
ordinari
ness.It
’saboutusi
ngmi ni
mal i
zi
ngdesi gnandonlyusingitt
oenhanceapp
functional
ity
.

Thi
sart
icl
eonAmericanBankermakesacaseforsi
mplemobi
l
eappdesignandt
his
oneonSixRev
isi
onstel
lsyouwhatsi
mpli
cit
yinappdesi
gni
sallabout
.

Dev
elopment

Thedesi
gnanddevel
opmentprocessusuall
yrunsimul
taneousl
yintheli
fecycleofa
mobil
eapp.Whenyouar
edonewi ththeprotot
ypi
ngofyourapp,you’
llneedtobuil
d
i
tsback-
endbyset
ti
ngupservers,
databases,API
sandwor ki
ngoutidealstor
age
sol
uti
ons.

Let
’stakeacl
oserl
ookatappdev
elopmentf
rom t
heper
spect
iveofAndr
oidapp
devel
opment:

At
ypi
cal
Andr
oidappl
i
cat
iondev
elopmentpr
ocessl
ooksl
i
ket
his:
Whet heri t
’sAndroidori OSdev el
opmentwhati scruciali
st hethor oughknowl edge
ofdev elopmentt oolsandapr ocesst hati
nv olv estesti
ngandt akingf eedbackat
everyst ageoft hedev el
opmentpr ocess.Thei dealappdev elopmentpr ocessi
s
aboutcont r
oll
ingrisksandensur ingt heappr eachest hemar ketqui cklyandstarts
deli
veringr esult
saspercl ient’
sexpect ati
ons.I ncaseofani OSapp, youcanmake
yourappav ail
abletoy ourtargetaudiencet hroughAppl e’
sappst or e.Itneedst o
meetst ringentAppl eguideli
nest obeaccept edbyt hestore.Ont heot herhand, i
f
youwantt opubl i
shy ourAndr oi
dapps, t
hepr ocessi snotasr i
gor ous, butyousti
ll
needt of oll
owAndr oi
d’sapppubl ishi
ngcheckl ist.
Butwhatifyou’
redevel
opingEnter
priseAppsfort
heAndroidoriOSplatf
ormsand
don’
twanttogot heappstorerout
ef ordepl
oyi
ngthem onyouruser’
smobi l
e
devi
ces.I
fthey’
repri
maril
ymeantf orcompanyuseonly,y
ouneedt otakethemor
e
‘
pri
vate’r
outetopubl
ishyouapps.

Her
e’swhaty
oucando:

 Fori
OSEnt
erpr
iseApps

I
nt hi
scase,t
heiOSDeveloperEnt
er pr
iseProgram comestoyourrescue,
which
doesn’
trequi
reyoutopubli
shanappt hrought heappst
ore.Youcanpusht heapp
di
rectl
ytotheuserbygi
vingthem .
ipaf i
l
edirectl
y.

 ForAndr
oidEnt
erpr
iseApps

Youcanconf igureuserdev
icest
oinst
allent
erpr
iseappsfr
om outsidetheGoogl
e
Playappmar ket.Youdonotneedtosi
gnupf oranyappdeveloperprogram,
which
essenti
all
yunder l
inest
heAndroi
decosystem’sl
owentrybarr
iers.

Mobi
l
eAppMar
ket
ing

Thinkaboutitforasecond.Will
zeroerrordevel
opmentanduni que
conceptuali
zati
onaloneensurethesuccessofy ourapp?Will
thepromiseofan
extremelyuserfr
iendl
yUIandhighperformanceappmakeauserwantt odownl
oad
yourapp?I nanidealworl
dthi
sshouldsuf f
icetohelpyourappbeatit
scompetit
ion
holl
ow,butwi t
hev er
yotherappmakingt hesamepr omises,y
ouaren’
tlivi
ngi
nan
i
deal world.

Thi
siswheremobil
eappmar
ket
ingent
erst
hepi
ctur
e.Theel
ement
sofanef
fect
ive
market
ingst
rat
egyi
ncl
ude

1.BuzzCr
eat
ion:Creat
eabuzzaroundyourappmuchbef
oreit’
srel
easedon
themar
ket
.Startwit
hapressr
eleaseannounci
nghowyourappisgoi
ngto
 sol
vetheproblemsofitstar
getuserswhenit
’sr
eleased.Choosethewor
ding
ofyourPRcarefull
ytoshowcasethe‘al
mostrev
oluti
onary’
natur
eofyourapp.
Rel
easePRsper iodi
cal
lytokeepthebuzzgoi
ng.

Youcouldevencreateawebsit
efort
heappandmakesur
ethewebsi
ter
eachest
he
i
ntendedaudienceoftheapp.

2.Int
egratetheUseofSoci alMedia:Thereisnothingbetterthansocialmedia
networkstospreadt hegoodwor dabouty ourapp.Creat eaFacebookpageof
yourappandst artposti
ngregularupdatesaboutt hedev el
opmentofy ourapp.
Thispagecanal sobeusedt ogetuserf eedbackregardingt heapp.Youcan
eventweetinfor
mat ionabouttheappt oyourfansandf oll
owersonTwi t
ter
.
Theopt i
ons,wheni tcomestosocialmedi a,ar
el i
mitl
ess.

3.ASO( AppSt or
eOptimizati
on):
You’v
egotsearchengineoptimizat
ionthat
all
owsy ourwebsit
etor ankonSERPsandy ou’
vegotASOt hathelpsyourapp
getdiscover
edonappst or
es.ASOhelpsyourapprankhigheronthesearch
resul
tsofappst or
es,meaningiti
mprovesthevisi
bil
i
tyofyourappf r
om
amongsti t
scompet i
ti
on.

4.Tappi ngAppRecommendat i
onPubli
shers:Thereareplent
yofpublisher
sout
therewhoar ewil
li
ngtorecommendy ourappt othei
ruserbase.These
publisher
srecommendy ourappfr
om withi
nt hei
rmobi l
econtentandwor kon
acommi ssi
onbasis.Soever
yti
mey ourappisdownl oadedbyauser ,t
heyare
paidacommi ssi
on.

Mobi
leappmarketi
ngisanongoi ngprocessandwhil
etherear
esomeappst hatjust
t
akeoffonthepopul
ari
tychart
sandr emaintherewi
thoutanyfocusedmarketi
ng
f
rom t
heowners,t
hesearejustfewandf arbet
ween.Ifyouwantyourapptosurv i
ve
i
nahighlycompet
it
iveenvi
ronmentandy ouwanttoearnmoneyf rom i
t,mar
keting
i
sthekey.

Ther
earetwoothercomponent
sofamobi l
eappl
i
cat
iondev
elopmentl
i
fecy
clet
hat
arei
mport
antandplayasuppor
tingr
ole:

Cost
ingofMobi
l
eApp

Thecostofmobil
eappdevelopmentneedstobefactor
edi
nmuchbeforeyoutake
yourappthr
oughthedev
elopmentprocess.Sowhatgoesi
ntot
hecost
ingoftheapp?

 Arey ouaimingfortheiPhone, Andr oi

ddevicesand/ orAndroi
dt abletsandt he
i
Pad?Thecostv ari
esaccor dingt othedevicey ouwanttotarget.
 Th eamountoff eat
uresy ouwanti nyourapp, andthenatureoft hesef eatur
es
willi
mpacty ourcosts.Themor et hecomplicati
onswi t
hrespectt othe
features,t
hemor ethecostofy ourappdev elopment.Simpletablebased
appsar echeapertodev el
opt handat abaseappswi t
hnativ
ef unctionaliti
es
whi l
egamesandent erpri
seappsar eusuall
yt hemostexpensi vetodev el
op.
 Th enumberofdesi gniter
ationst hatyourappgoest hroughmi ghtal sohav ea
bearingont hecost
.Somedev elopmentcompani essti
cktoaspeci f
icnumber
ofiterati
ons,whi
leothershav enof i
xedamount s.
  Themar
ket
ingofy
ourappshoul
dal
sobef
igur
edi
ntoi
tscost
ing.

Choosi
ngt
heRi
ghtMobi
l
eOS

From theperspect i
veofcli
ents,t
heyneedtochooseamobi leOSthatispopul
arl
y
usedbyt hei
rt argetaudi
ence.Ift
heybeli
evealar
gepercentageofthei
rtar
getmobile
usershaveani PhonethentheiOSframeworkisther
ightchoicef
orthem;onthe
otherhandifamaj ori
tyoft
het ar
getappusershaveAndroi
ddev i
ces,t
hanAndroid
OSi stheperfectframeworkforthei
rappneeds.

Dependingonwhom y ouask, y
ouwi l
lgetdi
ff
erentanswersastothebestmobi
leOS
forappdevelopment.Theideaistomakeani nformedchoiceandi
fyouwantyour
apptowor kacrossalldev
ices,t
hereisal
wayscr osspl
atf
orm mobil
eapps
development.

Concl
usi
on

Thel i
fecycl
eofamobi leapphasmissioncri
ti
cali
mportanceforbusi
nessesina
wor l
dridi
ngthecrestofamobiler
evoluti
on.I
fyouaren’
tusingmobili
tyt
oempower
yourbusiness,youaremissi
ngoutonahugeoppor tuni
tytogener
atebusiness
revenueprofi
tabil
i
ty.

Mobileapppr ojectscomplywiththebasictenet
softheSoftwareDevelopmentLi
fe
Cycl
e( SDLC)t hatpostul
atesthepresenceoftherequi
rementsgather
ingstep.
Requir
ement sgat her
inginmobileproject
s,whil
enotsodissi
milartot
hatofotherI
T
proj
ects,hasitsownspeci fi
cs.

Sy stem andBusi nessAnalysts,Manager s,

Inf or
mationDev el
opers, Software
Ar chitect
sandDesi gners,QAPr of
essionals, Sal
esandMar keti
ngspeci ali
stswil
lfi
nd
trainingofferedint heareaofmobi l
erequi rement sgatheri
ng byWebAgeSol uti
ons
I
nc.usef ulandr ewar di
ng.Themobi l
er equi r
ementsgat heri
ngtrainingreceiv
edat
WebAgeSol utionsI nc.wi
llhelpyourorgani zati
onbuil
dt hesoli
dr equirementsbase
fory ourmobi lepr oj
ects.

 Requi
rement
sManagement

 Usecasesconcept
s

 Mobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ionDev
elopmentSt
rat
egi
es

 Mobi
l
eDev
iceManagement

 Dev
iceCapabi
l
iti
es

 Usabi
l
ity

 Net
wor
kConnect
ivi
ty

 Per
missi
ons
  Dev
iceSecur
it
y

 BestPr
act
icesf
orMobi
l
eRequi
rement
s

Requi
rement
s

 Whati
saRequi
rement
?

 Ty
pesofRequi
rement
s

 I
mpor
tantRequi
rementConcept
s

 Qual
i
ty

 Requi
rementLev
els

 Whati
sRequi
rement
sManagement

 TheCostofRequi
rementEr
ror
s

 AGamePl
anf
orBui
l
dingQual
i
tySof
twar
e

 TheRat
ional
Uni
fi
edPr
ocess

 I
ncept
ionPhase

 Ref
inet
heSy
stem Def
ini
ti
on

 Exampl
es

 El
abor
ati
onPhase

 Exampl
eUseCaseDi
agr
am

 Const
ruct
ionPhase

 Sof
twar
eDev
elopmentLi
feCy
clewi
thRUP

 ARequi
rement
sCapt
ureWor
kfl
ow

 St
ep1.Anal
yzet
hePr
obl
em

 St
ep2.Under
standUserNeeds

 St
ep3.Def
inet
heSy
stem

 St
ep4.Managet
heScope

 St
ep5.Ref
inet
heSy
stem Def
ini
ti
on
  St
ep6.ManageChangi
ngRequi
rement
s

 Summar
y

Chapt
er2-UseCases

 UseCases

 Benef
it
sofUseCases

 Cl
assi
fyi
ngUseCases

 Lev
elsofUseCases

 Pr
eferUserGoal
Lev
el

 UseCaseModel
i
ng

 UseCaseModel
i
ngSt
eps

 St
ep1–Scope

 I
n/OutMat
ri
xtoDet
ermi
neScope

 St
ep2–Act
ors

 Act
orNot
ati
on

 Fi
ndi
ngAct
ors

 Fi
ndi
ngAct
ors–cont
inued

 St
ep3–Goal
List

 St
ep4&5–Fi
ndi
ngUseCase

 Sect
ionofaUseCase

 Document
ingUseCases

 UseCasenot
ati
on

 Act
ionSequence

 UseCaseRel
ati
onshi
ps

 UseCaseRel
ati
onshi
ps

 Li
mit
ati
ons
  Summar
y

Chapt
er3-Mobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ionDev
elopmentSt
rat
egi
es

 Mobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ions

 Dev
icesTy
pes

 Smar
tphones

 Tabl
ets

 Dev
iceConv
ergence

 Pl
atf
orms

 Pl
atf
orm Compar
ison

 Br
ingYourOwnDev
ice(
BYOD)

 TheReal
i
ty

 Ty
pesofMobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ions

 Nat
iveMobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ions

 Mobi
l
eWebAppl
i
cat
ions

 Responsi
veWebDesi
gn

 Bui
l
dingResponsi
veWebAppl
i
cat
ions

 Hy
bri
dMobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ions

 TheFut
ure?

 HTML5—9NewFeat
ures

 Cascadi
ngSt
yleSheet
s—CSS

 Jav
aScr
ipt

 Li
brar
ies

 CommonFeat
ures

 Mobi
l
eWebDev
elopment

 ApacheCor
dov
a(PhoneGap)
  Bui
l
dingwi
thCor
dov
a

 10Quest
ions

 Summar
y

Chapt
er4-Mobi
l
eDev
iceManagement

 TheNeedf
orMobi
l
eDev
iceManagement(
MDM)

 MDM i
nCust
omerFaci
ngAppl
i
cat
ions

 Mobi
l
eDev
icePol
i
cyf
orI
nter
nal
Apps

 Mobi
l
eDev
icePol
i
cyConsi
der
ati
ons

 MDM i
nInt
ernal
Appl
i
cat
ions

 Br
ingYourOwnDev
ice

 Commer
cial
MDM Sol
uti
ons

 10Quest
ions

 Summar
y

Chapt
er5-Dev
iceCapabi
l
iti
es

 Mobi
l
eEv
olut
ion

 For
m Fact
ors

 Scr
eenSi
zes

 Exampl
e:Mast
er-
Det
ail
onaPhone

 Exampl
e:Mast
er-
Det
ail
onaTabl
et

 I
nputMechani
sms

 Requi
rement
sRel
atedt
oInput

 Sensor
s

 Requi
rement
sRel
ati
ngt
oSensor
s

 Radi
os

 NearFi
eldCommuni
cat
ions(
NFC)
  TheBat
ter
y

 Bat
ter
yRequi
rement
s

 Funct
ional
andNonFunct
ional
Requi
rement
s

 10Quest
ions

 Summar
y

Chapt
er6-Mobi
l
eUsabi
l
ityPat
ter
ns

 I
ntr
oduct
ion

 UsagePat
ter
nBasedUIDesi
gn

 TabbedI
nter
facePat
ter
n

 TabbedI
nter
facei
nAndr
oid

 Ver
ti
cal
l
yScr
oll
abl
eLi
stPat
ter
n

 Mast
erDet
ail
Nav
igat
ionPat
ter
n

 Exampl
eNav
igat
ion

 Spl
i
tVi
ewPat
ter
n

 Dev
iceDi
mensi
onSpeci
fi
cUIPat
ter
n

 Handl
i
ngOr
ient
ati
onChange

 Tool
barPat
ter
n

 Sear
chI
nter
facePat
ter
n

 Pagi
nat
ionPat
ter
n

 Det
ail
Iter
ati
onPat
ter
n

 Loadi
ngI
magesf
rom t
heI
nter
net

 10Quest
ions

 Summar
y

Chapt
er7-Mobi
l
eConnect
ivi
tyRequi
rement
s

 Mobi
l
eDev
iceConnect
ivi
ty
  Ty
pesofConnect
ions

 Rev
ersi
ngaTr
end

 Cel
l
ular

 Wi
fi

 Bl
uet
oot
h

 NearFi
eldCommuni
cat
ions(
NFC)

 NFCTags

 Var
yingConnect
ionQual
i
ty

 Connect
ionCost
s

 Dat
aTr
ansf
er

 SOAPWebSer
vices

 RESTf
ulWebSer
vices

 Websocket
s

 Of
fl
ineSt
rat
egi
es

 NoOf
fl
ineOper
ati
ons

 Li
mit
edOf
fl
ineOper
ati
ons

 Ful
lCapabi
l
ityOf
fl
ine

 10Quest
ions

 Summar
y

Chapt
er8-Mobi
l
eSecur
it
yRequi
rement
s

 5Aspect
sofSecur
it
y

 TooMuchSecur
it
y?

 Secur
it
yisaBusi
nessDeci
sion

 Secur
it
yisSecur
it
y

 Tr
anspor
tLay
erSecur
it
y(TLS)
  HowTLSWor
ks

 Mobi
l
eSecur
it
yChal
l
enges

 Phy
sical
Dev
iceSecur
it
y

 LackofUserAccount
s

 Dat
aEnt
ryChal
l
enges

 NoDev
icePasswor
d

 Dat
aatRest

 AppPer
missi
onsAndr
oid

 AppPer
missi
oni
OS

 Andr
oidAppPer
missi
ons–ACaut
ionar
yTal
e

 ACaut
ionar
yTal
eConcl
usi
on

 Radi
os

 Emer
gingMobi
l
eSecur
it
ySol
uti
ons

 Bi
omet
ri
cs

 Two-
fact
orAut
hent
icat
ion

 NFCTokens

 LoJack®

 10Quest
ions

 Summar
y

Chapt
er9-Mobi
l
eRequi
rement
sBestPr
act
ices

 Mobi
l
eRequi
rement
sBestPr
act
ices

 Requi
rement
sGat
her
ingi
sanI
ter
ati
vePr
ocess

 Requi
rement
sShoul
dbeSMART

 Speci
fi
c

 Measur
abl
e
 Achi
evabl
e

 Rel
evant

 Ti
me-
Bound

 Subj
ectMat
terExper
tsDr
iveRequi
rement
s

 St
artwi
tht
hef
unct
ional
requi
rement
s

 UseUIpr
otot
ypes

 Mobi
l
eappshav
euni
quenon-
funct
ional
requi
rement
s

 Summar
y
 NE7011 MOBI
LEAPPLI
CATI
ONDEVELOPMENT

UNI
TII

BASI
CDESI
GN

Int
roducti
on-Basi
csofembeddedsy stemsdesign-EmbeddedOS-Desi gn
constrai
ntsf
ormobil
eappli
cati
ons,bothhardwareandsoft
warerelated-
Archit
ecti
ngmobil
eappli
cati
ons-
Userinter
facesformobil
eappli
cations-touch
eventsandgest
ures-Achi
evingquali
tyconstr
aint
s-perf
ormance,usabil
ity,
secur
it
y,
avail
abil
i
tyandmodif
iabi
li
ty

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Whati
sasy
stem?

Asystem i
sawayofwor ki
ng,organi
zi
ngordoi
ngoneormanyt
asksaccor
dingt
oa
f
ixedplan,
progr
am orsetofr
ules.
Asy st
em i
sal
soanar
rangementi
nwhi
chal
li
tsuni
tsassembl
eandwor
ktoget
her
accordi
ngtot
hepl
anorprogr
am.
Sy
stem exampl
es:
Wat
ch.I
tisat
imedi
spl
aysy
stem

Par
ts:
Har
dwar
e,Needl
es,
Bat
ter
y,Di
al,
Chassi
sandSt
rap

Rul
es

1.Al
lneedl
esmov
ecl
ockwi
seonl
y

2.At
hinneedl
erot
atesev
erysecond

3.Al
ongneedl
erot
atesev
erymi
nut
e

4.Ashor
tneedl
erot
atesev
eryhour

5.Al
lneedl
esr
etur
ntot
heor
igi
nal
posi
ti
onaf
ter12hour
s

BASI
CSOFEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSDESI
GN

EmbeddedSy
stem

Def
ini
ti
on:AnEmbeddedSyst
em i
sonet hathascomput
erhar
dwar
ewi
thsof
twar
e
embeddedini
tasoneofi
tsimpor
tantcomponents.

Comput
erHar
dwar
e

AMi
cropr
ocessor

ALar
geMemor
y(Pr
imar
yandSecondar
y)(
RAM,
ROM andcaches)
I
nputUni
ts(
Key
boar
d,Mouse,
Scanner
,et
c.)

Out
putUni
ts(
Moni
tor
,pr
int
er,
etc.
)

Net
wor
kingUni
ts(
Ether
netCar
d,Dr
iver
s,et
c.)

I
/OUni
ts(
Modem,
Faxcum Modem,
etc.
)

Component
sOfEmbeddedSy
stem
• I
thasHar
dwar
e
Pr
ocessor
,Ti
mer
s,I
nter
ruptcont
rol
l
er,
I/ODev
ices,
Memor
ies,
Por
ts,
etc.
• I
thasmai
nAppl
i
cat
ionSof
twar
e
Whi
chmayper
for
m concur
rent
lyt
heser
iesoft
asksormul
ti
plet
asks.
• I
thasReal
TimeOper
ati
ngSy
stem (
RTOS)
RTOSdefinesthewaythesyst
em wor k.Whi
chsupervi
setheappli
cat
ion
soft
ware.I
tset
st her
ulesdur
ingtheexecut
ionoftheappl
icat
ionprogr
am.Asmall
scal
eembeddedsy st
em maynotneedanRTOS.
EMBEDDEDSYSTEM HARDWARE
EmbeddedSy
stem Const
rai
nts

Anembeddedsy
stem i
ssof
twar
edesi
gnedt
okeepi
nvi
ewt
hreeconst
rai
nts:

– Av
ail
abl
esy
stem memor
y

– Av
ail
abl
epr
ocessorspeed

– Theneedt
oli
mitt
hepowerdi
ssi
pat
ion

Whenrunni
ngt
hesy
stem cont
inuousl
yincy
clesofwai
tforev
ent
s,r
un,
stopand
wakeup.

Whatmakesembeddedsy
stemsdi
ff
erent
?

1.Real
-t
imeoper
ati
on

2.si
ze

3.cost

4.t
ime

5.r
eli
abi
l
ity

6.saf
ety

7.ener
gy

8.secur
it
y

CLASSI
FICATI
ONSOFEMBEDDEDSYSTEM

1.Smal
lScal
eEmbeddedSy
stem

2.Medi
um Scal
eEmbeddedSy
stem
 3.Sophi
sti
cat
edEmbeddedSy
stem

SMALLSCALEEMBEDDEDSYSTEM

• Si
ngl
e8bi
tor16bi
tMi
crocont
rol
l
er.

• Li
tt
lehar
dwar
eandsof
twar
ecompl
exi
ty.

• TheyMayev
enbebat
ter
yoper
ated.

