2D and 3D SHAPES

 2D SHAPES:
o A shape or a figure that has a length and a breadth is a 2D shape.
o A plane object that has only length and breadth is 2 dimensional.
o Straight or curved lines make up the sides of this shape. These figures
can have any number of sides.
o Plane figures made of lines are known as polygons. For example,
triangles and squares are polygons.
o A 2D shape is flat, they don’t have any depth.
o Example- A sheet of paper, has a two-dimensional shape. It has length
and breadth but no depth or height.
 Types of 2D shapes:
o 2D shapes are classified into 2 types:
o Regular or irregular – based on their length and interior angles.
o A 2D shape is called regular if all its sides have the same length and all of
its interior angles are of the same measurement.
o A 2D shape is called irregular if all its sides are unequal in length and all of
its angles are unequal in measurement.
 Properties of 2D Shapes
Regular and irregular 2D shapes include the circle, triangle, square, rectangle,
pentagon, and hexagon.
 Circles:
o Circles are entirely round shapes formed by a single curved line. The
curved line’s points are at equal distances from its centre.
o A semi-circle has two sides, one curved and one straight. The entire arc
has a 180° angle.
 Triangles:
o A triangle is a closed polygon with three sides, three vertices, and three
angles. The sum of the triangle’s three interior angles is 180°.
o An equilateral triangle is a regular triangle with 60° angles each.
o Any triangle with one right angle is referred to as a right-angled triangle.
o A scalene triangle is an irregular triangle wherein every side and angle is
unique.
o An isosceles triangle has two equal sides and two equal angles.
 Quadrilaterals:
o A square is a regular quadrilateral with all vertices at 90° angles.
o A kite has two sets of equal-length sides, with diagonals intersecting at
right angles.
o A rectangle is made up of two parallel straight lines, each with a 90° angle.
o A rhombus is defined by two parallel lines, equal sides, and opposite
equal angles.
 A trapezium has one parallel pair of lines.
 A parallelogram is made up of two parallel lines and two opposite equal angles.
 Polygons:
o A 5-sided shape is called a Pentagon. Interior angles add up to 540°.
o A 6-sided shape is called a Hexagon. Interior angles add up to 720°.
o A 7-sided shape is called a Heptagon or Septagon. Interior angles add up
to 900°.
o An 8-sided shape is called an Octagon. Interior angles add up to 1080°.
o A 9-sided shape is called a Nonagon. Interior angles add up to 1260°.
o A 10-sided shape is called a Decagon. Interior angles add up to 1440°.
 3D shapes:
o Cuboid, cube, cylinder, sphere, pyramid, and cone are 3D shapes.
 Types of 3D Shapes:
 Sphere
o A sphere is round and circular in shape. All the points on the
surface of the sphere are equidistant from the centre. It has the
following dimensions: radius, diameter, circumference, volume, and
surface area. There is only one face, no edges, and no vertices.
For example, a ball, lemon, etc.
 Cube and Cuboid
o The cube and cuboid have the same number of faces, vertices, and
edges. The major distinction between a cube and a cuboid is that a
cube has all six faces that are squares, whereas a cuboid has all
six faces that are rectangles. For example, ice cube, Rubik’s cube,
etc.
 Cylinder
o A cylinder is a three-dimensional shape with two round faces, one
at the top and one at the bottom, as well as one curving surface. A
cylinder has a radius and a height. It is a 3D object with two
identical round or oval ends. For example, candles, batteries, cans,
etc.
 Cone
o A cone has a flat (circle-shaped) base and a pointy tip at the top.
The pointy end at the top of the cone is referred to as the ‘Apex.’ A
cone has a curved surface as well. For example, ice-cream cone,
party hat, Christmas tree, etc.
 Torus
o A torus, often known as an O ring, is a doughnut-shaped object. It
is created by spinning a smaller circle with a smaller radius (r)
around a larger circle with a larger radius (R). For example, tire,
ring, doughnut, etc.
 Pyramid
o A pyramid has a polygon base and an apex with straight sharp
edges and flat faces. Types of pyramids:
 Tetrahedron – Pyramid with a triangular base
 Square Pyramid – Pyramid with a quadrilateral base
 Pentagonal Pyramid – Pyramid with a pentagon as base
 Hexagonal Pyramid – Pyramid with a hexagon as base
 Octagonal Pyramid – Pyramid with an octagon as base
 Prism
o A prism is a 3D form that consists of two similar shapes that face
each other. Prisms are classified into several types, including
 triangular prisms, square prisms, pentagonal prisms, hexagonal
prisms, and so on.

 Polyhedrons
o A three-dimensional form having flat polygonal faces, straight
edges, and sharp corners or vertices is known as a polyhedron.
Polyhedrons are further classified into Prisms, Pyramids and
Platonic Solids (E.g., Octahedron, Dodecahedron).