• Usual
l
y“C”i
susedf
ordev
elopi
ngt
hesesy
stem.

• Theneedt
oli
mitpowerdi
ssi
pat
ionwhensy
stem i
srunni
ngcont
inuousl
y.

Pr
ogr
ammi
ngt
ool
s:Edi
tor
,Assembl
erandCr
ossAssembl
er

MEDI
UM SCALEEMBEDDEDSYSTEM

• Si
ngleorfew16or32bi tmicr
ocont
rol
ler
sorDigi
tal
Signal
Processor
s(DSP)
orReducedInst
ruct
ionsSetComputer
s(RISC)
.

• Bot
hhar
dwar
eandsof
twar
ecompl
exi
ty.

Programmingtool
s:RTOS,SourcecodeEngi
neeri
ngTool
,Si
mul
ator
,
DebuggerandInt
egrat
edDevelopmentEnvir
onment(I
DE).

SOPHI
STI
CATEDEMBEDDEDSYSTEM

• Enor
moushar
dwar
eandsof
twar
ecompl
exi
ty

• Whichmayneedscal
abl
eprocessororconf
igur
abl
epr
ocessorand
pr
ogramminglogi
car
ray
s.

• Const
rai
nedbyt
hepr
ocessi
ngspeedav
ail
abl
eint
hei
rhar
dwar
euni
ts.

ProgrammingTools:
Fort
hesesyst
emsmaynotbereadi
lyavail
abl
eata
r
easonablecostormaynotbeavail
abl
eatal
l
.Acompil
erorret
argetabl
ecompi
ler
mighthavetobrdevel
opedfort
his.

PROCESSOR

• APr
ocessori
sthehear
toft
heEmbeddedSy
stem.

• Foranembeddedsy
stem desi
gnerknowl
edgeofmi
cropr
ocessorand
microcont
rol
l
eri
samust.

TwoEssent
ial
Uni
ts: Oper
ati
ons

Cont
rol
Uni
t(CU)
, Fet
ch

Execut
ionUni
t(EU) Execut
e
Var
iousPr
ocessor
s

1.Gener
alPur
posepr
ocessor(
GPP)

Mi
cropr
ocessor

Mi
crocont
rol
l
er

EmbeddedPr
ocessor

Di
git
alsi
gnal
Processor

2.Appl
i
cat
ionSpeci
fi
cSy
stem Pr
ocessor(
ASSP)

3.Mul
tiPr
ocessorSy
stem usi
ngGPPs

MI
CROPROCESSOR

• Amicroprocessori
sasinglechi
psemiconduct
ordev
iceal
sowhi
chi
sa
computeronchip,butnotacomplet
ecomputer
.

• I
tsCPUcont
ainsanALU,
aprogram counter,
astackpoi
nter
,somewor
king
r
egi
ster
,acl
ockti
mingci
rcui
tandi
nterruptci
rcui
tonasingl
echip.

• Tomakecomplet
emi cr
ocomputer,onemustaddmemoryusual
l
yROM and
RAM,memorydecoder,
anosci
l
latorandanumberofser
ial
andparal
l
elpor
ts.

HI
STORYOFMI
CROPROCESSOR

1stGener
ati
on(
4bi
tpr
ocessor
s)

4004and40404bi
tinear
ly1970byI
ntel
(Int
egr
atedEl
ect
roni
cs)

2ndGener
ati
on(
8bi
tpr
ocessor
s)

8008and80808bi
tin1974I
ntel
wit
h+5VI
nputsuppl
y8080 80858bi
t

3r
dGener
ati
on(
16bi
tpr
ocessor
s)

808616bi
t.Sameas8086,
the8088i
ntr
oduced8088hasonl
y8bi
tdat
abus

(
Thi
smadei
teasi
ert
oint
erf
acet
othecommon8bi
tper
ipher
aldev
icesav
ail
abl
eat
t
het
ime)

Fol
l
owedby
:

The80186&80286(16bitpr
ocessor)
, t
he80386&80486( a32bi tprocessor)
,
l
eadi
ngt ot
hePenti
um r
angeofmi cr
oprocessors(
64bitprocessors)avai
labl
etoday
.
The80x86andPenti
um pr
ocessor
shav eallbeendesi
gnedforusei npersonal
computert
ypeappl
i
cati
onsandhav elar
gememor ymaps.

MI
CROCONTROLLER
 • Amicrocontr
oll
eri
saf unct
ionalcomput
ersy
stem-on-a-
chip.I
tcont
ainsa
pr
ocessor,memory,andprogrammablei
nput
/outputperi
pheral
s.

• Micr
ocontr
oll
ersincludeanintegr
atedCPU,memory(asmal l
amountofRAM,
pr
ogram memor y
, orboth)andperi
pheral
scapabl
eofinputandout
put.

VARI
OUSMI
CROCONTROLLERS

I
NTEL:
8031,
8032,
8051,
8052,
8751,
8752

PI
C8-
bitPI
C16,
PIC18,
16-
bitDSPI
C33/PI
C24,
PIC16C7x

Mot
orol
a:MC68HC11

MI
CROPROCESSORVsMI
CROCONTROLLER

EmbeddedPr
ocessor

• Specialmi
cropr
ocessor
s&mi
crocont
rol
l
ersof
tencal
l
ed,
Embedded
processor
s.

• Anembeddedpr
ocessori
susedwhenf astpr
ocessi
ngf
astcont
ext
-swi
tchi
ng
&atomi
cALUoperat
ionsareneeded.

Exampl
es:
ARM 7,
INTELi
960,
AMD29050.

DI
GITALSI
GNALPROCESSOR

• DSPasaGPPi
sasi
ngl
echi
pVLSIuni
t.

• Iti
ncl
udesthecomput
ati
onal
capabi
l
iti
esofmi
cropr
ocessorandmul
ti
ply&
accumulat
eunit
s(MAC).

• DSPhaslar
genumberofappli
cat
ionssuchasi
magepr
ocessi
ng,
audi
o,v
ideo
&tel
ecommuni
cati
onprocessi
ngsystems.

• I
tisusedwhensi
gnal
processi
ngf
unct
ionsar
etobepr
ocessedf
ast
.
Exampl
es:
TMS320Cxx,
SHARC,
Mot
orol
a5600xx

APPLI
CATI
ONSPECI
FICSYSTEM PROCESSOR(
ASSP)

• ASSPi
sdedi
cat
edt
ospeci
fi
ctasksandpr
ovi
desaf
ast
ersol
uti
on.

• AnASSPisusedasanaddit
ionalpr
ocessi
nguni
tforr
unni
ngt
heappl
i
cat
ion
i
nplaceofusi
ngembeddedsoftwar
e.

Exampl
es:
IIM7100,
W3100A

MULTIPROCESSORSYSTEM USI
NGGPPs

• Multi
plepr
ocessor
sar eusedwhenasi
ngl
epr
ocessordoesnotmeett
he
needsofdif
fer
enttask.

• Theoper
ati
onsofal
lthepr
ocessor
sar
esy
nchr
oni
zedt
oobt
ainanopt
imum
per
for
mance.

OTHERHARDWARE

• PowerSour
ce

• Cl
ockOsci
l
lat
or

• Real
TimeCl
ock(
RTC)

• ResetCi
rcui
t,Power
-upResetandwat
chdogt
imerReset

• Memor
y

• I
/OPor
ts,
I/OBuses

• I
nter
ruptHandl
er

• DACandADC

• LCDandLEDDi
spl
ay

SOFTWAREC,
C++,DotNet

SI
MULATORMasm

COMPI
LERRI
DE,
KEI
L

APPLI
CATI
ONS

• Househol
dappl
i
ances:
Micr
owav
eov
ens,
Tel
evi
sion,
DVDPl
ayer
s&Recor
der
s

• Audi
opl
ayer
s

• I
ntegr
atedsy
stemsi
nai
rcr
aft
sandmi
ssi
l
es
• Cel
l
ulart
elephones

• El
ect
ri
candEl
ect
roni
cMot
orcont
rol
l
ers

• Engi
necont
rol
l
ersi
naut
omobi
l
es

• Cal
cul
ator
s

• Medi
cal
equi
pment
s

• Vi
deogames

• Di
git
almusi
cal
inst
rument
s,et
c.

EMBEDDEDOS

Real
TimeOper
ati
ngSy
stems

Whati
sanOper
ati
ngSy
stem?

Wher
eyourOSsi
tsi
nyourSy
stem?

St
and-
AloneOper
ati
ngsy
stem

Iti
sacomplet
eoper
ati
ngsy
stem t
hatwor
ksonadeskt
opornot
ebook
comput
er.
 Exampl
esofst
and-
aloneoper
ati
ng sy
stemsar
e:

 DOS

 Wi
ndows2000pr
ofessi
onal

 MacOSX

 Wi
ndows7

 Wi
ndows8

Net
wor
kOper
ati
ngsy
stems
I
tisanoper
ati
ngsystem t
hatpr
ovidesextensi
vesupportf
orcomput
er
net
works.Anetwor
koperati
ngsystem t
ypical
lyr
esidesonaserv
er.

Exampl
esofanet
wor
kOper
ati
ngsy
stem ar
e:

 Wi
ndows2000ser
ver

 Uni
x

 Li
nux

 Sol
ari
s

 EmbeddedOper
ati
ngsy
stem

Youcanfi
ndthi
soper
ati
ngsy
stem onhandhel
dcomput
ersandsmal
ldev
ices.
I
tresi
desonaROM chi
p.

Exampl
esofembeddedoper
ati
ngsy
stemsar
e:

 Wi
ndowsCE

 PocketPC2002

 Pal
m OS

 Sy
mbi
anOS

Def
ini
ti
on

 Anembeddedoper
ati
ngsy
stem i
sanoper
ati
ngsy
stem f
orembedded
comput
ersyst
ems.

 Theseoper at
ingsystemsaredesi
gnedtobecompact
,ef
fici
entatr
esource
usage,andrel
iabl
e,Theyarefr
equent
lyal
soref
err
edtoasreal
-t
imeoperati
ng
syst
ems, andtheterm RTOSisoft
enusedasasynony
mf orembedded
operat
ingsystem.

Whati
sRTOS?
 Mul
ti
pleev
ent
shandl
edbyasi
ngl
epr
ocessor

 Ev
ent
smayoccursi
mul
taneousl
y

 Pr
ocessormusthandl
emul
ti
ple,
oft
encompet
ing ev
ent
s

Di
ff
erencebet
weenaGener
alpur
poseoper
ati
ngsy
stem(
GPOS)andanRTOS

AGPOSi
susedf
orsy
stems/
appl
i
cat
ionst
hatar
enott
imecr
it
ical

I
nthecaseofaGPOS–t askschedul
i
ngisnotbasedon “
pri
ori
ty"
,iti
s
pr
ogrammedtoachi
evehighthr
oughput

 AGPOSismadeforhi
ghend,general
pur posesyst
emswher
easRTOSi
s
usual
l
ydesi
gnedf
oralowend,standalonedevice

 Animpor
tantdi
fferencebetweenmostembeddedoper at
ingsy
stemsand
deskt
opoperat
ingsy st
emsist hatt
heappli
cati
on,
incl
udi
ngtheoper
ati
ng
syst
em,i
susuallystati
cal
l
ylinkedtoget
herint
oasingl
eexecut
ablei
mage.

 Unl
i
keadesktopoperati
ngsy st
em,theembeddedoperat
ingsyst
em doesnot
l
oadandexecut
eapplicat
ions.Thi
smeansthatthesyst
em isonl
yabletor
un
asi
ngl
eappli
cati
on.

Deskt
opoper
ati
ngsy
stems

 Gener
al-
pur
pose–al
lfeat
uresmaybeneeded

 Lar
ge-
scal
eresour
ces–memor
y,di
sk,
fil
esy
stems

Embeddedoper
ati
ngsy
stems

 Appl
i
cat
ion-
speci
fi
c–j
ustusef
eat
uresy
ouneed,
sav
ememor
y

 Smal
l
-scal
eresour
ces–sensor
s,communi
cat
ionpor
ts

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionr
eal
timesy
stems(
RTS)

 Har
dReal
TimeSy
stem
 Fi
rm Real
TimeSy
stem

 Sof
tReal
TimeSy
stem

Har
dReal
time:

 Heremissi
nganindi
vi
dualdeadli
neresul
tsi
ncatast
rophi
cfai
l
ureoft
he
syst
em whichal
socausesagreatfi
nanci
all
oss.

Theexampl
esf
orHar
dreal
timesy
stemsar
e:

 Ai
rtr
aff
iccont
rol

 Nucl
earpowerpl
antcont
rol

Fi
rm Real
time:

 I
nt hi
s,missi
ngadeadli
neresult
sinunaccept
abl
equal
i
tyr
educti
on.
Technical
l
yt her
eisnodif
ferencewit
hhardRealti
me,
buteconomi
cal
l
ythe
di
sasterri
skisli
mit
ed.

Exampl
esf
orFi
rmr
eal
timear
e:

 Fai
l
ureofI
gni
ti
onofaaut
omobi
l
e

 Fai
l
ureofopeni
ngofasaf
e

Sof
treal
time:

 Her
ethedeadl
inemaynotbef ul
fi
ll
edandcanberecov
eredfrom.The
r
educt
ioni
nsystem qual
i
tyandperf
ormancei
satanacceptablel
evel
.

Exampl
esofSof
treal
timesy
stems:

 Mul
ti
medi
atr
ansmi
ssi
onandr
ecept
ion

 Net
wor
king,
tel
ecom (
Mobi
l
e)net
wor
ks

 websi
tesandser
vices

 Comput
ergames

Feat
uresofanRTOS:

 Contextswit
chi
nglat
encyshoul
dbeshort.Thi
smeansthatt
heti
metaken
whilesavi
ngthecont
extofcur
rentt
askandthenswi
tchi
ngovert
oanother
taskshoul
dbeshort.

 Theti
met akenbetweenexecutingt
hel astinstruct
ionofanint
err
uptedtask
andexecuti
ngthefirsti
nst
ruct
ionofinterr
upthandl ershoul
dbepredict
able
andshort
.Thisisalsoknownasi nt
erruptlatency.
  Simil
arl
ythet
imet akenbetweenexecutingthelasti
nst
ructi
onoftheint
err
upt
handl
erandexecutingthenexttaskshouldalsobeshortandpredi
ctabl
e.Thi
s
i
salsoknownasi nterr
uptdispat
chlatency.

 Reli
ableandti
meboundinterpr
ocessmechani
smsshoul
dbei
npl
acef
or
processest
ocommunicatewitheachot
heri
nat i
mel
ymanner

 AnRTOSshoul dhavesuppor
tformulti
taski
ngandt askpreempt
ion.
Preemptionmeanstoswit
chfrom acurrent
lyexecuti
ngtasktoahighpr
ior
it
y
taskreadyandwait
ingt
obeexecuted.

 RTOSshoul
dbef
aul
ttol
erant

Someoft
hemostwi
del
yusedRTOSar
e:-

 Ly
nxOS

 OSE

 QNX

 RTLi
nux

 VxWor
ks

 Wi
ndowsCE

Pr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguagesUsed

 Ci
smostwi
del
yusedi
nRTOSpr
ogr
ammi
ng

 C++andAdaar
ethenextmor
epopul
arf
orl
argepr
oject
s.

 Jav
amayal
sobeachoi
cef
orsomeappl
i
cat
ions

DESI
GNCONSTRAI
NTSFORMOBI
LEAPPLI
CATI
ONS

Asmal
l
erscr
eensi
zet
hatcandi
spl
ayal
i
mit
ednumberofchar
act
ers

Stayfocusedontheuser
'si
mmedi
atet
ask.Di
spl
ayonl
ythei
nfor
mat
iont
hat
usersneedatanyonemoment.

Forexample,
acustomerrel
ati
onshipmanagementsyst
em canpr
ovi
dea
massiveamountofinf
ormati
on,butuser
sonlyr
equir
easmal l
amountoft
hat
i
nformati
onatonetime.

Desi
gntheUIsot
hatuser
scanper
for
mtaskseasi
l
yandaccessi
nfor
mat
ion
qui
ckl
y.

onescr
eenappear
satat
ime
Al
l
owuser
stoswi
tchbet
weenappl
i
cat
ionsusi
ngt
heappl
i
cat
ionswi
tcher
.

shor
terbat
ter
yli
fe

Desi
gny
ourappl
i
cat
iont
ohandl
edat
aef
fi
cient
ly.

Thel
essof
tenadev
iceneedst
otur
nont
her
adi
o,t
hel
ongert
hebat
ter
yli
fe.

Al
ongerbat
ter
yli
fecr
eat
esaposi
ti
vei
mpactont
heuserexper
ience.

wir
elessnet
wor
kconnect
ionswi
thal
ongerl
atencyper
iodt
hanst
andar
d
LANs

Tr
ytosi
mpl
i
fyhowanappl
i
cat
ioncr
eat
esnet
wor
kconnect
ions.

Longerlat
encyper
iodsf
orwir
elessnet
workconnect
ionscani
nfl
uencehow
qui
cklyusersr
ecei
veinf
ormat
ionthati
str
ansmitt
edov ert
hewi
rel
ess
network.

sl
owerpr
ocessorspeeds

Usebackgr
oundt
hreadsi
nyourappl
i
cat
iont
omanagepr
ocessor
-i
ntensi
ve
tasks.

Sl
owerprocessorspeedscanaf
fecthowuser
sper
cei
vet
her
esponsi
veness
ofanappl
icat
ion.

l
essav
ail
abl
ememor
y

Tr
ytomi
nimi
zet
heamountofmemor
ythaty
ourappl
i
cat
ionuses.

Memoryusei
mpact
stheexper
iencet
hatuser
shav
ewi
thanappl
i
cat
ionand
t
hei
rdevi
ces

Cl
i
ent
-Si
deConst
rai
nts

Li
mit
ati heMobi
onsoft l
ePl
atf
orm

◦ gener
all
i
mit
ati
onsoft
hemobi
l
epl
atf
orm(
HTML5hasnocamer
aAPI
)

◦ speci
fi
cli
mit
ati
onsofonei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hatpl
atf
orm(
Fir
efoxhas
noSQLsupport
)

◦ Li
mit
ati
onsoft
her
unt
imeenv
ironment

◦ memor
yisapr
obl
em onal
lmobi
l
epl
atf
orms(
nosuppor
tforv
irt
ual
memor
y)

◦ l
i
mit
edpr
ocessi
ngpoweri
sapr
obl
em onal
lmobi
l
epl
atf
orms

◦ smar
tphonesar
eincr
easi
ngl
yusedasgener
al-
pur
posecomput
ers
 ◦ Lay
eri
ngdoeshav
esomepr
obl
emsonmobi
l
edev
ices

◦ l
ayer
ingcr
eat
esi
nef
fi
cienci
es(
Jav
aScr
iptoni
Phone100t
imessl
ower
)

◦ l
ayer
ingt
akesawaypossi
bil
i
tiesf
oropt
imi
zat
ion(
UIandexecut
ion)

◦ somepl
atf
ormsoppose/
prev
entl
ayer
ingoutofgener
alpr
inci
ple

Har
dwar
eConst
rai
nts

i
Phonehar
dwar
ecomesi
ndi
ff
erentmemor
yconf
igur
ati
ons

◦ f
ir
stgener
ati
oni
Phoneshav
e128MBofRAM

◦ 3Gand3GSi
Phoneshav
e256MBofRAM

◦ 4Ghas512MBand5Ghas1GBofRAM

◦ Andr
oidhar
dwar
eisl
esspr
edi
ctabl
eandv
ari
esmor
ewi
del
y

◦ t
heDr
oidhas256MBofRAM

◦ f
ormanydev
icesget
ti
nghar
dwar
especsi
sal
mosti
mpossi
ble

◦ Bundl
i
ngdat
ami
ghtnotal
way
sbeagoodi
dea

◦ Androi
dappli
cat
ionscanonl
ybei
nst
all
edi
ntheonboar
dmemor
y
(Dr
oid:512MB)

◦ appl
i
cat
ionsr
equi
ri
ngal
otofl
ocal
dat
ashoul
dst
orei
tsepar
atel
y

Net
wor
kConst
rai
nts

Net
wor
kconnect
ivi
tyi
spot
ent
ial
l
ysl
owandunr
eli
abl
e

◦ appl
i
cat
ionsshoul
dbedesi
gnedt
owor
kwel
lwi
thasl
ownet
wor
k

◦ appl
i
cat
ionsshoul
dbedesi
gnedt
obehav
ereasonabl
ywi
thnonet
wor
k

◦ Of
fl
inebehav
iorl
argel
ydependsont
heappl
i
cat
ionscenar
io

◦ consi
der
ingof
fl
inebehav
iori
nusecasesshoul
dal
way
sbei
ncl
uded

◦ Enabl
i
nganyWeb-
appf
orof
fl
ineusemaybeagoodi
dea

◦ notal
lbr
owser
ssuppor
tof
fl
ineappl
i
cat
ions

◦ br
owser
smayst
artr
emov
ingcachedappl
i
cat
ionsmor
eaggr
essi
vel
y

◦ HTML5AppCachei
sonl
yacachi
nghi
ntf
orabr
owse
ARCHITECTI NGMOBI LEAPPLI CATI ONS:DESI GNINGMOBI LEAPPLI CATI ONS
A mobi l
e appl icati
on wi l
lnor mal l
ybe st r uctured as a mul til
ayered appl i
cat ion
consi sti
ngofpr esentation,busi ness,anddat al ayers.Whendev elopingamobi l
e
application, youmaychooset odev elopat hi
nWeb- basedcl i
entorar i
chcl ient.If
youar ebui l
dingar i
chcl ient,thebusi nessanddat aser vi
cesl ayersarel i
kel yt obe
locatedont hedev iceitself.Ify ouar ebui ldingat hincl i
ent,allofthel ayerswi l
lbe
locatedont heserv er
.Fi gure1i llustratescommonr i
chcl i
entmobi l
eappl i
cat ion
architecturewi thcomponent sgr oupedbyar easofconcer n.Amobi l
eappl i
cat ion
gener all
ycont ai
nsuseri nter facecomponent si nt hepr esentation lay er,and
perhapsmayi ncludepr esent ationl ogi ccomponent s.Thebusi nessl ayer ,ifit
exists,wi llusuall
ycont ainbusi nessl ogi ccomponent s,anybusi nesswor kflow
and busi ness ent i
tycomponent st hatar er equired byt he appl ication,and,
optionally,af açade.Thedat al ay erwi llusual lyi ncludedat aaccessandser vice
agentcomponent s.Inor dert omi nimi zet hef ootpr i
ntont hedev i
ce,mobi l
e
applicationsgener all
yusel essr i
gidl ay eri
ng appr oachesand f ewerdi scr ete
component s.

Fi
gur
e1-
Thet
ypi
cal
str
uct
ureofamobi
l
eappl
i
cat
ion

Gener
alDesi
gnConsi
der
ati
ons
Thefoll
owingdesi
gnguideli
nespr
ovi
deinf
ormationaboutdi
ffer
entaspect
sthatyou
shouldconsi
derwhendesi gni
ngamobi l
eapplicat
ion.Fol
l
ow theseguidel
inesto
ensurethatyourappl
i
cationmeetsyourrequi
rementsandper for
msef f
ici
entl
yin
scenari
oscommont omobi l
eappl
i
cat
ions:

 Decide i fy ou wi llbui ldar ich cl i

ent ,a t hin Web cl ient ,orr ich I nt ernet
applicat i
on( RI A).I fy ourappl i
cat ionr equi resl ocalpr ocessi ngandmustwor k
i
nanoccasi onal l
yconnect edscenar i
o, consi derdesi gni ngar i
chcl i
ent .Ar ich
cli
entappl i
cat ion wi llbe mor e compl ex t oi nstal land mai nt ain.I fy our
applicat i
on can depend on ser v erpr ocessi ng and wi llal way s be f ull
y
connect ed,consi derdesi gni ngat hi ncl i
ent .I fy ourappl i
cat i
onr equi resar ich
UI,onl yl imi t edaccesst ol ocalr esour ces,andmustbepor tabl et oot her
platf
or ms, desi gnanRI Acl ient.
 Determi net hedev i
cet ypesy ouwi llsuppor t.Whenchoosi ngwhi chdev ice
typest o suppor t ,consi derscr een si zeand r esol ut ion,CPU per formance
charact er i
st i
cs, memor y and st or age space, and dev elopment t ool
environment av ai l
abi lity.I n addi tion,f act or i n user r equi rement s and
organi zationalconst raint s.Youmayr equi respeci fichar dwar esuchasa
globalposi t
ioni ngsy st em ( GPS)oracamer a, whi chmayi mpactnotonl yy our
applicat i
ont y pe, butal soy ourdev icechoi ce.
 Consi deroccasi onal ly connect ed and l imi ted- bandwi dt h scenar ios when
appropr i
at e.I fy ourmobi ledev icei sast and- alonedev i
ce, youwi l
lnotneedt o
accountf orconnect ioni ssues.Whennet wor kconnect ivityi sr equi red, mobi l
e
applicat i
onsshoul dhandl ecaseswhenanet wor kconnect ioni si nter mi ttent
ornotav ailabl e.I ti sv itali nt hi s case t o desi gn y ourcachi ng,st ate
management ,and dat a access mechani sms wi thi nt ermi ttentnet wor k
connect ivityi nmi nd;bat chcommuni cat ionsf ordel iv erywhenconnect ivit
yi s
avail
abl e.Choosehar dwar eandsof twar epr ot ocol sbasedonspeed,power
consumpt ion, andgr anul ar ity,
andnotj ustoneaseofpr ogr ammi ng.
 DesignaUIappr opr i
at ef ormobi ledev ices,t akingi nt oaccountpl at form
const raints.Mobi ledev icesr equi reasi mpl erar chi tect ur e,si mpl erUI ,and
otherspeci fic desi gn deci si
ons i n or dert o wor k wi thint he const raints
i
mposedbyt hedev icehar dwar e.Keept heseconst rai ntsi nmi ndanddesi gn
specifical l
yf ort hedev icei nsteadoft ryingt or euset hear chi tect ureorUIf rom
adeskt oporWebappl i
cat ion.Themai nconst raintsar ememor y ,bat teryl ife,
abil
ityt o adaptt o di ffer encescr eensi zesandor ient ations,secur ity,and
networ kbandwi dt h.
 Designal ay er edar chi tect ur eappr opr iatef ormobi ledev icest hati mpr ov es
reuseandmai ntai nabi lity.Dependi ngont heappl i
cat iont ype,mul tiplel ay ers
maybel ocat edont hedev icei tsel f.Uset heconceptofl ay erst omaxi mi ze
separ ationofconcer ns,andt oi mpr ov er euseandmai nt ainabi li
tyf ory our
mobi leappl icat ion.Howev er,ai mt oachi ev et hesmal l
estf oot pri
ntont he
devicebysi mpl i
fy i
ngy ourdesi gncompar edt oadeskt oporWebappl i
cat i
on.
 Consi derdev icer esour ceconst raint ssuchasbat teryl i
fe,memor ysi ze,and
processorspeed.Ev er ydesi gndeci sionshoul dt akei ntoaccountt hel imi ted
CPU, memor y, stor agecapaci ty, andbat ter yl ifeofmobi l
edev i
ces.Bat t eryl i
fe
i
susual lyt hemostl imi ti
ngf actori nmobi l
edev i
ces.Backl ight i
ng, r
eadi ngand
wr i
ti
ngt omemor y, wi r
el essconnect ions, speci alizedhar dwar e,andpr ocessor
speedal lhav eani mpactont heov er allpowerusage.Whent heamountof
memor yav ailabl ei sl ow, theWi ndowsMobi leoper atingsy st em mayasky our
 appli
cati
ontoshutdownorsacrif
icecacheddata,
slowi
ngpr
ogr
am execut
ion.
Opti
mi zeyourappl
icat
iont
omi nimizeitspowerandmemoryf
oot
pr i
ntwhile
consi
deringper
formancedur
ingthisprocess.

Speci
fi
cDesi
gnI
ssues

 Authent icati
onandAuthor
izat
ion
 Cachi ng
 Communi cati
on
 Configur ati
onManagement
 DataAccess
 DeviceSpeci fi
cs
 Except i
onManagement
 Logging
 Porti
ngAppl i
cati
ons
 PowerManagement
 Synchr onization
 Testing
 UserI nterface
 Vali
dat ion

Aut
hent
icat
ionandAut
hor
izat
ion

Mobil
edev i
cesareusual lydesignedtobesi ngleuserdevi
cesandnor mallylack
basi
c userpr of
il
e and secur it
yt r
acking beyond j
usta simple passwor dThe
di
scover
abil
it
yofmobi l
edevicesoverprotocol
ssuchasBluet
oot
hcanpr esentusers
wit
hunexpectedrisks.Mobil
eappl i
cati
ondesigncanalsobeespeci
all
ychal l
enging
duetoconnecti
vi
tyinterr
upti
ons.

 Desi gn aut hent

icati
on and aut horization f or bot hf ul l
y connect ed and
occasi onallyconnect ed scenar i
os;i ncludi ng sy nchr onization ov erthe air,
cradled (PC)sy nchronizati
on,Bl uetoot h di scov ery,sy nchroni zati
on overa
VirtualPrivateNetwor k(VPN) ,andl ocal SDmemor ycar dsy nchr onizat
ion.
 Co nsidert hatdiff
erentdev icesmi ghthav ev ari
at i
onsi nt hei rprogrammi ng
secur i
tymodel s,whichcanaf fectauthor izationf orresour ceaccess.
 Don otassumet hatsecur i
tymechani smsav ail
abl eonl argerpl atformswi l
lbe
availableonamobi l
epl atform,ev eni fy ouar eusi ngt hesamet ools.For
exampl e,
accesscont roll
ist
s( ACLs)ar enotav ai
lableinWi ndowsMobi l
e,and
consequent l
ythereisnooper ati
ngsy stem—l evel fi
lesecur it
y.
 Ident i
fytrustboundar ieswi thi
ny ourmobi leappl i
cationl ayer s;forexampl e,
betweent hecl i
entandt heser verort heser verandt hedat abase.Thi swill
helpy out odeterminewher eandhowt oaut hent i
cate.

Cachi
ng

Usecachi ngtoimprovetheperfor
manceandr esponsivenessofy ourappl
icati
on,
andtosupportoperati
onwhenthereisnonetworkconnect i
on.Cachingcanoptimize
refer
ence dat
al ookups,avoi
d networ kround tr
ips,and pr eventunnecessaril
y
dupli
catedprocessi
ng.Whendeci dingwhatdat at o cache,considerthelimit
ed
resourcesoft
hedev i
ce;y
ouwil
lhav elessst
oragespaceav ail
ablethanonadesktop
comput
er.Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
i
neswhendesi
gni
ngcachi
ng:

 Ident i
fyy ourper formanceobj ecti
v es.Forexampl e,determi ney ourmi nimum
responset imeandbat terylif
e.Testt heper formanceoft hespeci f
icdev i
ces
youwi l
lbeusi ng.Mostmobi ledev icesuseonl yf l
ashmemor y,whi chisl ikely
tobesl owert hant hememor yusedi ndesktopcomput ers.
 De signf ormi ni
mum memor yfoot print
.Cacheonl ydat at hati sabsol utely
necessar yfort heappl icati
ont of unct i
on,orexpensi vet ot ransformi ntoa
readyt ousef ormat .I
fdesi gningamemor y-i
nt ensiveappl ication,det ectl ow
memor yscenar i
os and desi gn a mechani sm f orpr iori
tizing t he dat at o
discar dasav ail
ablememor ydecr eases.Howev er,considercachi nganydat a,
i
ncl uding v olati
le data,t hatt he appl i
cati
on wi l
lneed i n an occasi onal ly
connect edorof fli
nescenar io.Also,ensur et hatt heappl icationcansur viv
e
thesi t
uat i
onwher ecacheddat ai snotav ailableinof f
li
neoroccasi onal ly
connect edscenar i
os.
 Ch ooset heappr opr i
atecachel ocat i
on,suchasont hedev ice,att hemobi l
e
gat eway ,ori nt hedat abaseser ver .Considerusi ngSQLSer verCompact
editionf orcachi nginsteadofdev icememor ybecausememor yconsumedby
theappl i
cationmaybecl earedinl ow- memor ysi tuati
ons.
 E nsuret hatsensi t
ive datai s encr ypted when cachi ng,especi all
y when
cachi ngdat ai nremov ablememor ymedi a,butal soconsi derencr yptionwhen
cachi ngdat ai ndev i
cememor y.

Communi
cat
ion

Devi
cecommuni cat i
onincludeswi rel
esscommuni cati
on( overt heair)andwi red
communi cati
onwi t
hahostcomput er,aswel lasmor especializedcommuni cat
ion
suchasBl uet
oothorI nfr
aredDataAssoci at
ion(Ir
DA).Whencommuni cati
ngov erthe
ai
r,considerdatasecur i
tytoprotectsensitiv
edat afrom thef
tort ampering.Ifyou
arecommuni cati
ngt hroughWebser v
iceinterf
aces,usemechani smssuchast he
WS-Secure standards to securet he data.Keep i n mi nd thatwi rel
ess device
communi cati
on is mor el i
kelyto be i nterr
upted than communi cati
on from a
comput er
,andthaty ourappli
cati
onmi ghtberequir
edt ooperatef orlongperiodsin
a disconnected state.Considert he foll
owing guideli
nes when desi gning your
communi cati
onstrategy:

 Designasy nchronous,t hr
eadedcommuni cati
ont oi mproveper formanceand
usabili
tyinoccasi onal l
yconnect edscenar ios.Limitedbandwi dthconnect i
ons
commononmobi ledev i
cescanr educeper formanceandaf fectusabi li
ty,
especiall
yi ftheybl ocktheuseri nterf
ace.Useappr opri
atecommuni cation
protocols,and consi derhow t he appl i
cati
on wi llbehav e when mul ti
ple
connect i
on t ypes ar e avail
able.Consi deral l
owi ng userst o choose t he
connect i
ont ouse,andt oswi t
chof fcommuni cationtopr eservebat t
eryl i
fe
whenappr opriate.
 Ifyouar edesi gni nganappl i
cationt hatwillr
unonamobi l
ephone,consi der
the effects ofr ecei vi
ng a phone cal ldur i
ng communi cati
on orpr ogram
execution.Desi gnt heapplicati
ont oal l
owi ttosuspendandr esume,orev en
exittheappl i
cation.
 Protectcommuni cationov erunt rust edconnections,suchasWebser vices
and ot herov ert he airmet hods.Consi derusi ng encryption and di gital
 signat uresf orsensiti
vedat a,andensur et hatdatapassedov eraVPN i s
protect ed.Howev er,considert he eff
ects ofcommuni cat
ion securit
y on
performanceandbat ter
ylif
e.
 Ify ou mustaccess dat af rom mul ti
ple sources,i
nter
operate wit
h ot her
applicat i
ons,orwor kwhi l
edi sconnected,considerusi
ngWebser vicesf or
communi cation.Ensurey ou manageconnect ionseffi
cient
ly,especial
lyi n
l
imi tedbandwi dthcommuni cationscenari
os.
 Ify ou ar eusi ng WCF f orcommuni cati
on and musti mplementmessage
queui ng, considerusi
ngWCFst oreandf orward.

Conf
igur
ati
onManagement

Whendesi gni
ngdeviceconfi
gur
ati
onmanagement ,consi
derhow tohandl
edevi
ce
r
esets,aswel laswhethery
ouwantt oall
ow conf
igur
ati
onofy ourappl
i
cat
ionov
er
t
heai rorfrom ahostcomputer
.Considerthefol
l
owingguidel
i
neswhendesigni
ng
yourconf
igurati
onmanagementstr
ategy:

 Choose an appr opri

at efor matf orconf i
gur ati
on inf ormat i
on.Consi dera
binaryf ormat ov er XML t o mi nimi ze memor y use. Consi der usi ng
compr essionl i
braryr outi
nest or educet hememor yr equi rement sf orst ori
ng
configur ati
onandst ateinfor mation.Ensur et haty ouencr yptsensi tivedat a
storedi nconf igurati
onf il
es.
 Ensur et haty ourdesi gnsuppor tsr estor ationofconf igur ationaf teradev i
ce
reset.Consi derhow y ouwi llsynchr onizeconf i
gurati
oni nf ormat i
onov erthe
airandwi t
hahostcomput erwhencr adl ed,andensur et haty ouar ef ami l
iar
witht het echniquesusedbydi fferentmanuf actur
er sforl oadi ngconf igurati
on
setti
ngs.
 Ifyouhav eyourent erpri
sedat ainMi cr osof tSQLSer ver2005or2008and
requireanaccel eratedt i
met omar ket ,consi derusi ngmer ger epli
cat ionwi tha
“buyandconf igure”appl i
cat i
onf rom at hi r
dpar t
y.Mer ger epli
cat ioncan
synchr onizedat ainasi ngleoper ationr egardlessofnet wor kbandwi dthor
datasi ze.
 Ifyouhav eanAct iveDi rectoryi nfrast ructure,consi derusi ngt heSy st
em
Cent erMobi l
e Dev i
ce Manageri nterface t o manage gr oup conf igur at
ion,
authent i
cat i
on, andaut hori
zat i
onofdev ices.

Dat
aAccess

Dataaccessonamobi l
edev icei
sconstrai
nedbyunreli
abl
enetworkconnecti
ons
andt hehardwareconstr
aintsofthedev i
ceitsel
f.Whendesigni
ngdat aaccess,
consi
derhow low bandwi
dth,highlat
ency,andint
ermi
tt
entconnecti
vit
ywillaf
fect
yourdesi
gn.Consi
derthefoll
owinggui
deli
neswhendesi
gningdataaccess:

 Considerusingalocaldevi
cedat abaset hatpr
ov i
dessy nchronizat
ionser v
ices,
suchasSQLSer v
erCompactEdi t
ion.Onlydesignacust om mechani sm to
synchroni
zedat aifthestandar
ddat asy nchr
onizati
onf eaturescannotmeet
yourrequi
rements.
 Program fordataint
egri
ty.Fi
lest hatremainopendur ingdev icesuspendand
powerf ai
l
uresmaycausedat aintegrit
yissues,especi
al l
ywhendat aisstored
onar emov ablestor
agedev i
ce.Includeexcept i
onhandl ingandr etrylogicto
 ensuret hatf i
l
eoper ati
onssucceed.Toensur edataintegr i
tyincaseswher e
thedev i
cel osespowerorconnect i
vit
y,consi derusi ngtransact i
onswi thSQL
ServerMobi le.
 Don otassumet hatremov abl estoragewi llalwaysbeav ai
lable,asausercan
remov eitatanyt ime.Checkf ortheexi st enceofar emov abl estoragedev i
ce
beforewr i
ti
ngt oitorusingFl ushFileBuffer s.
 IfyouuseXMLt ostoreort ransferdat a,consi deritsover allsi
zeandi mpact
on per formance. XML i ncreases bot h bandwi dth and l ocal st orage
requir
ement s.Usecompr essional gori
thmsoranon- XMLt ransfermet hod.
 Minimizeper formancei mpactbydesi gningf oreffi
cientdat abaseaccessand
datapr ocessing.Considert heuseoft ypedobj ect
si nsteadofDat aSet sto
reducememor yoverheadandi mpr oveper f
or mance.Ify ouar eonl yr eading
andnotwr iti
ngdat a,uti
li
zeDat aReader s.Av oidprocessi ntensiveoper ati
on
suchasnav igati
ngthroughl argedat aset s.

Dev
iceSpeci
fi
cs

Mobi l
edevicedesi
gnanddev elopmentisuni queduetot heconstrai
nedanddi f
fer
ing
natureofdevicehardware.Youmaybet argeti
ngmul ti
pledeviceswithver
ydi ffer
ent
hardwarepar ameter
s.Keept heheterogeneousdev i
ceenv ir
onmenti nmi ndwhen
designi
ngy ourmobi l
eappl i
cati
on.Fact orsincl
udev ariat
ionsinscr eensi zeand
ori
entati
on,li
mitat
ionsinmemor yandst oragespace,andnet workbandwi dthand
connecti
vit
y.Yourchoiceofamobi leoper ati
ngsy st
em wi l
lgeneral
lydependont he
tar
getdev i
cet y
pe.Considerthefol
lowinggui del
ineswhendet er
miningyourdev ice
str
ategy:

 Opt imi zet heappl icat ionf ort hedev icebyconsi der ingf actor ssuchasscr een
sizeandor i
ent ation,net wor kbandwi dth,memor yst oragespace,pr ocessor
per formance, andot herhar dwar ecapabi li
ti
es.
 Consi derdev ice- speci fi
c capabi l
iti
es t haty ou can use t o enhance y our
appl icationf unct i
onal i
tysuchasaccel eromet ers,gr aphi cspr ocessi nguni ts,
GPS,hapt i
c( touch,f orce,andv ibration)f eedback,compass,camer a,and
fi
nger printreader s.
 Ify ouar edev el opi ngf ormor et hanonedev ice,desi gnf irstf ort hesubsetof
funct ionalitythatexi stsonal loft hedev i
cesandt hencust omi zet hecodet o
det ectandusedev ice-speci fi
cf eatureswhent heyar eav ail
abl e.
 Consi derl i
mi tedmemor yr esour cesandopt imi zey ourappl icationt ouset he
mi nimum amountofmemor y.Whenmemor yi slow,t hesy stem mayr elease
cachedi ntermedi at el anguage( IL)codet or educei tsownmemor yf oot pri
nt,
retur nt ointerpr etedmode, andt hussl owov erallexecut i
on.
 Creat emodul arcodet oal low easymodul er emov alfrom execut abl es.This
cov er scaseswher esepar at esmal lerexecut ablef il
esar er equi redduet o
const rai
ntsi ndev icememor ysize.
 Consi der usi ng pr ogr ammi ng shor tcuts as opposed t of ollowi ng pur e
progr ammi ngpr act icest hatcani nflatecodesi zeandmemor yconsumpt i
on.
Forexampl e,exami net hecostofusi ngpur eobj ect -
orient edpr acticessuch
asabst ractbasecl assesandr epeat edobj ectencapsul ation.Consi derusi ng
l
azyi niti
alizationsot hatobj ectsar einst anti
at edonl ywhenr equi red.

Except
ionManagement
Designinganef fecti
veexcepti
onmanagementst rat
egyi simportantf
orthesecurit
y
andr el
i
abil
ityofy ourappl
icat
ion.Goodexceptionhandlinginyourmobileappl
icat
ion
prev
ent ssensi ti
veexception detai
l
sf rom being r
ev eal
ed tot heuser,improves
appl
ication robustness,and helps keep yourapplicati
on from remaini
ng in an
i
nconsistentst atewhenaner roroccurs.Considerthef oll
owingguideli
neswhen
desi
gningf orexceptionmanagement :

 Designy ourappli
cati
ont or ecovertoaknowngoodst at
eafteranexcept i
on
occurswi t
houtreveali
ngsensi ti
veinformati
ontotheenduser.
 Catchexcept i
onsonl yifyoucanhandl ethem,anddonotuseexcept i
onst o
controllogicfl
ow.Ensur et hatyoudesi gnagl obalerr
orhandlertocat ch
unhandledexceptions.
 Designanappr opriat
el oggingandnot i
fi
cat
ionstrat
egythatstor
essuf f
ici
ent
detai
lsaboutexcept i
ons,butbeari nmi ndmemor yandstor
agelimi
tati
onsof
mobi l
edev i
ces.Ensuret hatuserf ri
endlyexcept
ionmessagesar edispl
ay ed,
and thatt heydo notr evealsensi ti
veinformati
on forcri
ti
calerrors and
excepti
ons.

Loggi
ng

Because of t he l imited memor y available on mobi l

e dev i
ces,l ogging and
i
nst r
ument ati
onshoul dbel imitedt oonlyt hemostnecessar ycases;forexampl e,
attempt edi nt
rusi oni ntothedev ice.Whendev icesar edesignedt obeapar tofa
l
argeri nfrastr
uct ure,chooset ot r
ackmostdev i
ceact i
vityattheinfrast
ructurelevel.
Gener all
y,auditingi sconsi deredmostaut horit
ativ
ei ft
heaudi t
sar egeneratedatthe
preciset i
meofr esour ceaccess, andbyt hesamer out
inesthataccesst heresource.
Consi dert hefactt hatsomeoft hel ogsmi ghthav etobegener atedont hedev ice
andmustbesy nchr onizedwi tht heserverdur ingper i
odsofnet workconnect i
vi
t y.
Consi derthef oll
owi nggui deli
neswhendesi gni
ngl oggi
ng:

 ThereisnoEv entLogmechani sm i nWi ndowsMobi l

e.Consi derusi ngat hird-
partyloggi ngmechani sm t hatsuppor tst he.NETCompactFr amewor k,such
asOpenNet CF, NLog, orlog4Net.
 Ifyou car r youtext ensi
v el ogging on t hedev ice,consi derl ogging in an
abbreviat edorcompr essedf ormatt omi nimizememor yandst oragei mpact .
Alt
ernat i
v ely ,considerr emot eloggingi nsteadofloggingont hedev ice.
 Considerusi ngplatf ormf eaturessuchasheal t
hmoni tori
ngont heser ver, and
mobi l
edev iceser vicesont hedev i
ce,tologandaudi tev ents.Expl or
eaddi ng
remoteheal thmoni toringcapabi l
it
iesusingt heOpenMobi l
eAl li
anceDev i
ce
Management( OMADM)st andar d.
 Synchroni zebet weent hemobi ledat abasel ogsandt heser verdat abasel ogs
tomai nt ainaudi tcapabi lit
iesont heser v er
.Ifyouhav eanAct i
veDi rector y
i
nfrastruct ur e,consi derusi ngt heSy stem Cent erMobi l
eDev i
ceManagert o
extr
actl ogsf r
om mobi ledev i
ces
 Donotst oresensi tiveinformat ioni nlogandaudi tf i
lesunl essabsol ut ely
necessar y ,andensur ethatanysensi tiv
ei nformati
oni spr otectedt hrough
encryption.
 Decidewhatconst itutesunusualorsuspi ci
ousact i
vit
yonadev ice,andl og
i
nformat ionbasedont hesescenar i
os.
Por
ti
ngAppl
i
cat
ions

Devel
opersoft
enwantt oportpartoral
lofanex i
sti
ngapplicati
ontoamobi ledevi
ce.
Cert
aintypesofappl
icati
onswillbeeasiertoportt
hanot hers,anditi
sunl i
kel
ythat
youwillbeabl
etoportthecodedi r
ectl
ywi t
houtmodifi
cat
ion.Considerthefoll
owing
gui
deli
neswhendesigningtoportyourexisti
ngappl
icat
iont oamobiledevice:

 Ify ouar epor ting ar i

chcl ientappl icationf rom t hedeskt op,r ewritethe
appl i
cat ioni ni tsent ir
et y.Richclient sar er arelydesignedt osui tasmal l
screensi zeandl imi tedmemor yanddi skr esour ces.
 Ifyouar epor ti
ngaWebappl icati
ont oamobi ledev i
ce,considerr ewrit
ingthe
UIf ort hesmal l
erscr eensi ze.Also,consi dercommuni cati
onl imitati
onsand
i
nter f
acechat t
inessast hesecant ransl ateintoi ncreasedpowerusageand
connect ioncost sfort heuser .
 Ifyouar epor ti
ngaRI Acl i
ent,carr
youtr esearcht odiscoverwhi chcodewi ll
portwi t houtmodi fication.
 Resear chandut i
lizet ool st o assisti npor t
ing.Forexampl e,Jav a-t
o-C++
conv ertor sar eav ailable.Whenconv ert
ingf r
om Smar tphonet oPocketPC
code,Vi sualSt udioal l
owsy out ochanget het argetplatf
orm andpr ovi
des
war ningswheny ouar eusi ngSmar t
phone- specificfuncti
onali
ty.Youcanal so
l
inkVi sualSt udioDeskt opandMobi l
epr ojectst odiscoverwhati spor tabl
e
betweent hetwopr ojects.
 Donotassumet haty oucanpor tcust om cont r
olstoamobi l
eappl i
cati
on
withoutmodi fi
cation.Suppor tedAPI s,memor yf ootpri
nt,andUIbehav i
orare
dif
ferentonamobi l
edev ice.Testthecont rolsasear lyaspossi blesot hatyou
canpl ant orewr i
tet hem orf indanal ternat i
veifr equi
red.

PowerManagement

Poweri sthemaj orli

miti
ngdesi gnfactorformobi l
edevices.Al
ldesigndecisions
shouldtakeintoaccounthowmuchpowert hedeviceconsumes,andt hei
reff
ecton
overal
lbatter
ylif
e.Ifyouhaveachoi ce,consi
derdev i
cesthatcandrawpowerf rom
Univer
salSer ialBus ( USB) or ot her t
ypes of dat a connect
ions. Research
communi cati
on protocols and investi
gatet hei
rr elat
ive power consumpt i
on.
Considerthefoll
owingguidel
ineswhendesigningforpowerconsumpt i
on:

 Implementpowerpr ofil
es toi ncrease per formance when t he dev i
ce is
pluggedi ntoext er nalpowerandnotchar gingi tsbat ter
y.Al l
ow t heusert o
turnof ffeat uresoft hedev i
cewhennoti nuseorwhennotr equi
r ed.Common
exampl esar escr eenbackl ighti
ng,har ddri
v es,GPSf uncti
ons,speaker s,and
wirelesscommuni cations.
 Toc onser vebat ter ylife,donotupdat et heUIwhi letheappl icat
ioni srunning
i
nt hebackgr ound.
 Ch oosepr ot ocols,desi gnser vi
cei nterf
aces,andbat chcommuni cati
onsi n
suchawayast ot ransf erthesmal l
estnumberofby t
espossi bl
eov ert
heai r
.
Consi derbot h powerusage as wel las net wor k speed when choosi ng
communi cation met hods,and consi der def err
ing nonessent ialwi r
eless
communi cationsunt ilthedev iceisusingext ernalpower .
 Ify ou ar e consi der ing usi ng the 3G har dwar e communi cati
ons pr otocol
,
consi dert hatwhi lei ti ssignifi
cantl
yf aster
,ital socurrentlyusesmuchmor e
 powert
hanitspredecessor
s,suchast heEdgeprotocol
.Whenyouar
eusing
3G,be suret o communi catei n batched bur
sts and t
o shut down
communicat
ionatti
meswheni tisnotrequir
ed.

Sy
nchr
oni
zat
ion

Considerwhet hery ou wantt o suppor tov erthe ai rsynchr onizati

on,cr adled
synchronizat
ion,orbot h.Becausesy nchroni zati
onwi l
lof t
eni nvolvesensi ti
vedat a,
considerhow t osecur ey oursy nchronizationdat a,especial
lywhensy nchr oni
zing
overt he air.Desi gn yoursy nchronization t o handle connect ion int err
uptions
graceful
ly,ei
therbycancel ingt heoper ationorbyal lowingi ttor esumewhena
connection becomes av ail
able.Mer ge r epl i
cati
on allows bot h upl oad- only and
bidi
recti
onalsynchr oni
zationandi sagoodchoi cefori
nf r
astructuresut i
lizingnewer
versi
onsofSQLSer ver.Considert heMi crosof tSyncFramewor k,whi chcanpr ov i
de
robustsy nchronizati
on serv i
ces i n a wi de v ari
ety ofsi t
uat i
ons.Consi dert he
foll
owingguidelineswhendesi gni ngsynchr onizati
on:

 Ifyouruser swi llbesy nchr onizingwi t hahostcomput er,consi deri ncl

uding
cradledsy nchronizationi ny ourdesi gn.I fy ouruser smustsy nchr onizedata
whenawayf rom theof fice,consi derincl udingov ertheai rsy nchroni zat
ionin
yourdesi gn.
 Ensur ethatt heappl icat i
oncanr ecoverwhensy nchronizationi sresetorwhen
synchr onization i s i nterrupted, and deci de how y ou wi ll manage
synchr onizationconf licts.
 Ensur et hatsy nchr onizat i
on communi cat i
on i s protected,per haps usi ng
encr y
pt i
onanddi gitalcer ti
ficates,andusesecur echannel s.Beespeci all
y
suret o appl y appropr iate aut hentication and aut hori
zat i
on when usi ng
Bluetoot hsy nchronizat i
on.
 Ify oumustsuppor tbi direct i
onalsy nchr oni zati
ont oSQLSer v er,consider
using mer ge r eplication sy nchroniz ation. Remember t hat mer ge
synchr onizationwi llsy nchroni zeal loft hedat aint hemer geset ,whi chmay
requireaddi tionalnet wor kbandwi dthandcanadv er
selyaf fectper formance.
 Consi derst oreandf or war dsy nchr onizationusi ngWCFr at herthane- mailor
SMS ( textmessage) ,as WCF guar ant ees del i
ver y and wor ks wel lin
occasi onallyconnect edscenar ios.

Test
ing

Mobi leappli
cati
ondebuggingcanbemuchmor ecost l
yt handebuggingasi mil
ar
applicati
on on acomput er
.Consi derthisdebuggi ng costwhen deci di
ng which
devices,andhowmanydev i
ces,yourapplicat
ionwi l
lsupport.Alsokeepinmindthat
i
tcanbehar dertogetdebuginformationfrom t
hedev ice,andthatdevi
ceemul at
ors
donotal waysperfect
lysimulatethedev icehar dwareenv i
ronment.Considerthe
fol
lowi nggui
deli
neswhendesigningy ourdebuggingstrategy:

 Under st
andy ourdebuggingcost swhenchoosi ngwhi chdev icestosuppor t
.
Factorint oolssupport,thecostofi niti
al(andperhapsr eplacement)test
devices,andthecostofsof t
war e-baseddev i
ceemulators.
 I
fy ouhav eaccesst othephy sicaldeviceyouar et
argeting,debugy ourcode
ont heact ualdevicer at
hert hanusi ng anemul ator.Ift hedev icei snot
 avail
abl e,useanemul at
orfori nit
ialt esti
nganddebuggi ng.Consi derthatan
emul atormi ghtr uncodemor eslowl yt hantheactualdevice.
 Ass oonasy ouobt ainthephy sicaldev ice,switchtor unni ngcodeont he
deviceconnect edt oanor malcomput er.Testscenar i
oswher eyourdev i
cei s
full
y di sconnect ed f
rom any net wor k or connect i
on,i ncl
uding bei ng
disconnect edf rom acomput erdebuggi ngsession,andper formf i
naltesting
on y ourdev i
ce when notconnect ed to a comput er
.Add t empor ary or
permanentmechani smst odebugpr oblemsi nt hi
sscenar io.Considert he
needsofpeopl ewhowi l
lsuppor tthedev i
ce.
 Ifyouar eanOEM andy ourdev i
cehasnoty etbeencr eated,notet hatitis
possiblet odebugamobi l
epr ogram onadedi catedx86- basedWi ndowsCE
comput er.Consi dert
hisoptionunt ilyourdev i
ceisav ai
lable.

UserI
nter
face

Whendesi gningtheUIf oramobi leappli

cation,donott rytoadaptorreusetheUI
fr
om adeskt opapplicat
ion.Designyourdev i
ceUIsot hatiti
sassimpleaspossi bl
e
andtail
oredspecifi
call
yforpen-basedinputandl i
miteddat aentr
ycapabi
li
ti
eswher e
appr
opr i
ate.Considerthef actthatyourmobi l
eappl i
cati
onwi l
lruninfullscreen
modeandwi l
lonlybeabl et odispl
ayasi nglewindow atat i
me;and,theref
or e,
bl
ocking operati
onswi llpreventtheuserf rom interact
ing wit
htheappl i
cati
on.
Considerthefol
lowingguideli
neswhendesi gningtheUIf oryourmobi
leappli
cati
on:

 Designf orasi ngl

ewi ndow,f ul
lscr eenUI .Ify ourdev i
cewi llbeasi ngleuser
dev i
cer unningonlyt hemai nappl i
cat ion,consi derusi ngki oskmode.Keepi n
mindt hatWi ndowsMobi l
edoesnotsuppor taki oskmode, soy ouwi llneedt o
useWi ndowsCE.
 Takei nt
oaccountt hev ar
iousscr eensi zesandor ientationsofy ourt arget
dev i
ceswhendesi gningy ourappl icati
onUI .Al so,consi dert helimitati
ons
i
mposed byt hesmal lscreensi ze,l imited API ,and r educed r angeofUI
controlscompar edt odeskt openv i
r onment s.
 De si
gnf orusabili
tybysuppor ti
ngt ouchscr eenorst yl
us- drivenUI .Pl
acemenu
barsandot hercontrolsatthebot tom oft hescr een(expandi ngupwar dswhen
required)t opreventt heuser '
shandsf rom obscur ingt hedi splay.Suppor t
touchscr eeninputbymaki ngbut t
onsl argeenough,andl ayoutcont rolsso
thattheUIi susableusi ngaf ingerorst y
lusf orinput.
 Givet he userv i
suali ndi
cat i
on ofbl ocki ng oper ations;f orexampl e,an
hourglasscur sor.

Val
i
dat
ion

Usev al
idati
ont oprotectthedevi
ceandy ourappli
cat
ion,andtoimproveusabili
ty.
Vali
dati
ng inputv al
uesbef or
esubmi tt
ing t
hem to ar emoteservercan reduce
communi cati
on roundtri
ps and improvethe perf
ormance and usabil
i
ty oft he
appl
icati
on,especial
lyinoccasional
lyconnect
edordisconnectedscenar
ios.When
desi
gningv al
idat
ion,consi
derthefol
l
owingguidel
i
nes:

 Vali
date dat
ai nputbyt he userwher e possi
blet
o prev
entunnecessar
y
communi cat
ionandserverroundtr
ips.Thi
salsomakestheappl
i
cati
onmor e
responsi
vewhent heuserent
ersinvali
dval
ues.
  Validateal ldatar eceiveddur i
ngcommuni cati
onwi t
hahostcomput erand
duringov ertheai rcommuni cat
ion.
 Ensur ethaty oupr otecthardwareresour
ces, suchasthecamer aandiniti
ation
ofphonecal ls,byv ali
datingcodeandactionst hataut
omaticall
yini
ti
atet hese
features.
 Co nsidert heli
mi tedr esourcesandperformanceoft hedevicebydesi gning
effi
cientv ali
dationmechani smsthathav
et hemi nimum memor yfoot
print.

Technol
ogyConsi
der
ati
ons

Thef
oll
owi
ngguidel
inescontai
nsuggest
ionsandadv
icef
orcommonscenar
iosf
or
mobi
l
eappl
icat
ionsandtechnol
ogi
es.

Mi
crosof
tSi
l
ver
li
ghtf
orMobi
l
e

Attheti
meofr el
easeofthisgui
dance,Silv
erl
ightforMobi
lewasanannounced
pr
oductunderdevel
opmentbutnotr
eleased.Considert
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
i
nesifyou
ar
eusingSil
ver
li
ghtforMobi
le:

 Ifyouwantt obui l
dappl i
cationst hatsuppor trichmedi aandi nteractivit
yand
hav et heabi li
tyt or unonbot hamobi l
edev iceanddeskt op,consi derusi ng
Sil
v erl
ightf orMobi l
e.Si l
v er
li
ght2. 0codecr eatedt orunont hedeskt opi nthe
Sil
v erl
ight2. 0pl ug-inwi llruni ntheWi ndowsMobi l
eSi lver
lightpl ug-ini nthe
l
atestv ersionofMi cr osof tInternetExpl orer®f orMobi l
ebr owser .Consi der
thatwhi l
eitispossi blet ouset hesameSi l
ver l
ightcodeonbot hmobi l
edev i
ce
anddeskt op,y oushoul dt akei nto accountt hedi fferi
ngscr eensi zeand
resour ceconst raintsofamobi l
edev i
ce.Consi deropt i
mi zingt hecodef or
Wi ndowsMobi le.
 Ify ouwantt odev elopWebpagesf orbot hdeskt opandmobi lepl at f
orms,
consi derSi lver
lightf orMobi l
eornor malASP. NET/ HMTLi nsteadofusi ng
ASP. NETf orMobi l
e,unl essy ouknowt haty ourdev i
cecannotsuppor teit
her
alt
er native.Asdev i
cebr owser shav ebecomemor epower f
ul ,t
heyar eabl eto
processt hesamenat iveHTMLandASP. NETt argetedatt hedeskt op,t hus
maki ngASP. NETmobi le-specificdev elopmentl essi mpor t ant.ASP. NETf or
Mobi l
ecur rentl
ysuppor t
sav arietyofmobi l
edev icesthroughspeci f
icmar kup
adapt ersanddev icepr ofil
es.Whi leASP. NETf orMobi l
eaut omat ical
lyr enders
cont enttomat chdev i
cecapabi l
it
iesatr unt ime, thereisov er headassoci ated
witht esti
ngandmai nt aini
ngt hedev icepr ofil
es.Dev el
opmentsuppor tfor
thesecont rolsisi ncludedi nMi crosoftVi sual Studio2003and2005, buti snot
i
ncl udedi nVi sualSt udi o2008.Run- ti
mesuppor ti scurrentl
yst il
lav ailablebut
maybedi scont i
nuedi nt hef uture.
 .NETCompactFr amewor k

Consi
derthef
oll
owi
nggui
del
i
nesi
fyouar
eusi
ngt
heMi
crosof
t.NET Compact
Fr
amework:

 Ifyouaref
amili
arwi t
htheMicrosoft.NETFramewor kandaredevel
opingf
or
boththedeskt
opandmobi l
eplatformsconcurrent
ly,consi
dert
hatthe.NET
CompactFramewor kisasubsetoft he.NETFramewor kclassl
i
brary
.Ital
so
contai
nssomecl assesexcl
usi
v el
ydesignedforWi ndowsMobile.The.NET
 Compact Fr amework suppor t
s onl yt he Mi crosoft VisualBasi c® and
MicrosoftVisualC#®dev elopmentsy st
ems.
 Ifyouhav eissuestraci
ngi nt
oasubsetofWi ndowsMobi l
ecodewi t
hthe
VisualSt udi
o debugger ,consi dert haty ou mi ghtr equi
re mul t
ipl
e debug
sessions.Forexampl e,i
fy ouhav ebothnativeandmanagedcodei nthesame
debug sessi on,VisualSt udio mi ghtnotf ol
low t he session across t
he
boundary.Int hi
scase,youwi l
lrequir
etwoi nstancesofVi sualStudiorunni
ng
andy oumustt r
ackthecont extbetweenthem manual ly.

Wi
ndowsMobi
l
e

Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
nggener
algui
del
i
nesf
orWi
ndowsMobi
l
eappl
i
cat
ions:

 Ify ouar et arget inganappl i

cat i
onf orbot hWi ndowsMobi l
ePr ofessi onaland
Wi ndows Mobi l
e St andar d edi t
ions,consi dert hatt he Wi ndows Mobi l
e
secur i
tymodelv ar i
esont hedi ff
er entv er sionsofWi ndowsMobi le.Codet hat
wor ksononepl atform mi ghtnotwor kont heot herbecauseoft hedi ffering
secur i
tymodel sf orAPI s.Checkt heWi ndowsMobi l
edocument at i
onf ory our
dev iceandv er si
on.Al soseet he“ Addi tionalResour ces”sect ionatt heendof
thischapt er .
 Ify ouwi llhav et omanagey ourappl i
cat ioni nt hef ut ur eorar eupgr adingan
exist i
ng appl icat ion,be sur et haty ou under st and t he Wi ndows Mobi l
e
oper at i
ngsy st em der ivation,pr oductnami ng,andv er sioni ngt ree.Ther ear e
slightdi fferencesbet weeneachv ersiont hatcoul dpot ent i
allyi mpacty our
appl ication.
o Wi ndowsMobi leisder i
v edf rom r el easesoft heWi ndowsCEoper ating
syst em.
o Bo thWi ndowsMobi l
ev ersion5. xand6. xar ebasedonWi ndowsCE
versi on5. x.
o Wi ndows Mobi le Pocket PC was r enamed Wi ndows Mobi l
e
Prof essi onal star t
ingwi thWi ndowsMobi l
e6. 0.
o Wi ndowsMobi leSmar t phonewasr enamedWi ndowsMobi leSt andar d
star t
ingwi thWi ndowsMobi le6.0.
o Wi ndows Mobi le Pr of essi onaland Wi ndows Mobi le St andar d hav e
sli
ghtdi f
fer encesi nt hei rAPI s.Forexampl e,t heWi ndowsMobi l
e
Standar d( Smar tphone)l acksaBut toncl assi ni tsCompactFr amewor k
i
mpl ement at i
onbecausesof tkeysar eusedf ordat aent ryinst ead.
 Alway suset heWi ndowsMobi leAPI st oaccessmemor yandf i
lest ructures.
Do notaccesst hem di rect lyaf tery ou hav eobt ained ahandl et o either
struct ure.Wi ndowsCEv ersion6. x( andt hust henextr eleaseofWi ndows
Mobi le)usesav ir
tual i
zedmemor ymodelandadi ffer entpr ocessexecut ion
model thanpr eviousv er sions.Thi smeanst hatst ruct ur essuchasf i
lehandl es
andpoi ntersmaynol ongerbeact ualphy sicalpoi nt erst omemor y.Wi ndows
Mobi lepr ogr amst hatr eliedont hi si mpl ement ationdet ailinv ersions6. xand
bef orewi l
l fail whenmov edt ot henextv er sionofWi ndowsMobi le.
 Th eMobi l
eDev iceManager( MDM)i sapossi bl esol utionf oraut hor
izing,
tracki ng,andcol lectingl ogsf rom mobi ledev ices,assumi ngt haty ouhav ean
Act ive Di rect or yi nfrast r
uct ur e.As wel las Wi ndows Mobi le 6. 1 on t he
manageddev ices,MDM al so r equi r
esanumberofot herpr oduct st o be
i
nst al l
edont heser veri nor dert of unct ionf ully,incl udi ng:
 o WindowsMobi le6.1ondev i
ces
o WindowsSer v
erUpdat eServi
ce( WSUS)3.
0
o WindowsMobi leDev i
ceManagementSer v
er
o Enroll
mentSer ver
o GatewaySer ver
o Acti
veDi rect
oryaspar tofWindowsServer
o SQLSer ver2005orabov e
o MicrosoftCerti
ficateAuthor
it
y
o I
nternetInfor
mat i
onServer(
IIS)6.
0
o .
NETFr amewor k2.0orabov e

Wi
ndowsEmbedded

Considerthe f
oll
owi
ng gui
del
i
nes i
fyou ar
e choosi
ng a Wi
ndows Embedded
technol
ogy
:

 Ifyouaredesi gningf orasett opboxorot herl argerfoot

pr i
ntdev i
ce,consi der
usingWi ndowsEmbeddedSt andard.
 Ifyouar edesigningf orapoi ntofser vicedev icesuchasanaut omat edt ell
er
machine( ATMs,cust omer -
facingkiosks,orsel fcheckoutsy stems),consi der
usingWi ndowsEmbeddedf orPointofSer vice.
 Ifyouar edesi gningf oraGPS- enabl eddev i
ceoradev icewi thnav igation
capabil
iti
es,consi der using Mi crosof t Windows Embedded Nav Ready ™
software.Not ethatWi ndowsEmbeddedNav Ready2009i sbuiltonWi ndows
Mobi l
e5. 0,whil
eWi ndowsMobi l
ev ersion6.1i susedi nthelatestversionsf or
WindowsMobi l
eSt andardandPr ofessional.Ify ouaret argeti
ngacommon
codebasef orNav Readyandot herWi ndowsMobi ledevi
ces,besur et ov erif
y
thatyouar eusingAPI savail
ableonbot hplatforms.

Depl
oymentConsi
der
ati
ons

Mobi l
eappl icati
onscanbedepl oy
edusi ngmanydi ff
erentmethods.Considerthe
requir
ement sofy ouruser
s,aswellashow youwi l
lmanaget heappli
cati
on,when
designi
ng f ordepl oyment
.Ensuret hatyou design to al
low f
ortheappr opri
ate
management ,admini
str
ati
on,andsecurit
yforappl i
cati
ondeployment.Depl
oy ment
scenariosf orWi ndowsMobi l
edeviceappli
cations,withthemor ecommonones
l
istedfirst
,are:

 MicrosoftExchangeAct i
veSync® t
echnol
ogyusingaWi ndowsI nstal
lerf
il
e
(MSI).
 Overt he air ,usi
ng HTTP,SMS,orCAB f i
les to provi
de instal
land run
functi
onal i
ty.
 MobileDev i
ceManager —based,usi
ngActi
veDi r
ectorytoloadfrom aCABor
MSIf i
le.
 Postloadandaut orun,whi
chloadsacompany-specif
icpackageaspar toft
he
operatingsy stem.
 Sit
eloadi ng,manuallyusi
nganSDcar d.

Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
i
neswhendesi
gni
ngy
ourdepl
oymentst
rat
egy
:
  Ifyouruser smustbeabl et oinstallandupdat eappl i
cat
ionswhi leawayf r
om
theof f
ice,considerdesi gningforov ertheairdepl oyment.
 Ifyouar eusingCABf il
edi st
r i
butionformul tipledevices,includemul ti
ple
deviceexecut ablesi ntheCABf il
e.Hav ethedev icedet
ectwhi chexecutable
toinstall
,anddi scar dtherest.
 Ify ourappl i
cation r eli
es heav il
y on a hostcomput er
,consi derusi ng
ActiveSynctodepl oyy ourapplicati
on.
 Ifyouar edeploy ingabasel i
neexper i
encerunningont opofWi ndowsMobi le,
considering using t he post-l
oad mechani sm t o automat icall
yl oad your
applicati
onimmedi atel
yaftertheWi ndowsMobi leoperatingsy stem star
tsup.
 Ifyourappl i
cati
onwi l
lber unonlyataspeci ficsite,andy ouwantt omanual l
y
controldistr
ibution, consi
derdepl oymentusi nganSDmemor ycar d.

Li
mit
ati
onsWhenDesi
gni
ngForMobi
l
e

1)Nohoverstat
e-Onsmar t
phonest
her
e’snohov erst
ate( notyetany
way
s).On
mobi
l
e,anyi
nformat
ionorf
eatur
emustbeaccessedinei
theroftwoways:

 Visible–t hecont entorfeat

ureisaccessiblefrom vi
sualmeans.Itmaybe
nest ed in sub-sect i
ons orchil
d pages,butt he contentis nonet
hel
ess
accessedf rom visibl
enavi
gati
onalelementssuchasbut t
onsorli
nks.
 Co nv enti
on–byr ely
ingonmobiledesignconv ent
ionsyoumayhi decont
ent
andonl ydi spl
ayi twhentheuserempl oycertaingestur
essuchasswi peor
shake, orwhent heuserdragscontentaroundsuchaspul l
-t
o-r
efr
esh.

2)Sl
owander
ror
-pr
onet
ypi
ng

3)Lesscont
ext

4)I
naccur
atecl
i
cks

5)Poorconnect
ivi
ty

6)Sl
owhar
dwar
e

7)Usagesi
tuat
ion(
traf
fi
c,
speakerannouncementar
ea)

USERI
NTERFACESFORMOBI
LEAPPLI
CATI
ONS

UserI
nter
facedesignf orMobil
edev i
ces
Agenda
◦ Userint
erfacedesignformobiledev
ices
◦ Securi
tyconsiderat
ionsfordevel
opi
ngappl
i
cat
ionsf
ormobi
l
edev
ices
Useri
nter
facedesignformobi l
edev i
ces

Obj
ect
ives:

◦ Expl
ainwhyUIdesi gnisimport
antwhendevel
opi
ngappl
icat
ionsf or
mobiledevi
ces.
◦ Li
stthehigh-
lev
elbestpr
acti
cesfordesi
gni
ngaUIf
ormobi
l
edev ices.
 ◦ Descri
betheelementsthatyoucanusetodesignaUIf
ormobi l
e
devi
ces.
◦ Expl
ainhowtocreat
eUIelement
stodesi
gnaUIf
ormobi
l
edevi
ces.

Thei
mpor
tanceofUIdesi
gnf
ormobi
l
edevi
ces
Thei
mpor
tanceofUIdesi
gnf
ormobi
l
eappl
icat
ions

Mobi
l
edev
iceshav
ethef
oll
owi
ngl
i
mit
ati
ons:

◦ Smal
l
erscr
eensi
ze
◦ Smal
l
erkey
board

Mobi
l
edev
iceuser
s:

◦ Expectt
ofi
ndr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ionqui
ckl
yandeasi
l
y

Thei
mpor
tanceofUIdesi
gnf
ormobi
l
eappl
i
cat
ions

Bestpr
act
ices:

◦ Keepy ourappli
cati
onconsistentwi t
hother
s,totakeadvant
ageofuser
experience.
◦ Stayf ocusedont heusers’i
mmedi at
etask.
◦ Displayonl ytheinfor
mat i
onandmenuact ionsthatusersneedatthe
moment .
◦ Minimi zethenumberofst epsr equir
edtocompleteatask.
◦ All
owuser stochanget hei
rmi ndsandundocommands.
◦ Displayi nf
ormationinawayt hatmakesef f
ecti
veuseoft hesmall
screen.

I
nputmet
hods

Touchscr
een:

◦ User
sinter
actwi t
hthesmar t
phonebyt ouchi
ngthescreen.
◦ Shor
tcutbarsappearatthebottom ofmostscreens.
◦ User
scant ypetextonav i
rt
ualkeyboar
d.
◦ User
scan v i
ew appli
cati
on screensin port
rai
tmodeorl andscape
mode.

I
nputmet
hods

Key
boar
d:

◦ smart
phoneshav
eei theraQWERTYkey boar
dorSureType®key
boar
d.
◦ TheQWERTY key boardusest hesamel ayoutasstandar
ddeskt
op
key
boards.
◦ TheSureTy
pekeyboar dcont
ainsmul
ti
plelet
ter
soneachkey.
 I
nputmethods
◦ SureTy
pemul t
i-
tapinputmet hod
Userspressal ett
erkeyoncet otypethefirstletteronthekey
andtwicetotypethesecondl et
ter
.
Example:totyper un,presstheERkeyt wice,t heUIkeyonce,
andtheBNkeyt wi
ce.
◦ SureTy
petechnologycanpr edi
ctwordsasuserstypet hem.
Example:totyperun,presstheERkeyonce, theUIkeyonce,the
BN key once; t he t echnol
ogy presents possi bl
e lett
er
combinati
ons.
UIhi
erar
chy

TheUIi
sat
hree-
lev
elhi
erar
chy
.

Scr
eencl
ass:
net
.r
im.
dev
ice.
api
.ui
.
Scr
een

◦ Managercl
assnet
.r
im.
device.api.
ui.
Manager
◦ Fi
eldcl
assnet
.r
im.
devi
ce.
api.ui.
component

UIhierar
chy
◦ TheScr eencl asspr ovides
Standar dscr eenl ay out
Defaultmenu
Standar dbehav i
orf oruseri nput
◦ Thesmar t
phonedi splay sscr eens
Oneatat ime
Bypushi ngandpoppi ngt hem offoft hedispl
aystack
UIhierar
chy
◦ TheManagercl asspr ov idest heabi li
tytoar rangecomponentsona
smar t
phonescr eeni nst andar dway s.
◦ Amanagerspeci fi
es
Locat i
onandl ayoutoff ieldsitcontains
Scrolli
ng
Focuschangebet weenf ields
◦ Ev eryscreenmustcont ainatl eastonemanager .
UIhierar
chy
◦ TheFi eld classpr ovidest hef undament alfuncti
onali
tyforallfiel
d
component s.
◦ Af iel
di sar ectangul arregi onthatdi spl
aysout puttoauser.
◦ Af iel
dcanal sohandl einput .
◦ Fieldcomponent spr ov i
dest andar dUIel ementsfordatesel ect
ion,
opti
ons, checkboxes, lists, t
extf i
elds,l
abels,andprogressbarcontr
ols.
Screens

Scr
eenobj
ect
s:

◦ TheScr
eenobjectisthemainst
ruct
ureforasmar
tphoneUI
.
◦ TheUIAPI
sini
tial
izesimpl
eScreenobj
ects.
◦ Youcanaddfi
eldsandamenut oascreen.
 ◦ Di
spl
ayt
hescr
eenbypushi
ngi
tont
otheUIst
ack.

Scr
eens

Tocr
eat
eascr
een,
dot
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.I
mpor tthefoll
owingclasses
net.
ri
m.device.
api.
ui.
Screen
net.
ri
m.device.
api.
ui.
contai
ner
.Ful
l
Screen
net.
ri
m.device.
api.
ui.
contai
ner
.MainScr
een
2.Ext
end t he Screen cl
ass orone ofi ts subcl
asses,Ful
l
Scr
een or
MainScreen.

Scr
eens

Ot
herscr
eenconsi
der
ati
onsi
ncl
ude:

◦ Applicat
ionscreens
◦ Dial
ogboxes
◦ Progressindi
cators
◦ Menus
◦ Screens

Appl
i
cat
ionscr
een:

◦ Thesmar tphonecanhav emul t

ipl
eappli
cat
ionsopenatonce,but
userscanonl
yv i
ewonescr eenatati
me.
◦ I
fmul t
ipl
escreensareopen, t
hesmartphoneorganizest
hescr
eensi
n
astack.
◦ Thescreenatthetopofthestacki
stheacti
vescreen.

Scr
eens

Appl
i
cat
ionscr
eenel
ement
s:

◦ Thet i
tlebarappearsatthet opofthescr een.
◦ Scrollbarsal
lowuser stoviewcont entthatextendsbeyondtheviewing
area.
◦ Thecont extmenucont ainsal i
stofav ai
lableacti
onswithi
nthecurrent
context.
◦ Thef ullmenucontainsallt
heav ai
lableactionsfortheappl
icat
ion.

Scr
eens

Di
alogboxes:

◦ Pr
omptuser sf
orinformati
onthatt
heappl
i
cati
onrequi
restocomplete
auser
-i
nit
iat
edtask.
◦ I
nfor
m usersofurgentinf
ormati
onort
hest
atusofi
mpor t
antact
ions.
 ◦ Warn user
s ofunexpect
ed orpot
ent
ial
l
ydest
ruct
ive condi
ti
ons or
si
tuat
ions.

Scr
eens

Pr
ogr
essi
ndi
cat
ors:

◦ I
ndi
cat
et hestatusofanoper ati
on
Def i
nit
epr ogressindi
cators—hori
zont
albarf
il
lsf
rom l
eftt
ori
ght
asanoper ati
onpr ogr
esses.
Indefi
nitepr ogressindi
cators—useamessageorgr aphi
cthat
doesnoti ndicatepercentcompleteorti
meremaini
ng.

Scr
eens

Menus:

◦ Youcancreatea
Ful
lmenu, whichi
ncl
udesal
ltheact
ionsthatuserscanperf
orm
i
ntheapplicati
on
Contextmenu,orshor
tmenu,whichcont
ainsal istoft
hemost
commonav ail
abl
eacti
onsthatuserscanper form wi
thi
nt he
cur
rentcontext

Manager
s

Manager
sincl
ude:

◦ Hori
zont alFiel
dManager
◦ Ver
ticalFieldManager
◦ Fl
owFi eldManager
◦ Di
alogFieldManager

Hor
izont
alFi
eldManager
:

◦ Lay
soutfiel
dsfr
om lef
ttori
ghtinasi nglerow
◦ Canprov
idehor
izont
alscrol
li
ngforfieldsthatdonotfi
tonthescreen
◦ Canprov
idever
ti
calscrol
l
ingforfi
eldst hatar
etal
lert
hanthescreen
◦ Manager
s

Ver
ti
cal
Fiel
dManager
:

◦ Lay
soutf
iel
dsi
nasi nglever
ti
calr
ow
◦ Canpr
ovi
dever
ti
calscroll
i
ngforfi
eldsthatdonotf
itont
hescreen
◦ Canpr
ovi
dehor
izont
al scr
oll
i
ngforfiel
dsthatar
ewidert
hanscreen

Fl
owFi
eldManager
:

◦ Lay
soutf
iel
dsi
nahor
izont
al,t
henv
ert
icalf
low.Fi
eldsar
eposi
ti
oned
 fr
om leftt
oright
◦ Placesanyfiel
dsthatdonotfi
tintheall
ottedhor
izont
alspaceont
he
nextli
nebelow,begi
nni
ngfrom t
helef
t
◦ Supportsbothhori
zont
alandver
ti
calscr
oll
ing

Di
alogFi
eldManager
:

◦ Handlesani con,amessage, andaspecial

ar ea,whi
chcanholdal i
stof
user
-speci
fiedcust om f
ields.
◦ UsesaVer t
icalFiel
dManagert ol
ayoutthefieldsint
heuserarea.
◦ AVer t
ical
FieldManagerl aysoutitsiconint hetoplef
tcorner,andits
messagelabel inthetopl ef
tcorner
.

Nest
edmanager
s:

◦ ManagersareanextensionoftheFiel
dcl
ass.
◦ I
fyounestonemanageri ntoanot
hermanager,youcancreat
ev ar
ious
f
iel
dlayout
sont hescreen.
◦ I
fyouselectmanagerst hatenabl
escrol
li
ng,youcanalsocontr
olhow
auseri
nteract
swiththef i
eldsont
hescreen.

Fi
elds

Fi
eldspr
ovi
dest
andar
dUIel
ement
sforcont
rol
s:

◦ Butt
ons
◦ Checkboxes
◦ Drop-downl i
sts
◦ Li
stboxes
◦ Opti
onbut tons
◦ Textfiel
ds
◦ Searchfiel
ds
◦ Treev i
ews

TOUCHEVENTSANDGESTURES

Why? .
..
Oneoft hemostimpor tantpar
tsofcreatinganef
fect
iveandi ntui
tiv
euser
i
nterfaceontouch-enabledsmartphoneshasnothi
ngt odowi thvisual
appearance—inst
ead, i
thastodowi thcreati
nganint
erfacethatproperl
y
respondstouserinputbasedont ouch.ForWebapplicati
ons,thismeans
repl
acingmouseev ent
swi t
htouchev ent
s

Touches

Keepi
ngtrackofhowmanyf
inger
sar
eont
hescr
een,
wher
etheyar
e,and
whatthey
’redoi
ng.

Gest
ures
 Det
ermini
ngwhatt
heuserisactual
lydoingwhentheyar
einter
acti
ngwi
ththe
dev
iceatahi
gherl
evel
:pi
nching,r
otat
ing,swi
ping,
doubl
e-t
apping,
andsoon.

Touches
Howi
twor
ks?

Wheny ouputaf ingerdownont hescreen,itki

cksoffthel
ifecycl
eoftouch
events.Eacht imeanewf ingertouchesthescreen,anewt ouchst
artevent
happens.
Aseachf ingerlif
tsup, atouchendev enthappens.
If,
aftertouchi ngthescr een,youmov eanyofy ourfi
ngers
around, t
ouchmov eeventshappen.
Iftoomanyf ingersar eont hescreen,oranotheract
ionint
erfer
eswiththe
touch,at ouchcancel eventhappens.

Ty
pesofTouchEv
ent
s

touchstar
t:Occur swhenafingerisplacedont hescr
een
touchend:Occur swhenaf i
ngerisremov edfrom t
hescreen
touchmov e:Occur swhenafingeral
readyplacedonthescreeni
smoved
acrossthescr een
touchcancel:Occur swhenatouchiscancelledbefor
ethefi
ngeri
sact
ual
ly
remov edfrom thescreen

Di
ff
erencebet
weenTouchev
entandaMouseev
ent

withamouse, youhav eonlyonepointofcont act,t

hecur sor
Withamul t
i-t
ouchdev i
ce,though,youcoul d(f
orexampl e)keeptwof i
ngers
helddownont heleftofthescreenwhi l
ey outaptherightsideofthescreen,
andallthr
eepointsareregister
ed.
Inordertoprovi
deinformationaboutalltouchpointsatonce
EveryTouchEventobjecthasapr opert
ycont aini
nginf
ormat ionaboutevery
fi
ngerthat’
scurrent
lytouchingthescreen

TwoPr
oper
ti
es

Contai
nsali
stofi
nfor
mati
onforf
inger
sthator
igi
natedfr
om thecur
rent
tar
getnode
Contai
nsonl
ythei
nformat
ionf
orfi
ngerst
hatareassoci
atedwit
hthecurr
ent
event.

Li
sts

touches:Al i
stofinformati
onf oreveryfi
ngercurrentl
ytouchi
ngthescreen
targetTouches:Liketouches,butisfil
ter
edt oonlytheinf
ormati
onforfi
nger
touchest hatstar
tedoutwi t
hinthesamenode
changedTouches:Al i
stofinformationforeveryfi
ngerthathaschangedstate
duet otheev ent
Wheny ouputonef ingerdown, al
lthreeli
stswill
providethesameinfor
mat i
on.
 Wheny ouputasecondf ingerdown, toucheswi l
lcont aintwoi tems,onef or
eachf i
nger .targetToucheswi l
lhav et woi temsonl yifthesecondf i
ngerwas
placedint hesamenodeast hefirstfinger( otherwisei twillonlycont ai
nt he
secondf inger )
.changedToucheswi llonlyhav einformat ionr elatedtothe
secondf inger ,
becausei t’
swhatt r
igger edt heevent .
Ifyouputt wof i
nger sdownatexact lyt hesamet i
me, youwi llgettwoi t
emsi n
changedTouches, onef oreachf ingert hatt ri
ggeredt heev ent .
Ifyoumov ey ourf i
nger s,theonlylistt hatwi l
lchangei schangedTouches.I t
willcontaininformat ionaboutt hef ingerorf i
ngerst hatmov ed.
Wheny oul i
ftaf inger,itwill
beremov edf r
om t ouchesandt ar getTouches, and
willappeari nchangedTouches, sincei t’swhatcausedt heev ent .
Remov ingy ourl astfingerwi l
ll
eav et ouchesandt argetTouchesempt y,and
changedToucheswi l
l contai
ninfor mat ionaboutt hel astfinger .

Gest
ures

Gest
ureeventoccursanyt
imetwoormor ef
inger
saretouchingt
hescr
een.I
f
anyf
ingerl
andsi nanodeyouar
eli
steni
ngforgest
ureeventson
gest
urestart
gest
urechange
gest
ureend

y
ou’
l
lrecei
vet
hecor
respondi
nggest
ureev
ent
s.

Gest
ureev
ent
spr
ovi
deaGest
ureEv
entobj
ectwi
tht
hesepr
oper
ti
es:

rotati
on: Theamountt heuserhasr otat
edt heirfingers,indegr
ees.
scale:Amul ti
pli
erindicati
ngtheamountt heuserhaspi nchedorpushedt hei
r
fi
ngers, wher enumber slargerthan1indicateapush, andnumber ssmaller
than1i ndicateapi nch.
Whenl isteningforbot hgestureeventsandt ouchev ents,t
heeventpatt
ern
l
ooksl ikethis:
touchstartforfinger1.
gesturestartwhent hesecondf i
ngertouchest hesurface.
touchstartforfinger2.
gesturechangesentev er
ytimebot hfi
nger smov ewhiletouchi
ngthesurface.
gestureendwhent hesecondf i
ngerleavest hesur f
ace.
touchendf orf i
nger2.
touchendf orf i
nger1.

ACHI
EVI
NGQUALI
TYCONSTRAI
NTS

Whati
sQual
i
tyi
nmobi
l
eappl
i
cat
ion?

Qualit
yofmobi leappli
cati
ondependuponperf
ormance,usabi
l
ity
,
securi
ty,av
ailabil
it
yandmodi fi
abi
l
ity
.
Ifyourappl
icationsati
sfi
esallt
heparamet
erstheni
tissai
dasquali
ty
mobi l
eappli
cationthateveryonel
ovestouse.
 I
foneimpl
emental
lthi
spar
amet
erst
henappbecomedai
l
yhabi
tof
user
s.

PERFORMANCE
Theaccompli
shmentofagiv
entaskmeasur
edagai
nstpr
esetknownst
andar
dsofaccur
acy
,
complet
eness,
cost
,andspeed.

Perf
ormanceinapp
Perf
ormanceofappplaysimport
antroleinget ti
ng5starrati
nginal
l
market
placesl
ikepl
ayst
ore,appstor
eorwi ndowsst or
e.
I
fappli
cati
ontakesmorethen10secondst oloadthenitwil
lnotbeusedby
user
s.
I
fappli
cati
ontakest
oolongt i
metoprocessdat athenitwil
lnotbeusedby
user
s.
I
fappli
cati
ontakest
oolongt i
metoswi tchbet weenscreenstheni
twill
notbe
usedbyusers.
Theperf
ormanceofappisimportantfactorwhi chdeci
desthesuccessofapp.

Howt
oachi
eveper
for
mance?

Under
standy
ourt
argetdev
ice.

Mostdev el
oper sf
orgetaboutdevi
ce,theycl assif
ydevicebasedon
operat
ingsystem, butf
orgetaboutconfi
gur ationofdevices.
Alwaysclassif
ydev i
cesbasedonspeci f
icationsheet.
Trydevel
opingappsbasedonl owspecificationmobilewhi chwi
l
l
automati
callyruninall
mobiles.

Howt
oachi
eveper
for
mance?

Under
standy
ourt
ool
s

Trytounderstandthet
oolst
hatisusedt
odevel
opthemobil
eapp.
Bett
erunderstandi
ngoftool
shelpstomakei
mportantar
chi
tect
ural
desi
gn.
Ex–Under standi
ngaboutphonegaphel
pstodevel
opappformulti
ple
pl
atfor
ms.

Howt
oachi
eveper
for
mance?

Under
standcor
econcept
soft
hel
anguageusedt
obui
l
dapp

Under
standingcoreprogr
ammi nglanguageusedtodevel
opappwi
l
l
hel
ptoav oi
dper f
ormanceissues.
Ex–Aext rastr
ingcomparisoninj
scriptwi
ll
surel
yreducethe
per
for
mance.

Under
standt
hel
i
brar
y.

Tr
ytounder
standt
hel
i
brar
yusedi
ntool
s.I
fyousi
mpl
ycal
lat
hir
d
 part
ymet hodsforsimpl
eoperati
ont
henitwi
ll
incr
easebat
ter
yusage
andreducetheperformance.
Alwaysusestandardcodesforsi
mpl
etask.

USABI
LITY-

Usabi
l
ityi
stheeaseofuseandl
ear
nabi
l
ityofahuman-
madeobj
ectsuchas
atool
ordevice.

Usabil
ity
-i
sthedegreetowhichasoftwarecanbeusedbyspecifi
ed
consumer st
oachievequant
ifi
edobject
iveswit
heff
ecti
veness,
effi
ciency
,and
sati
sfacti
oninaquanti
fi
edcontextofuse.

Howt
oimpr
oveusabi
l
ity
?

Usabil
ityenablest heuserstoeasilynavi
gatebetweendi f
ferentpartsoft
he
app.
Thepr operl
inkst ov ar
iouspart
sofapphel pstoimpr ovetheusabi l
i
tyofapp.
Ex–I ftheuserr eachesendofsi nglescr
eenthenpl aci
ngt opbuttonornext
butt
onhel pstonav i
gatetotopofpageornextscr een.
Thebestusabi li
typracticehel
pst oacqui
remor ecustomer stoapp.

Howt
oimpr
oveusabi
l
ity
?

The10mustt
odot
hingsf
ori
mpr
ovi
ngusabi
l
ityar
e

Useat askbaseddesign
Addast ickymenuwithsearchopt
ion
Nodi v
idersneeded
Useshor tforms
Toneitdown
Butt
onhi tareas
Don’tuset oomanyfontsi
zes
Opti
mi zeforspeed
Swit
cht odesktopsit
eandback
TestyourMobi l
eUXagainandagain

Useat
askbaseddesi
gn

Alwaysdesi
gnappbasedonuserneeds.Theappuser
sopensy our
apptodosomet askonthego.
Thehomescr eenshoul
dprov
ideopt
iontodotaskt
hatuserwanttodo
i
ny ourapp.

Addast
ickymenuwi
thasear
chopt
ion

User
sal
wayswantmenuwi
thsearchopt
ioninal
lplaces.
Pl
aceasti
ckymenut
hatwi
l
lautomati
cal
lyfi
tsdur
ingpagenav
igat
ion.
NoDi
vi
der
sneeded

Don’tusediv
ider
swhichaddsl
ineinUXwhichcreat
esnegat
ive
experi
ence.
Placeelementsi
ngoodorderi
nsteadofdi
vi
der
.

Useshor
tfor
ms

Thesizeofanydataent
ryform shoul
dbel i
mitedt o3to4el ements.I
f
i
tslongli
kedesktopsi
tethenusernavi
gatetoot herapp.
Ex:Ifauserwrongl
yenterspasswordtheninsteadofloadinganew
for
mt ocreat
eauserjustchangethebuttontor egi
sterandcreat
euser
wit
hmi ni
maldata.

Tonei
tdown

Themi
nimal
useofcol
orswi
l
lcr
eateposi
ti
veUX.
Themul
ti
col
orUXconf
usest
heuser.

But
tonhi
tar
eas

Mostuser scli
ckbutt
onsusi ngthumbs,sopl
acethebuttonthati
s
easil
yaccessibl
eusingt humb.
Don’tusetoomanyf ontsi zes
Duet oli
mitat
ioninscreensi zeusingtwodi
ff
erentf
ontsizecreat
es
posit
iveuserexperi
ence.
Ifyouusemor enumberoff ontsizetheni
tmessupt hescreenwhich
giv
esnegat i
veuserexp.
Optimizeforspeed
Theimagepl aysimportantr ol
einspeedofapp.
Theopt i
mizedimagesi ncreasetheappspeed.

Swi
tcht
odeskt
opsi
teandback

All
owi
ngusert
oswit
chbet
weendeskt
opsit
eandmobil
eappi
sver
y
i
mport
ant.
Someuser
salway
swanttodosometasksi
ndeskt
opsi
te

Testy
ourMobi
l
eUXagai
nandagai
n

Testi
ngMobil
eUXisimpor
tantf
act
orwhi
chhel
pst
oident
if
yal
lnegat
ive
fact
orsofmobil
eapp.

I
foneconsideral
lthesest
andar
dswhi
l
edesi
gni
ngappt
henuserwi
l
lget
posi
ti
veuserexper
ience.

SECURITY-Itist
hedegr
eeofresi
stanceto,
orpr
otecti
onfrom,harm.I
tappl
ies
toanyvulnerabl
eandval
uabl
easset,suchasaperson,dwel
li
ng,communit
y,
i
tem,..
..
Howt oprotectappfrom hacker s
Prot
ecti
ngappi simportantbecausecust omerspr
ovidingconf
ident
ial
dat
ato
usbasedont rust.
I
fwedon’ tprovi
desecurit
yt henconfident
ial
datawil
lbehackedbyhackers.
I
fuserknowsappi snotsecur edthenheorshemaynotuseapp.
Youhavet oensuresecurit
ybyav oi
dingcommonmi stakes.
Sowhatar eallt
hecommonmi st
akes?
Howt oprotectappfrom hacker s

Tr
ust
ingbui
l
dinpl
atf
orm secur
it
y

Thecommonmi st
akedonebydev
elopersar
et r
usti
ngbui
ldinpl
atfor
m
secur
it
ybutlotofsecur
it
yhol
esarether
einplatf
orm.
Appdeveloper
sshoulduset
hir
dpart
ysecuri
tymechanism t
oprotect
theapp.

Usi
ngcodef
rom ot
herdev
eloper

Ittaket i
met obui ldcompl et
eappf rom scr atch,sosomedev el
opers
usecodef rom i nt ernet .
Hacker scr eat ecer taincodesandpubl ishini nternettogetaccessi nt
o
yourmobi l
eappuser s.
Howt opr ot ectappf rom hacker s
Notplanni ngf ordat acachi ngv ulnerabi l
it
ies
Thehacker st ri
est or eadt hecachei nformat i
ont hroughot herapp.
Theappsl ikef reegamesar ecr eatedt ohackt heuser smobi l
e.
Thedat acacheshoul dbesecur edusi ngpasswor dorsomeot herway
topr otectt hedat a.
For
egoi ngt hroughsecur itytest ing
Bef orel aunchi ngappt omar ketper form all securitytesti
ng.
Youcanhi reaet hi cal hacker sf orsecur i
tytesting.
Howt opr ot ectappf rom hacker s
NotusingEncr y ptionorweekEncr yption
Nev ercr eat efinanci altransact ionbasedappswi thoutimplementing
strongencr y ption.
Ifyouwantt omakey ourappasdai l
yhabi tofusert henimplement
encr yption.
For
gettingt oPl anf orPhy sical Secur i
tyBr eaches
Alway sgi vei mpor t
ancet ophy sical securit
ybecausei fusersmisses
hismobi let henpr obabi l
ityofmi susingdat ai shigh.
Soper iodi csessi ont i
meouti si mpor tantinmobi leapp.
Howt opr ot ectappf rom hacker s
NotImpl ement ingSecur eCommuni cationst oSer vers.
Youshoul dest abl ishconnect iont oser veronl ythroughsecur ed
prot ocol slikeht t
ps.
Ifyouf ail t
odot heni tiseasyt ohackt heser verusi ngpathtraci
ngor
readi ngmobi l
et raffict hroughpr oxy .
Pat
chingYourAppTooSl owl y
Frequentsecur i
tyupdat eofappi ncreaset hehacki ngtime.
 Thef
requentupdat
eofappenabl
essecur
it
ybycl
osi
ngal
lopenhol
es
i
nsecuri
ty.

AVAILABI
LI Av
TY- ail
abi
li
tymeanssui
tabl
eorreadyf
oruse;
ofuseorser
vice;
athandt
;t
hequali
tyorst
ateofbei
ngavai
labl
e.

Howt
omai
ntai
nappav
ail
abi
l
ity
?

Avail
abi
lit
yr ef
erstocontinuouswor kingofappli
cati
oninbot hoff
li
neandin
onl
inemode.
Todaymobi leusersaretravell
i
ngacr ossmul t
ipl
ecellsi
teswhichf r
equent
ly
di
sturbthewi r
elessint
ernetconnect i
vityt
omobi l
e.
Thi
sinterrupti
onshouldnotaf fectthemobi l
eapp.
I
tispossibletoachievehighav ail
abil
itybyeff
ecti
vel
ymanagi ngof f
li
nedata.
Youcanal soprovidehighav ai
labi
li
tybygivingeff
ecti
vesy nchr
onizati
on
mechanism

MODI
FIABI
LITY-
tochangesomewhatt
hef
orm orqual
i
tiesof
;al
terpar
ti
all
y.

Howt
omai
ntai
nmodi
fi
abi
l
ity
?

Modifi
abil
it
yhelpstoreleasemult
ipl
ev er
sionofappmoreeasil
y
Iti
sachievedbydevelopingasmulti
pleunitsi
nst
eadofsi
ngleunit
.
Ifanybugsari
sesafterlauncht
henitiseasytomodif
ytheuniti
nsteadof
changingever
ythi
ngincode.
 UNI
TII
IADVANCEDDESI
GN

Desi
gningappli
cati
onswi t
hmul t
imedi
aandwebaccesscapabi li
ti
es-I nt
egrat
ionwit
hGPSand
soci
almedia networki
ng appl
icat
ions -Accessing appl
i
cat
ions host
ed in a cl
oud comput
ing
envi
ronment-Desi
gnpatternsf
ormobileappl
icat
ion

DESI
NGNI
NGAPPLI
CATI
ONSWI
THMULTI
MEDI
A
Designst epsf oranyMM appl i
cat i
on
1.Speci fythebusi nessmodel
Thisincludest hebusi nessrequi r ementt hattheMM sof twaresystem shouldsati
sfy
.
2.Specifythebusi nessi nformationmodel
Thisincludest hef oll
owing:
Typesofuser s
Operationper formedbyeacht y peofuser
Performancer equirement(mosti mpor t
ant)
Performancer equirementcal cul atest her equir
eddownl oadbandwi dthforeachcomponent
–A, V,
Iandt extandst oragespacer equi redforst or
ingeachone.
Herest ateav ail
abili
tyrequir
ementi ftheappl i
cati
onshoul dbe24*7.
3.Ar chit
ect ural recommendat ionandt echnologyfeasibi
li
tyrepor
t
Toachi ev eper f
ormancer equi rementcal culatedinabovestepAr chi
tectur
alrecommendat
ion
i
ndicatethef oll
owi ngaspect soft hest ep:
Topologyoft henet work
Typesofser vers
Locationofdat abaseser vers
Communi cationandnet workingpr otocols.
Securityconsi derati
ons(onl yifspeci ficall
yasked)
Databasei ntegr i
tyconsiderations.(onl yifspecifi
call
yasked)

4.
Objectar
chi
tect
ure
Thi
sisimport
antwhenwedesi
gnadi
str
ibut
edMM sy
stem.
Thisdi agr am indicat esdi fferentcomponent srequir
edinadi str
ibutedsystem li
ke
Obj ectrequestbr oker
Obj ectnameser ver
A,V,I–showeachMM componentser v
erseparatel
y.
Obj ectdirector ymanager
5.Wor kflow
Wor kfl
ow isasetofst epswhi chgov erntheflow ofdat aandori nfor
mat i
ontoproducea
tangibleout put.
Pleaser ememberasr egar dsMM t herear eonly4t y
pes:
1.Tr ai
ningmanual sandonl inehel p
2.I nfor mationdat abases
3.Messagi ngsy stems
4.Busi nesspr ocesses
AboutWor kflow….
Anywor kflowhassi mpl et hreest ages
Capt urestage: Thi sincludes
capt uringofi maget hr oughdi git
alcameraorscanner
checki ngi tsqual i
ty.
Indexingi .
e.f indinguni quei nf
ormationandst ori
ngitseparatelyinindext
abl
es.
AboutWor kflow….
Useraccessst age
Thi sisalway sment i
onedr elativelyasitisveryspecifi
ctotheappl i
cationtobeimpl
ement ed.
Foreg: OLE, possi bleout putmodes.
Ar chivi
ngandpur gingst age:
Ar chivi
ngmeanst akingper iodicbackupf orimmedi atef utur
euse.Backupmeanssav ing
dataonof fli
nest oragef orf uturer eferencei fany.
Pur gingmeansr emov ingdat a/i nfor
mat i
onnol ongerneeded
6.Obj ectdesi gn
(alsocal l
edMM aut hor ing)
Thisincludesthef oll
owi ng:
1.Dat abaseschemadesi gn
2.Cat egorizingdi ff
erentcomponent sintoaudi
o,video,i
mageandt ext.Pleasenotef orthi
su
havet oreadt hecasest udythoroughly.
3.Maki ngMM useri nterfaces.
Casest udyexampl e
Cont i
nuous educat ion program :One oft he mosti mport
antappl icat
ion using both
technologies,networ ksandmul t
imedia,isdist
ancelearni
ng.Computersofferthechancef ornew
educational pr
ocedur es,whi chincombi nati
ontonetworksreachl
evel
sbey ondimagi nat
ion.Anyone
couldbeeducat edbyt hegr eatestteachersofthewor l
d.Comput er
s cannotr epl
acet heteacher
,
butt heycanbr inghim cl osertothest udent.
Assumer equireddat ai fanyandspeci fycl
early.Youareappointedasaconsul tantto
i
mpl ementt hisapplication.

Casestudyexampl e
1.Design the perf
ormance requi
rement
si fthi
s appl
icat
ion i
st o be used i
n di
str
ibut
ed
envi
ronment
2.Giv
et hewor kf
lowdesign.
3.Model t
hev ari
ousobjectsanddesi
gnspeci
almult
imediauseri
nter
face.

Step1: Specif
ythebusinessmodel
1)Spreadt hedomai nofeducation.
2)Facili
tatet he vir
tuallear
ning ofst udentsfrom bestteacher
swi
thoutbot
her
ingofphy
sical
boundaries.
3)Resolv espace&t i
mepr obl
em ofstudentandteacheral
ike.
Step2:Specifythebusi
nessi nf
ormationmodel
1)TypesofUser s: Therearebroadl
ytwot ypesofuser
s:
a)Students b)Teachers
2)OperationPerf
ormedbyUser s:
a) Rol eofSt udent:
 1)Br owsi ng
2)Regi ster
3)Fet chI nformat i
on
4)Downl oadWhi tepaper s
5)ChooseCour se& speci ali
zat i
onsubj ects
6)Payonl i
ne
7)Enr ol l
f ormul ti
plecourses.
St ep2: Speci fyt hebusi nessi nformat i
onmodelCont d….
b)Rol eoft eacher:
a)r egister
b)upl oadi nformat i
on
c)openf orums
d)r esolvequer ies
St ep3)Per formanceRequi r
ement s
To find Bandwi dth,and st orageRequi rement s;f ol
lowing assumptionsar emade:1)Onl i
ne
Univer
si tyoffers40cour ses/subj ects/t echni cal/lit
eraturebasedenroll
ments.
2) Ther ear e1000Hi tsont hewebsi te.
3) About400st udentstaket her et utori
alsdai l
y.
4) Ev eryt utorialhas a I nteract ive class r oom session,Objectbased testpapers,
contai
ni ng v i
deocl i
ps, Audiot osuppor tthel ecture,texttosupportl
it
eratur
eaboutcurr
enttopi
c.
5)Ther ear eatmost5act i
veuser sdownl oadingcont entatanypointofti
me.
Per formancer equi rementcal culation:
1)Videocont enti nTut orials:
Frames=320x200@ 30f rames/secand8bi tcolour=1.92MB/sec
For30mi nut esofl ecture(inv i
deo)spacer equired=1. 92x30x60=3. 456GB
Ifcompr essedwi thcompr essionRat ion=30: 1
Thenspacer equi red/perl ecture=3. 456GB/30
=115. 2MB
For5user st otal Requi r
edSpace=115. 2MBx5=576MB
Anddownl oadBW r equir
edi sv eryhi ghtherefor echooseleasedl i
neT1connection(not
shared) =1. 544Mbps
 Perf
ormancer equi r
ementcal culation:
2)Audi o(speech)cont entinVirt
ual CloseRoom Lect ure
For30mi nuteslecture,8KHz/sampl e,8bit
s/sample
=8KB/secx30x60=14. 4MB
Spacer equiredfor1sessi on=14. 4MB
Spacer equiredfor5Act iveUser s=14. 4x5=72MB
I
fcompr essedwi th30:1Rat i
o=72MB =2. 4MB
30
NetworkBandwi dth( DownloadB. W. )Required:
2.
4MBps,butt hiski ndofhi ghB. Wi spract
ical
lyandfi
nanci
all
ynotf
easi
ble.Ther
efor
e
previ
ouslychosenT1l inei sacceptable.
Perf
ormancer equi r
ementcal culation:
3)Images: -Av eragecompr essedimage=30KB
Assumi ng20I magespersessi ondownl oad=30x20=0. 6MB
Compr essed( 20:1)=0. 6MB =0. 03Mb=30KB
20
For5Act i
veuser stotalspacer equired=30KBx5=
150KB
NetworkBandwi dth=150KB/sec( DownloadB.W)
T1li
nei ssuf fi
cientforabov eBW r equirement .

Performancer equi rementcalcul

ati
on:
Therefore,Totalspacer equi
redatcontentserverend=~
576MB+72MB+0. 15MB=649MB
Therefore1GBbuf fer( Wor kingmemory)spaceatser verendsuf
fici
entenoughtocat
er6(5+10
%t olerance)userstaki ngv i
rtualcl
assr
oom coaching.
Step3)Ar chi
tect uralRecommendat i
ont osupportaboveper
formancerequi
rement
s
Topologyoft henet work
Typesofsev ers
Locati
onofdat abaseser ver
s
Communi cationandnet worki
ngprotocol
s
 Step4Obj ectar chi tecture
Per f
ormanceAt tri
but esAchi eved: f
r om ar chitect urallayout
a)GoodResponset i
me
b) Qui ck&ef ficientsear chduet oobj ectindexi ng
c) Goodav ailabi l
it
yandf ail
saf eoper at i
onasobj ectser verrepli
cati
ondone.
d) Userf riendl iness.
Step5: Wor kflowDesi gn
IV) :Capt ur
eSt age:Thev i
deoconv ersat i
onorast or edv i
deomai lmessagear er ecordedasa
partofdocumentoradat abaser ecor d.Av ideocamer aandappr opr i
atesoundandv ideohar dware
arer equired fort hi s.The capt ured inf or mat ion i sr ecor ded di rectl
yon an obj ectser verfor
mul t
imedi aobjects.
UserAccessSt age:Thewor kflowi sdesignedt oal lowt heusert or etri
evethecontainerdocument
viaadat abase.Thecont ainerdocumenthast heembeddedobj ectsf orthev i
deomessageorv i
deo
conversat i
onandot herembeddedorl i
nkedobj ect sorshar edwor kspace.
Archivi
ngandPur ging:Al l
owt heusert oper formt hear chivingandpur ging;noautomat icfaci
li
ti
es
areprov i
ded.Onl yifhepur chasesacasepaperi .e.transact i
ont akespl ace.
Step5: Wor kflowDesi gn…cont d…
Abov ewor kfl
owf orv irtual uni v
er sity,suppor t
sf ollowi ngf eat ures:
a) Theyar epr imar il
ypl ayback- onlysy st ems.Enduser sdonotaddi nfor
mat i
oncomponent sto
thesesy stems.
b) Thei nputandout putcomponent soft hewor kf lowar ecompl et
elyindependentofeachot her
andmayormaynotr esi deont hesamenet wor k.
c) Si zeoft hedat abasei sl argeandt heneedf ori ndexi ngev erycomponenti nani nformati
on
reposit
or yisamust .Inaddi ti
on,t hesesy st emsal sor equi retheabi li
tytoadjustthedi spl
ayqualit
y
andwi ndowsi zeont hebasi soft hewor kst ationhar dwar eanduserpr eferences.

St ep6: MM objectdesign
Thev ariousobjectswhichwi ll
beusedf ordist
ancelearni
ngwillbe:
Text: Lect ur
enotes,t
utori
als,text
books,ref
erences,t
echnical
papers,j
ournal
s,manual
s.
I
mages:Bookcov er(Coveringname&aut hor)
,lect
ureri
mage,f l
ashimageatt hest
artandendof
thelectur e,i
magesofv ari
ousi cons,i
mageofst udent–lectureri
nter
acti
on,var
iousi
magesrelat
ed
tothel ecturesubj
ectli
kediagr ams,drawi
ngs,mapset c.
 Audio:Thelect
urer’
st alki
ng,st
udentsquest
ion,soundoffl
ashimageindicat
ingst
artandendof
thelect
ure.
Video:Videoconfer
encingov er
all
,di
spl
ayofsomecl assr
oom v
irt
ual
tour.

DESI
GNI
NGAPPLI
CATI
ONWI
THWEBACCESSCAPABI
LITI
ES
Applicat i
onwi t
hwebaccesst r
iestogetsomedat afr
om i
nternet
.
Exampl e: EbookReader s
Awebappt hatisdi ffi
cul
ttof i
gureoutorinsuff
ici
entwi
llneverwintheappr ace.Butatthesameti
me
desi gni nggooduseri nt
erfaceisdif
fi
cult.Thecommonpr obl
emsar echoosi ngr
ightcol
orsand
creat ingr i
ghtpl aceforcontent
s
Ifappdev eloperf ail
edt osat
isfyuserneedsthenusergot
oanot herappforsamet ask.
Exampl e–r echargeitnow f r
eechargeapp
Rulesf orwebappdesi gn
Don’trei nv entpat ter
n
Groupr elatedel ement s
Lessi sbet ter
Planbef oredev eloping
Providef eedback
Unobt rusi veHel p
Helpsuser sdeci de
FocusonTar getuser s
Wher eam I
Wher edi dt hatcomef r
om
Designf orNodat a
KeepConsi stent
LoadQui ckly
Test

Don’
trei
nventpatt
ern
Al
waysuset hecommonpat
ter
nthatt
heuser
sar
efami
l
iar
.
Exampl
e:r
ed f
orer
rorenv
elope message

Whenrepor
ti
ngapost,Facebookdi
splayst
he“Cont
inue”but
tonpl
acedont
her
ight
-handsi
deand
makesitmor
epr
ominentthanthesecondar
yopt
ion“Back

Groupr elatedel ement s

Alway spl acer el
at edel ement sorv i
ewsi nsingl
emenu.
Exampl e–Si gnoutandchangepasswor dinsetti
ngmenu
Buffergr oupedal lpr of il
e-r
elatedcont r
olsunderonedr op-down.This wayt heycan’ti
nterf
erewi t
hother
feat ures
i
nt heapp.
Lessi sbet ter
Alway sgi velimitedf unct i
onal i
tyinsingleapp
Exampl e: f
reechar ge onl yf orrecharge
TeuxDeuxi sanappt hatbasi cal
lyonl ydoesonet hing—sav estasksfordiff
erentdays.
Planbef or edev elopi ng
Takesomet i
met or ev iewthedesi gnbef orecode.ChangingafterCodingisdiffi
cult
Mai l
chimphasani ceuserf lowt hatguidesy outhroughcreati
nganemai l
campai gnwit
habr eeze.
Providef eedback
Alway spr ov i
def eedbackf oreachuseri napp,ifusertypessomet ext.Thengiveimmedi at
efeedbackby
say ingsomet hingabouti nput
Beaut i
fulbut tonani mat i
oncombi nedwi ththespinningloaderintheHeadspacewebappl et
sy ouknow
yourr equestwentt hrough.
Unobt rusi vehelp
Somet imeuserdon’ tknow how t ousesomeel ementssogi vesome. Kindoft i
pstouserf orknowing
aboutel ement susage
HelpUser sDeci de
Providehel pt onewuser stocompl etethetaskmor eeasily
I
t’
shar
dtosaynot
oPi
nter
est
’sobv
ious“
nextst
ep”
.

FocusOnTargetUsers
Creat
eaappbasedont argetusers,cr
eat
ingappforcomputerTeachersi
sdi
ff
erentf
rom noncomput
er
t
eacher
s
Git
hub’scl
eanint
erf
aceisn’tr
ichingraphi
csandful
lofexpl
anator
ytext.

WhereAm I?
Helpstheusertoknowabouttheircur
rentl
ocati
oni
napp
Byusingmet hodsl
ikenavi
gat
ionbar
MightyTextappusesdoubl
enavigati
oninsett
ingst
ohel
puser
seasi
l
ynav
igat
ethei
nter
face

Wher edidt hatcomef r

om?
Helpt heusert oknowaboutt hedatathatisappscr een
Wisti
ashowsasi mpl eslideef fectt
odisplaymoretool s.
DesignForNoDat a
Neverpl aceempt yplacesi napp, ev
eninsomepl aceuserhav et o
Givesomedat a,thencr eateat extthatmakesuserunder stands
Anicei l
lustrati
onandat iphel pnewuser sgetaccustomedwi t
hDr opbox.
KeepConsi stent
Alway skeepconsi stentdesi gni nal
lpages
Wher every ouar e,youal way sknowwher etolooktofindl ef
t-sidelinksinGmail.
LoadQui ckly
Nevermaket heusert owai tformor eti
me
Sounddr owndi splayst heirlogowi t
hasi mpleanimationwhi let heappl oads.
Test
Testtheappusi ngmul tiplepeopl ewit
hmul ti
plebackgr ounds
I
NTEGRATIONWITHGPSANDSOCI ALMEDI ANETWORKI NGAPPLICATI
ONS
Mobil
esoci
alnetworki
ngissoci
alnet
workingwher eoneormoreindi
vidual
sofsimil
ari
nter
est
sor
commonali
ti
es,conv
ersi
ngandconnecti
ngwithoneanotherusi
ngthemobi l
ephone
AREASOFFOCUS
Webbasedsocial
networksextendedtomobil
eFacebook,Yel
p
Nat
ivemobi
l
esoci
alnet
wor
ks
Locat
ion-
basedser
vices(
LBS)
,augment
edr
eal
i
ty(
AR)
:Four
squar
e,Lay
ar

Li
nesar
ebei
ngbl
urr
ed

Howmanypeopl
e:

1.Haveasmartphone:
i
PhoneBl
ackBer
ryAndr
oid
2.Browset
hemobi l
eweb
3.Useappl
icat
ions
USAGE
AsofMar
ch2010(
comScor e):
30%browsethemobileweb
20%ofint
eractedwi
thsoci
alnet
wor
ksv
iamobi
l
edev
ice

Soci
alnet
wor
kinguser
sar
eshowi
ngt
hehi
ghestgai
nswi
th80%YoYgr
owt
h

ADVERTI
SINGVS.MARKETI
NG

Mar
keting:deli
ver
ingr
equest
edpromoti
onalmessagesdi
rectl
ytopot
ent
ial
cust
omer
swhohav
eopt
ed
i
ntoreceiv
et hem.Pri
mari
lyusedbymarket
ersasret
ent
iontool.

Advert
isi
ng:del
i
veri
ngtextori
magesattachedt
odesiredcontentonmobil
ewebpagesorin
appl
icati
onswhereuservi
ewsadsinexchangeforf
ree/subsi
dizedcont
ent
.Usedbymarket
ers
toacquir
enewcustomers.

LOCATI
ONTECHNOLOGI
ES
ENGAGEMENTMODELS
 Di
rect/whitel
abelvs.pl
atf
orm
 Mediabuyvs.r
ewards/incent
ives/coupons
 Br
andsinter
actwi
thuserswhocheck-invs.managi
ngl
ocat
ionswi
thi
npl
atf
orm
ECKI
NSERVI
CES

• Four
squar
e,Gowal
l
a,LooptSt
ar,
Whr
rl
,Br
ight
kit
e,My
Town
USAGE

• Four
squar
e:appr
oachi
ng2mi
l
li
ongl
obal

• Gowal
l
a:250,
000?(
150,
000i
nMar
ch)

• Br
ight
kit
e:2mi
l
li
ongl
obal

• Whr
rl
:300,
000
FOURSQUARE

• Canchecki
ntol
ocat
iont
hrough“
aroundme”sear
chorv
enuescanbeaddedwi
thaddr
essorj
ust
l
at/
long

• Venuet
aggi
ng(
butnor
ati
ng)

• Mi
nimal
websi
tef
unct
ional
i
ty

• Gr
owi
ngusergener
atedv
enuedat
abase

YELP

• 32mi
l
li
onuni
quewebsi
tev
isi
tor
sinMay2010Top100websi
te
• 1.
4mi
l
li
onuni
quei
Phoneuser
s

27%ofal
lYel
psear
chescomef
rom t
hei
Phoneapp

500,
000phonecal
l
s

1mi
l
li
onpoi
nt-
to-
poi
ntdi
rect
ions

YELPDETAI
LS

• User
s&busi
nessescanbui
l
dpr
ofi
l
es

• Rewar
ds,
leaderboar
d,i
ncent
ives

• Soci
alshar
ing&i
ntegr
ati
on
 • Sal
est
eam t
osuppor
t

• Decl
i
ned$500mi
l
li
onGoogl
ebuy
out

• Augment
edr
eal
i
tyf
unct
ional
i
ty(
Monocl
e)

• Anal
yti
cs

I
NTEGRATI
ON

Fri
endscanbeinvit
edt hr
oughTwit
teri
ntegr
ati
on(
fri
endsear
ch)
,Facebooki
ntegr
ati
on,
emai
l
addressbooki
ntegrat
ion,basi
cemaili
nvi
te

Check-
inscanbepr
ivat
e,shar
edwi
thi
nthenet
wor
korsentt
oot
hernet
wor
ks(
Twi
tt
er,
Facebook

GETTI
NGSTARTED

• Resear
chcompet
it
ion&t
rends

• I
nst
all
mobi
l
eappl
i
cat
ions

• Cl
aimv
enue:
add/v
ali
dat
eTwi
tt
erhandl
e,l
ocat
ionaddr
ess,
phonenumber
,cat
egor
iesandt
ags

• Testspeci
als,
tips,
tri
ps&r
ewar
ds
SPECI
ALS

• May
or:
userwhohascheckedi
nthemost

• Check-
in:
unl
ockedwhenauserchecksi
ntoy
ourv
enueacer
tai
nnumberoft
imes

• Fr
equency
-based:
unl
ockedev
eryXchecki
ns

• Wi
l
dcar
d:al
way
sunl
ockedbutst
orest
affhast
over
if
ysomeext
racondi
ti
onsbef
oreawar
ding

WEREWARD

• Mobi
l
eincent
ivepl
atf
ormt
hatpay
sconsumer
sforact
ions

• Shar
ingexper
iencest
hroughFacebook,
Twi
tt
er&Four
squar
e

• Sponsor nTM
edChecki
• Pur
chase

• Pi
ctur
es

CHALLENGES

• Fr
agment
ati
on

• Manysmal
l
,di
sjoi
ntedpl
ayer
sdepl
oyi
ngdi
ff
erentt
echnol
ogi
es

• Chal
l
engest
oscal
e
 • St
il
lver
ytech-
focused

• Manyst
art
upsl
ackt
her
esour
cest
owor
kef
fect
ivel
ywi
thbr
ands&adv
ert
iser
s

• Onl
y about18% ofmobil
e subscr
iber
s acr
oss al
ldev
ices and car
ri
ers downl
oad apps
(
comScore,Dec.2009)

TASTID-LI
TE
• Poi ntbasedloyalt
y
•
• Byaut omaticall
yshari
ngyourTastiexper
iencewithfr
iendsandfol
lower
sthroughTwitt
er&
Foursquar
e,youcanear next
rarewardstowar dfr
eeTasti
•
• Youear napointever
ytimeyoumakeapur chaseforeachsoci
alnetwor
kconnect i
onyousetup
•
• Wheny ouaccumul at
e50points,y
ouar eeli
giblet
oreceiveafr
eemedium Tasticuporcone.
MOBI
LEDATASHARI
NGONCLOUD
• Intr
oduct i
on
• Mobi lecl oudcomput ingi si ntegr at
ionofcl oudcomput ingint omobi l
e
environment .
• Thebasi cideai stousecl oudf orcompl excomput ati
onsorj ustasast orage
toext endmobi lecapabi lit
y .
• Adv ant agesl ikepay ingonl yf orthei nfrastruct ure, scalabil
ityofappl i
cations,
reduct ionsi ncostbyget tingr idofser versar eachi eved.
• Themai nai m ofourpr ojecti st ogiv easer vicet ouser stoshar edat awi th
other sov ercl oud.
• Probl em st atement
• Ther ear emanycl oudpr ov i
der sav ailablewher euser scanst oretheirdat a.
• Mostoft hesecanbeaccessedt hroughPCandneedanaccountt ost oredata.
• Oursy stem enabl esuser st ost orethei rdataf rom cel lphoneont ocloudand
alsoshar eitwi ththei rfr
iends.
• Also, user ’
sdat acanbecompr omisedbyt hecl oudpr ovider.
• So,user ’
scannott rustt hecl oudpr ov iderful l
y.
• Weai mt oencr yptuser ’
sf il
ebef oreupl oadi ngt hem t ot hecl oudhence
providi ngsecur ity
.
• RelatedWor k
• DataVaul tpr ovi
desuser ’swi thser vi
cet oshar et heirdatasecur elyov ercloud.
• Buti tiscur rentlyonl yforcomput ers.
• DataGuar di sanot herwor kgoi ngonwhi chshar esandpr otectsusersdat a.
• Itpreser vesdat aconf ident i
al i
tyandi ntegri
t yusi ngami ddlewar etechnology .
• Ital
sopr ov idesdisast err ecov eryandhi ghav ailabili
ty.
• Archi tecture
• Ar chitectureCont inued
• Themobi l
edev i
ceest ablishesasocketconnect ionwi ththepr oxyser ver
(mi ddlewar e).
• Themobi l
edev i
cet hensendst hef i
let ot heser verovert hi
ssocket
connect i
on.
• Theser v
ert henencr y ptst hef il
eandsendsi tt ot hecl
oudpr ovider.
• Ser veral sosendsanacknowl edgementbackt ot hecli
ental ongwi ththeURL
toaccesst hef il
e.
• Theusercanshar et hi sURLwi thother ssoast osharet hef i
lewi thhis/ her
fri
ends.
• Ser vi
cesused
• Thecl oudpr ov iderusedi sAmazonS3.
• S3pr ov i
desAPIt ocr eateandmanage“ bucket s”oni t
scl oud.
• Thesebucket scanbeusedt oident i
fyeachuser .
• Accesscont rol canbemanagedf orthesebucket susingS3API ’
s.
• Ser vermai ntainsadat abaseofuser ssoast oi dent i
fyeachuserwi thhi s/her
allocat edbuf ferandpr ov i
deonl yaccesst ohi s/herbucket .
• Choi ceofCl oudPr ov ider
• Cloudcomput ingi saf orm ofout sour ci
ng, andy ouneedahi ghl evel oftrustin
theent it
iesy ou'llbepar tner i
ngwi t
h.
• Itmayseem daunt ingatf irsttor eali
zet haty ourappl i
cat i
ondependsont he
trustwor thinessofy ourcl oudpr ov i
ders, butt hisi snotreallyany thingnew- -
 t
oday,evenifyou'renotusingt
hecl
oud,
youal
readyr
elyonandt
rust
:
-
-net
wor kserviceprovi
ders,
-
-sof
twar evendors,
-
-ser
viceproviders,

Thecl
oudpr ov iderwi l
lbej ustonemor eent i
t yont hatl ist.
• CloudPr ov i
derTr anspar ency
• Youwi l
l onlybeabl et oassesst hesuf fi
ciencyofcl oudpr ov i
dersecur i
ty
pract i
cesi ft hecloudpr ov i
deri swi l
li
ngt odi sclosei tssecur i
typr acti
cest o
you.
• Ifyourpr ovidert r
eat ssecur i
typr acti
cesasaconf ident ialorbusi ness
propr ietar ything, andwon' tdi scloset heirsecur itypr acticest oy ou,you'llhave
ahar dt i
meassessi ngt hesuf fi
ci encyoft heirsecur i
typr actices.Unf ortunatel
y,
youmayneedt oconsi derusi ngadi fferentpr ov i
der .
• Soi tisessent ialthatthedat aneedst obesecur edbef oreput t
ingitoncl oud.
• Oursy st em ai msatpr ov idingt hissecur i
tybyencr ypt i
ngt hedat abef ore
uploadi ngi ttot hecl oud.
• Secur ity
• Encr ypt i
oni sachi evedusi ngAmazonS3’ sAPIf orcl ientsi deencr y
ption.
• Inthis, apr i
v ateencr yptionkeyi susedf orencr ypt ionwhi chi snotshar edwi t
h
Amazon.
• Thisencr yptioni sdoneont hepr oxyser verandt hekeyi sshar edwi t
ht heuser .
• Userwi ll hav etocommuni cat et hekeyt oany onewi thwhom t hef i
leist obe
shar ed.
• Ini
tial Scr eenshot s
• Ini
tial Scr eenshot s
• Scopef orFut ureWor k
• Prov idingabet terinterfacet ov iewshar edfiles.
• Synchr oni zi
ngourappwi thPCt oal loweasyshar ingofdat a.
• Prov idingbet t
eraut hent i
cat ionandal lowgr oupaccesst oshar edaccount s.
• Extendi ngourappsot hati tcanbeusedonmul ti
pl atform suchai OS,
Blackber ryOS.
• Concl usi on
• Mobi l
ecl oudcomput i
ngi soneofmobi letechnol ogyt r
endsi nthef uture.
• Comput ingt echnol ogyi sunder goingi mpor tantt ransi ti
onsandt hechanges
arecr eat ingser i
ousdat asecur ity ,
priv acyandmanagementchal l
enges.
• Encr ypt i
onal socancauseser i
ouspr obl em andl at encyi ssues.
• OurAppl icationonAndr oi disanat t
emptt oaccompl ishshar i
ngoff i
lesov er
thecl oud.

MOBI
LEWEBAPPLI
CATI
ON

Amobi lewebappisawebappli
cati
onfor
mat t
edf
orsmar tphonesandt
ablet
s,and
accessed thr
ough t
he mobi
le devi
ce’
s web browser.Like a tr
adi
ti
onalweb
appli
cati
on,amobi
lewebappi
sbuiltwi
ththr
eecor
etechnologi
es:

 HTML( definesstati
ctextandi mages),
 CSS(definessty l
eandpr esentat
ion)
,and
 Jav
aScript( def
inesi
nteractionsandanimat
ions)
.
Sincewebappsar ebrowser-based;they’r
eint
endedtobepl at
form anddev i
ce
i
ndependent,abl
etorunonanyweb- enabledsmart
phoneortabl
et.Amobileweb
appi snormal
lydownl
oadedf r
om acent r
alwebserv
ereachti
meitisrun,al
though
appsbui l
tusi
ngHTML5( descri
bedbel ow)canalsorunonthemobi l
edevicefor
offl
ineuse.

Adv
ant
ages:

Thekeyadv antageofmobi l
ewebappsov ernativ
emobi l
eappsi scross-platf
orm
compati
bil
i
ty,allowi
ngt hem toreacht hebr oadestaudi
encef ortheleastef fort
.
They’
rerel
ativelycheap,easy,and fastto build,alt
hough somedev ice-specif
ic
cust
omizati
oni susuallyrequi
red.Mobi l
eweb br owser
sar ef ai
rl
ystandar di
zed,
makingi
tmucheasi ertocreat
eauniversalmobi l
ewebappt hananat i
veone

+Webappsar ealsocheaperandeasi
ert
omaint
ainthannat
iveappsf
orthesame
reasons,usi
ngcross-
plat
for
m appl
etsrat
hert
hankeepingupwit
hchangesacross
diff
erentdev
ices.

+Simple,ubi
qui
tousaccess:User
sdon’thavet
odownloadanappli
cati
on,butsi
mply
accessaURLv i
athei
rmobi l
ebrowserwhichinst
antl
ydel
iv
ersthemostup- t
o-dat
e
appli
cati
ontothei
rdevi
ce.TheycanthenbookmarktheURLforr
epeatuse.

Di
sadv
ant
ages:

+Al t
houghi mpr ovementsar eongoi ng,mobilebrowsershav eli
mi t
edcapabi l
i
ties
comparedt otradit
ionaldesktopbrowser s.
Functi
onalit
yissimi l
arforthemajorpl ay
ers(Apple,
Androi
d, RI
M, Windows),butfall
s
offsharplyonot herplatf
orms.Dependi ngonwhatpl at
formsneedt obesupported,
thesoluti
onmaybel i
mitedtothel owestcommondenomi nator
,givi
ngt heappa
“cl
unky”look,orrequireti
me-consumi ngcustomizati
onacrossbrowserversions.

+Webappsgener al
ly1cannotaccesstheon-boardhardwar eandsoftwareona
mobi l
edevice.Requir
ementssuchascamer acont rol
,di
rectGPScontrol(t
hereis
l
imitedaccesstocur r
entl
ocati
on),PI
Mi nt
egrat
ion,orcontr
olofthephoneappwi ll
rul
eoutwebappsr i
ghtaway.Heavy/compl
excust om gr
aphics(gami
ng,etc.)al
so
cannotbesupported.

+Webappsgener al
lyrequir
eaconnect i
ontof unct
ion,withperfor
mancei ssuesif
thewebsi
teissl
oworunav ai
lable.Whenuser sareonthegowi thoutWi-
Ficov er
age,
theyhavetopayforconnectiont i
met onetworkoper at
ors.I
nsomecount ri
est he
costismini
mal,butinotherscanbeashowst opper.(Thischangeswi t
hHTML5,
whichmakeswebappcont entav ail
abl
einoffl
inemodesouser scanst i
l
laccesst he
appevenift
heydonothavecel l
r ecept
ionorconnect
iontoaWi -Finet
work.)
Therear e6.8bil
li
onpeopl eont heplanet
,5.1bill
i
onofwhom ownacel lphone
(source).Andtoday ,
anev er-
growingpercentageoft hesedev
icesaresmartphones.
Accor di
ngt oarecentPewResear chCenterStudy,thenumberofusersaccessing
theInternetontheirsmartphoneshasmor ethandoubl edi
nthepast5y ear
s,ashas
thenumberofuser sdownl oadi
ngandusi ngmobi leapps.Ofthosewhouset he
I
nt er
netoremai lont hei
rphones, morethanat hi
rdgoonl i
neprimar
il
ythroughthei
r
handhelddev i
ces.
Exampl
eMul
ti
medi
aApps:

 Musi
candVi
deoApps:
Thesei
ncl
udev
ideoandaudi
opl
ayer
swhi
chpl
ayav
ari
ety
off
ormat
s;r
emot
econt
rol
appl
i
cat
ionswhi
chpl
aymusi
ctr
acksony
ourcomput
er,
appst
hatl
ety
oubuyandsy
ncmusi
cfr
om onl
i
nest
oresandot
herdev
ices,
composeandr
ecor
dsongs,
per
sonal
i
zedr
adi
o,di
git
alTV,
str
eami
ngofl
i
ve
scor
esandsoon.Musi
candv
ideoar
epr
obabl
ythemostpopul
arent
ert
ainment
andmul
ti
medi
aapps,
andav
ari
etyofappscanbedesi
gnedbasedonneed.
 GPSandNav
igat
ionApps:
Thesei
ncl
udemapsandpr
ovi
del
ocat
ion-
based
ser
vicessuchasf
orexampl
e,sear
chf
orbeachesorr
est
aur
ant
,mar
inenav
igat
ion
andsoon.
 Soci
alNet
wor
kingApps:
Theseappsl
ett
heuserconnectandsi
gn-
indi
rect
lyt
o
t
hei
rfav
our
it
esoci
alnet
wor
kingsi
teandshar
ephot
os/
videosandupdat
es.
 NewsandWeat
herApps:
Readt
henewspaperont
hephoneorcheckt
heweat
her
f
orecast
.Manyt
opnewsnet
wor
ksandpaper
sgi
veaccesst
olat
estnewson-
the-
go,
incl
udi
ngl
i
vest
reami
ngaccess.
 Audi
obooksande-
BookReader
s:I
t’
sthedr
eam ofev
eryav
idr
eadert
obeabl
eto
car
ryabookwi
thoutt
heexcessl
oad.Audi
obookappsande-
bookr
eaderappson
t
hemobi
l
ephonel
ett
heuserdoj
ustt
hat
.
 m-
Lear
ningApps:
Mobi
l
elear
ningorm-
Lear
ningappl
i
cat
ionsar
esi
mil
art
oe-
Lear
ningappl
i
cat
ions,
andl
ett
hel
ear
nerhav
eaccesst
olear
ning-
on-
the-
go,
whi
l
e
usi
ngt
hebenef
it
sofmobi
l
etechnol
ogy
.Popul
armobi
l
elear
ningappsi
ncl
ude
Tut
ori
als,
Atl
ases,
StudentOr
gani
zer
s(l
ett
ingy
oupl
anandschedul
ecl
assesand
assi
gnment
s),
Mini
-Ency
clopaedi
as,
Qui
z-basedappl
i
cat
ions,
Conv
ert
ersand
Cal
cul
ator
sandDi
cti
onar
iest
onameaf
ew.
 Gami
ngApps:
Gami
ngappl
i
cat
ionsar
eamongstt
hemostpopul
arent
ert
ainment
apps.
DEVELOPI
NGANDI
MPROVI
NGMOBI
LEAPPLI
CATI
ONS

Toachi
evethi
sweneedcl oudcomputi
ng:
1.Dosuppor
treal
-t
imeexperi
ences
Modernappsrequi
reaccesstoreal
-t
imeevent
sfr
om backendser
vices,suchasan
alertf oraf act orymoni toringappl icat ion, orf lighti nformat i
onf orai rpor tgr oundst aff,
aircraf tcr ewandpassenger s.I ncor por atedat adi stribut i
ont echnol ogieswi thiny our
appdev elopmentcy cl et hati nt elligent l
yassessdat at oonl ysendt hemostup- to-
dat einf or mat ioni nstant ly.
2.Doensur ey ourappi shi ghl yr esponsi v e
When y ourend- userdoes somet hi ng wi thy ourapp,y ou wantt or espond,
i
mmedi at elyandcer tainlynotl ongert hanf ourseconds( wel oseat tentioni nt hat
spaceoft ime! ).Del i
v eringanexcept ionaluserexper i
encei sal labouti nter acti
v it
y
andr esponsi venessoft heapp,t het imel i
nessandr elev anceoft hedat ai tpr esent s
andt hecostoft her unni ngt heapp.Pr ov ideadev elopmentpl atformt hatenabl es
yout obui ldappst hatcancopewi thspeed, engagementandr elev anceofdat a.
3.Dokeepscal einmi nd.Whathappensi fy ourappgoesv i
ral?
Whathappensi fy ourappgoesv iral?Dev elopi ngwi thdat adi st r
ibutionatmassi ve
scalei nmi nd, yourexi stingi nf rast ruct ur emusthav et heabi lityt osuppor tmi l
lionsof
concur rentuser sanddosoqui ckl ywi thoutcr ashing.Youneedt oensur et heapp
you’v edev elopedcancopewi tht hev astamountofdat at hatwi llbesentt oi tand
theappi nfrastruct urecanal sosuppor tal ltheconnect eddev ices.
4.Don’ tdev elopf oronedev i
ceandpl at for m atat ime
Useadev elopmentenv ir
onmentt hatal lowsdev el
oper st owr iteanapponceand
depl oyany wher e,whet herf ort hebr owser ,ahy bridmobi leappl icationornat ive
appl i
cat i
ons f or i OS,Andr oid or Wi ndows. Ensur e t hat y our dev elopment
env i
ronmentsuppor t
sal lpushnot ifi
cat i
onmet hods.
5.Don’ twast etimeget tingt omar ket
Youwantt hedev elopmentt eam f ocusedonhow y ouror gani zat i
onwi llof feran
engagi ngappexper ienceandy ouwanty ourbusi nesst eamsi dent i
fyingway st o
monet izet his.Gi v ey ourdev eloper st het ool st odev el
opappst hatcanr eacht he
mar ketqui ckly .Youal sodon’ twantt owast et imedev elopi ngnew way st ohandl e
speed, scal eanddat aef fi
ciency ,whent het echnol ogyal readyexi sts.
6.Don’ tdev elopanappt hatcannotmakeuseofdev icef eatur es
Ensur ey ouar edev elopi ngwi thal loft hel at estcl ientdev iceSDKs,soy oucanbui l
d
appst hatmakeuseofdev icef eat ur essuchasGPSt oenabl ef unct ionalitybasedon
l
ocat i
ont opushoutspeci fi
cnot ificat ions.Wi thoutt hisf unct ional ity
,y oumi ghtas
wel ljustcr eateamobi l
ewebsi te.
7.Don’ tassumenet wor kpr essur esandconst raintswi llbebl amedont hemobi l
e
oper at or
Del i
veruser squal ityofser v icebyensur i
ngt hati fconnect i
onsar el osty ouar e
pickingupexact lywher et hesessi onl ef tof fuponr econnect ion.Thi scapabi lit
y
shoul dbei ncor por atedi ntot hedev elopmentl i
fecy clesot hatdat adi st r
ibut edi s
cachedcl oset ot heenduserr eadyf ordel ivery .Justasi mpor t
anti snotwast ing
bandwi dt hori nf r
ast ruct ureont hi s;y oushoul def fi
cient l
ysendonl ythemostup- to-
dat echangeddat a.
8.Doensur ey ourappl i
cat ioni nt egr at est ot hecor por ateandback- endsy st emsand
cloud
You wanty ourapp t ot al kt o al lt heexi sting dat aser vi
cesy ou hav ei n place
other wi sey ou’ l
lbewast i
ngmoneyi ntroduci ngnew dat asi los.Makesur ey ouuse
pluginadapt erst opr ov ideaccesst oser vicesappsr equi r
esuchasSOAPorREST,
SQLdat abasesandJMSmessagebuses.
9.Don’ ti gnor et hei nsight sy oucangai nf rom mobi l
ecust omer s
75%ofmobi leshopper st akeact ionaf terr ecei vi
ngl ocat ion-basedmessages.Make
useofcompr ehensi veanal yticst oal lowy out oseehowanappl icationi sused, what
typeofdev icei t’sr unni ngon,wher ei ti sbei ngr unandwhatt hecommonusage
fl
owsar et hr ought heappl icat i
on.Al loft hisi nformat i
onshoul dbef edbackt ot he
dev eloper st of ur t
herst reaml inet heappl icat i
onf orusabi li
tylendi ngi tselft obet ter
retent ionofuser sandi mpr ov ingr ev enue- gener ati
ngoppor t
uniti
es.
10.Doi ncor por at esecur itymeasur esf orapps
Forent erpr i
seapps,wi thend- user saccessi ngsensi tivecor poratei nfor mat i
onv i
aa
company -i
ssueddev i
ceort hei rown( BYOD) ,ensur et haty ouar eonl yal l
owi nga
singl epoi ntatwhi chappscanaccessbusi ness- cri
ticalbackendser v ices.Youwi l
l
alsowantt oensur eal lnet wor kt rafficbet weent heappandt heser v eri sencr ypted
and i ncl udes user aut hent icat i
on and aut hor i
sation f or access t o sensi t
ive
i
nf ormat ion.
11.Don’ tuset empl atest hatdi ct atey ourl ookandf eel
Youshoul dt her ef or elookt or epl icatey ourbr andony ourappandshoul dav oidusi ng
dev elopmentf ramewor ksandt empl atest hatdi ctatey ourl ookandf eeloft heuser
i
nt erface and t he f low oft he userexper ience.I nstead,use a dev el
opment
env ironmentbui ltont opofopen,st andar ds- basedt echnol ogysuchasEcl i
pseand
ApacheCor dov a.
12.Dot esty ourappacr osspl at for msanddev iceswi t
houtwast ingt i
me
Int her acet ogett omar ket ,compani eswi llsomet i
mesr educet heamountoft i
me
avai l
abl et opr oper lytestt hei rapp.Thi sul timat elyleadst olackoft esting,poor l
y
per formi ngsof twar eandi nev itablecust omerf rustrati
onandl ackofconf i
dence.
13.Don’ tdepl oyy ourcor porat eapponapubl icappst or e
Whyspendt hemoneyandt imev ali
dat i
ngy ourappi nAppl eAppSt or e,Googl ePlay
orAmazonAppst or ewheny ourenduser sar ewi thiny ourownor gani zation?Setup
yourownAppl icat i
onCent ersoy oucandepl oyy ourappt oy ourenduser sony our
ownt erms.
14.Dodev elopf orcl ust er i
ngandf ail
ov ersuppor t
Makeuseofadev elopmentpl atfor mt hatcanpr ov i
deal lthecl uster ingandf ail
over
suppor tt opr ov ideahi ghl yav ailabl eandr eliableconnect ionpoi ntf orappl i
cat i
ons.
15.Don’ tmaket hedev elopmentenv ironmentt oocompl ex
Youwanty ourdev elopmentt eam f ocusedoncompet it
iveadv antagessomakesur e
yousel ectadev elopmentpl atfor mt hatiseasyt ouse.Thi scani ncl udecapabi l
it
ies
suchasadr aganddr opdev elopmenti nter f
acebasedont hei ndust ryst andard
EclipseI DE, coupl edwi thal argebui l
t-i
nl i
br aryofcommonUIel ement s.

CLOUDCOMPUTI
NG
Cloudcomput i
ngischangingt hewayconsumer sandbusinessespurchaseand
useawi derangeofcomput i
ngcapabi l
i
ties.Fordecades,
hardwareandsof t
ware
hav ety
pical
lybeeni nstal
l
edatt he
enduser s’premises— andoni ndiv
idualcomput erdevi
ces.Now cloudcomputing
offersadifferentapproach:Appl i
cati
ons,platf
ormsandi nfr
astr
uct
ur eareavai
l
able
“ondemand”byusi ngtheI nt
ernettoconnectenduser swithonli
neservi
ces.

Whati scloudcomput i
ng?
Cloudcomput i
ng–Af lexibl
e,scal
ableonlinecomputingenvi
ronment,shar
edamong
users.
Cloudappl i
cati
ons–Real -ti
meservicesaccessedwi t
hawebbr owser.They
current
lyrangef r
om businessappli
cati
onsf ortheenter
pri
se,wit
husage-based
pri
cing,tofreecommuni cationandsocialnetworki
ngappli
cati
onsfor
consumers.
Cloudplatf
orms–Of f-pr
emi sesdev el
opmentplatf
ormst hatprov
ide“off
-t
he-
shelf
”capabil
iti
esforcontentandappl i
cat
iondevel
opers.
Cloudcomput inginfr
astr
ucture– Ser ver
s,datastorageandpr ocessi
ngpower
thatprovi
deon- demandresour cesforenter
pri
seIT— ort hecentr
ali
zedhostfor
cloudservi
ces.
Cloudcomput ingbusi
nessmodel s–User spaymont hlysubscr
ipt
ions— orona
“per-
use”basis.Somecapabi l
i
tiesareoff
eredfreetocustomersandpai dforby
adverti
ser
s.

Asar esultoft hi sr eal-timebusi nessmodel :

Consumer scanaccessar angeofl ow- costappl ications,anyt ime,any wher e,usi ng
awebbr owseri nst alledonal apt op,t ermi nal ,smar tphoneorot herconnect ed
dev i
ce.
Enter pri
seempl oy eescant api nt obusi nessappl icat i
ons,att hemomentt hey ’re
neededf oraspeci fict ask—andof tent hebusi nesspay sonl yf orusage.
Applicationdev el oper scant urnt oof f-pr emi sescl oudpl atformst hatmi nimi ze
theneedt opur chaset heirownhar dwar eandsof twar e,whencr eat ingand
deploy i
ngnewappl icat ions.
Cloudcomput ingser vices
Cloudcomput i
ngi sf ocusedonof f
er ingser vi
ces—suchas“ Sof twar easaSer vice”
or“Inf r
astructur easaSer v i
ce”—r athert hant angi bleobj ectsl ikecomput er
hardwar eorsof twar esol donadi sk.Thi sser v ice-or ientedappr oachcansi mpl i
fy
deliveryandmakei teasi ert oscal ecost st oapur chaser ’sindi v i
dual needs.I nmany
cases, cust omer spayonl yf orusage, ort heymayt akeadv ant ageoff reeser v i
ces
thatar epai dforbyadv ertisers.I not heri nst ances, mont hlysubscr i
pt ionf eesmay
apply .
Consumercl oudser vices–ManyI nt er netuser sar eal readyusi ngcl oudser vices
whent heysendemai l,edi tphot os,cal cul atet hei rincomet axes,wat chv i
deos,
stayi ntouchwi thf ri
ends
ormaket ravelpl ans.Someoft hesewel lknownser vicesi ncl ude:GMai l,Adobe
®
Phot oshopExpr ess, Tur boTax, YouTube, FacebookandOr bitz.
Enter pri
secl oudser vices–Att hi stime, ent erpr i
seser vi
cesar epr i
mar ilyf ocusedon
standar dbusi nessappl icat i
ons, whi chcanbeaccessedany wher e, anyt ime, usi ng
anyweb- enabl eddev ice.Ty pical of feringsi ncl udee- mai l, i
nst antmessagi ng,
calendar s,spr eadsheet s, wor dpr ocessor s, present at i
onandcol l
abor ationt ool s,
customerr elationshi pmanagement( CRMs)anddat ast or age.
ITsuppor tser vices( i
.e., cloudcomput ingi nfrastr uct ure)–Cl oudser vicesal so
suppor ttheent er pr iseI Tst aff,aswel lasappl icat ionandcont entpr ov ider s.These
pay -
per -
usei nf rast ruct ur eof feringsi ncl udeon- demandcomput ingpower ,dat a
storage, applicat i
onshost ing, aut omat edsy stemsmanagement—andcl oud
platf
or msf orappl i
cat ionsdev eloper
Publicandpr iv at ecl oudser v i
ces–Becausecl oudcomput i
ngi sst i
ll int heear ly
stagesofdev el opment ,thei ndust ryhasnoty etdev elopedst andar di zeddef i
nitions
forpubl i
candpr ivat ecl ouds.Howev er, publ iccl oudsar egener allydescr ibedas
cloudi nfrastruct ur et hati sav ailablet ot hegener al publ i
coral argegr oupof
businesses.TheI nt erneti sthemostwi delyusedpubl iccloud.Pr ivateclouds, ont he
otherhand, limitaccesst oasi ngleent erpr i
se( orit
sI Tstaff).Thepr i
vatecloud
i
nfrastructuremaybel ocat edonorof ft heor ganizati
on’spr emi ses—andmaybe
managedbyt heent erpriseorbyat hi
rdpar ty.Withineitherapubl i
corpr ivatecloud,
av i
rtualprivatecloudcanbepar ti
ti
onedof ffrom thepr i
mar yinfrastructure,andt his
“subset”oft helar gercl oudi soper atedsol el
yf ordesignateduser s.Thispar ti
ti
oning
i
s“ vir
tual,
”rathert hanphy sical.
Cloudcomput i
ngi si nanear l
ystageofdev elopmentandmi ghtbev iewedas
simplyanewf orm ofout sourcing.Howev er,somekeyaspect sofcl oudcomput ing
—suchast helev elsofbandwi dthrequiredt osuppor tcloudser vices—coul dhav e
apower f
ul i
mpactonnet wor kproviders.Consequent l
y,thefollowi ngsectionsof
thi
swhi tepaper :
Explainthepot ent ialbenef itsofcloudser v i
ces, f
orbot hconsumer sandt he
enterpri
se
Showcur r
entmar ketsi zeandexpect edgr owt h—andwhet hert het rendwi l
l
continue
Definethest rategici mpactt onet wor kpr ov i
ders’businessandi nfrastruct
ure
Profil
esomeemer gi ngcl oudcomput i
ngpl ayers,al
ongwi t
ht heser v
icestheyar e
l
aunchi ng
Mar ketoverv i
ew
Technol ogydr ivers
Cloudcomput inghasbeenenabl edpr i
mar ilybyt hreekeyt echnol ogicaladv ances—
vasti ncreasesi ncomput i
ngpower ,thereduct ioninstorage/memor ycost sandt he
perv asiveuseofhi gh- speedInternetconnect ions.Forexampl e,the
perfor mance/ pricer atioforharddr ivesandpr ocessorsimpr oved7500t imesand60
ti
mes, respect ively,from 1991t o2006.Newt echnologieshav ealsoi ncr easedt he
speedoft heI nternetbackbone20, 000t i
mesf rom 45Mb/ stoat er abitpersecond,
1
fr
om 1997t o2007, whi l
eal l
owingnet wor kpr ovi
derstodel i
v ersophi sti
cat ednew
mul timedi aappl i
cationsov eragr owi ngar rayofdev i
ces.Wi reli
neoper atorsar e
usingconv ergedI Pnet workstosuppor tInter net-
basedser vicesmor ecost
effectively—andar eext endingIPcl osert ot henet workedget opr ovidet hebenef i
ts
ofdi stri
but edi ntell
i
gencef orimpr ovedper f ormanceandper sonal i
zation.As
wirelessoper at orsgr aduallyevolveto4Gnet works,theyhav emadeef fectiveuseof
WiFi technol ogyt opr ovideInter
netaccesst ol aptopcomput ers.Andnow, theyar e
extendi ngt hesev i
deoanddat acapabi li
ti
est omobi l
ephonest hroughagr owi nguse
off emt ocel l
si nhomesandbusi nesses.

“Vi
rtuali
zati
on”technologi
esalsopl ayanimpor t
antr ol
ebypr ovidingawayt o
decoupleanappl i
cationfr
om thephy si
calserverhar dware,soitisnot“ti
edtoone
specifi
cbox .
”Thisflexi
bil
it
yofferscert
ainadvant ages.Fir
st,i
treducesITser v
er
costs,becauseaser vercanbedi vi
dedintomul t
ipleisolat
edv i
rtualenvi
ronments,
whichsuppor tmoreappl i
cati
onsandoper ati
ngsy st
emsatl owercost .I
talsooffer
s
amor erobustenv i
ronment ,
becauseappl i
cat
ionscanr unonser versinmulti
ple
l
ocat i
ons,usi
ngmul tipl
eoperatingsystems.Theseopt i
onsmakei tfast
erandeasier
tosetupnewappl i
cat i
ons
—andpr ovi
debackupandr ecov er
y,i
fneeded.
services.Theseconcer nsi ncl ude:
•Secur ityandpr i
vacy–Howsaf eisi nfor mat i
on
i
nt hehandsofcl oudcomput ingsuppl iers?An
ITICsur v
eyf oundt hat85per centofcor por ate
cust omer saround
thegl obewi l
lnoti mpl ementacl oudcomput i
ngi nfrast ructur ein2009because
off ear st hatsensi tivecor por atedat acannotbeadequat elysecur ed.Ei ght y-
threeper centofr espondent swoul dr equi respeci f
icguar anteest osaf eguar d
12
mi ssion- cr i
ti
cal dat abef or ecommi ttingt oacl oud. Consumer sar eal so
concer nedaboutt hef tandpr ivacyi ssues, whi chcoul ddi mi nisht heirwi ll
ingness
toadoptnewser vices.
•Regul ator ycompl iance–Ar ecloudser v icesmeet ingl ocal ,regional andnat ional
regul ations?Hi ghl yr egul at edi ndust r
ies, suchasbanki ngandheal t
hcar e,needt o
besur et hatcl oudser vi
cepr ov i
der scancompl ywi tht henecessar yaudi tsand
repor ting.
•Lossofcont rol–Ent erpr isesar econcer nedaboutt heirlossofcont rolov eruser s,
appl i
cat i
onsandr esour ces.Thi r
ty-nineper centofr espondent st oaYankeeGr oup
sur veysai dthatcont rol oft heirownupgr ades, updat esandsecur it
ypat chesi sa
13
maj orf actorthathaspr ev ent edt hem f rom adopt ingSaaS. Consumer sar emor e
wor riedabouthowt hei rdat ami ghtbeusedwi t
houtt heirawar eness; forexampl e,
soldorusedf ormar keting.
•Rel i
abi lit
yandav ailabi li
ty–Cant heI nter nethandl et hechal lengesofhi gh
volumesofdi ver set raffic, includingmi ssi on- crit
ical appl ications?Vi deoand
mul timedi acont entof fer edbycl oudser v icesmustbedel i
veredwi thout
i
nt errupt iont osat i
sf yuserdemands, andcr ucialbusi nessappl icationsneeda
highl ev el oftechni cal suppor t.AmongI Tpr ofessional s, 73per centsai dt hey
woul dr equireaguar ant eedr api dresponsef rom t echsuppor t,befor ecommi t
ting
14
toacl oudser vice.
•Or gani zat i
onalbar rier s–Becausecl oudcomput ingi saf orm ofout sour cing,it
coul dposet hreat st oexi st ingst ruct ure—andpeopl e’sj obs.Ther efor e, many
ent erpr i
sesar efacedwi t hi nternal resistancet oadopt ion.

Ty
pesofcl
oudser
viceprov
ider
s
•Sof
twareasaServi
ceprovi
der
s–del
i
veronl
i
neser
vicest
oconsumer
s,aswel
l
ast
otheent
erpr
ise.Thebusi
nessappl
i
cat
ionst
ypi
cal
l
yincl
udest
andar
d
messagi
ng,
cal
endar
sandspr
eadsheet
s—orappl
i
cat
ionst
ail
oredt
ospeci
fi
c
busi
nesspr
ocesses,
suchassal
esorcust
omerser
vice.Theseof
fer
ingsar
e
commonl
yknownassof
twar
easaser
vice(
SaaS)
.Theyappeal
tocompani
es
t
hatwant“
on-
demand”capabi
l
iti
es,
del
i
ver
edi
nacompl
etef
ormf
rom an
ext
ernal
prov
ider
,whohandl
esdev
elopmentandhost
ing.Someappl
i
cat
ion
pr
ovi
der
sowndat
acent
ers.Ot
her
srel
yonanot
hercl
oudpl
ayert
odot
he
host
ing.
•Pl
atf
ormsasaServi
ce(PaaS)pr
ovi
ders–offeropendevel
opmentplatf
orms
wi
ththesamecapabi
li
ti
esasanon-
premisesappli
cat
ionserv
er.Theyall
ow
 applicat i
ondev eloper s( incl udi ngot hercl oudpl ayer s)t obui ldormodi fy
softwar efort heirownuse—ort oof fercommer cial l
y .Bypur chasi ngt hese
ready -made, “off-the-shel f
”capabi li
ties, dev el oper scancompl etet heirwor k
fasterandpayonl yf ort her esour cest heyuse.
•Infr
ast ructureasaSer v i
ce( IaaS)pr ov i
der s–sel lof f-pr emi sescomput i
ng
resour cesonapay -per -usebasi s.Thesepl ay erspr ov idet he“ backbone”of
thecl oud—t hei nter connect eddat acent er shousi ngdi str i
but edgr i
dsof
commodi tyser ver s, whi chr uncl oudappl icat ions.
•Enhancer s– f aci li
tat edel iv eryofser v i
cest oenduser s.Theypr ov i
de
contentdel i
v erynet wor ks, net wor kt ranspor tandscal ingandopt imizat i
on
appliances. Tr ustedr elationshi ps– Net wor kpr ov ider sassi gndedi cated
teamst owor kwi thanent er pr i
set hroughoutt hel ifecy cleofapr oductor
service,begi nningwi thsal esandcont inui ngt hr oughaf t
er -salesser vi
ce
andsuppor t.Thesecol l
abor at i
onscanpr ov idet heent erpr isewi thgr eat er
controlov erpur chasi ngpr ocessesandi ncr easedr esponsi venesst ot heir
uniqueneeds, i
ncl uding24/ 7ser vi
cesuppor t.
•Rel iabl eoper ationst hatscal e–Whi l
esomeappl icat i
onand
cont entpr ov ider smai ntainser vicesi na“ per pet ual prev i
ew”st ate
(i.
e. ,bet a), net wor kpr ov ider scar ryoutext ensi v et esti
ngand
cer tifi
cat ionpr ocessesbef oreser v icesar el aunched.Ty picall
y,
telcoser vicesar eengi neer edf or99. 999per centav ail
abi l
ityor
bet ter, whi lescal i
ngupt ot ensofmi ll
ionsofuser s.
•Ser v i
cel evelagr eement s( SLAs)wi thr eali mpact–Net wor k
pr ov i
der sal soof fertruly“ meani ngf ul”ser v i
cel ev elagr eement s.
Thati s, theyar esuppor tedbycl earmet r i
cs, regul arper formance
moni t
or ing
—andf i
nanci al penal ti
esi ft heSLAst andar dsar enotmet .
•Vendori ndependence–Net wor kpr ov ider st endt obesof tware
andhar dwar eagnost i
c, sot heycanr eacht hel argestpossi ble
mar ket .Incont rast ,someexi stingcl oudpl ay er si ncorpor ateat
leastaf ewpr opr i
etar yel ement si nt hei rpl atfor ms.
•Gl obalpr esenceand mar ketcommi tment– Lar ge,i ntegrated
net wor kpr ov i
der scanmeetent er priseneedsany wher ei nt he
wor l
d, backedbydedi cat edsal esandsuppor tt eams.Thi sr el
iable
pr esencei sf ur therenhancedbynet wor kpr ov i
der s’commi tment
tohost i
ngandcl oudcomput i
ngov ert hel ongert erm,aspar tof
thei rcor enet wor kbusi ness.