Chapter 1: Complex Numbers – Exercise 1.

1 Notes
Definition of a Complex Number

 A complex number is expressed as:

z = x + iy
where:
o x is the real part (Re(z))
o y is the imaginary part (Im(z))
o i is the imaginary unit, defined by i² = -1nbf.org.pk
 The set of all complex numbers is denoted by ℂ.nbf.org.pk

Fundamental Concepts

1. Imaginary Unit (i):

o i² = -1Math World+1MathCity.org+1
o Powers of i follow a cycle:
i¹ = i, i² = -1, i³ = -i, i⁴ = 1, and then the pattern repeats every 4 powers.
2. Equality of Complex Numbers:
o Two complex numbers z₁ = x₁ + iy₁ and z₂ = x₂ + iy₂ are equal if and only if:
x₁ = x₂ and y₁ = y₂.
3. Conjugate of a Complex Number:
o The conjugate of z = x + iy is z̄ = x - iy.nbf.org.pk+1YouTube+1
4. Modulus of a Complex Number:
o The modulus (or absolute value) of z = x + iy is:
|z| = √(x² + y²).

Operations on Complex Numbers

1. Addition:
o (x₁ + iy₁) + (x₂ + iy₂) = (x₁ + x₂) + i(y₁ + y₂)
2. Subtraction:
o (x₁ + iy₁) - (x₂ + iy₂) = (x₁ - x₂) + i(y₁ - y₂)
3. Multiplication:
o (x₁ + iy₁)(x₂ + iy₂) = (x₁x₂ - y₁y₂) + i(x₁y₂ + x₂y₁)
4. Division:
o To divide z₁ by z₂, multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator:
(z₁ / z₂) = (z₁ * z̄₂) / (z₂ * z̄₂)
 Powers of i

 The powers of i repeat every four steps:

o i¹ = ieSaral+1MathCity.org
MathCity.org+1
o i² = -1MathCity.org
o i³ = -iMathCity.org
o i⁴ = 1
o i⁵ = i, and so on.
 To simplify iⁿ, divide n by 4 and use the remainder to find the equivalent power.

Example Problem

Evaluate: i³¹

Solution:

 Divide 31 by 4: 31 ÷ 4 = 7 remainder 3.
 So, i³¹ = i³ = -i.Math World+2
+2MathCity.org+2MathCity.org+2

Additional Resources

 Detailed Solutions: For step

step-by-step solutions to Exercise 1.1, you can refer to MathCity.org.
MathCity.org+1MathCity.org
MathCity.org+1
 Video Lectures: Visual learners may benefit from this YouTube lecture covering Exercise 1.1.
YouTube

If you need further assistance with specific problems or concepts from this chapter, feel free to ask!

Sources

ChatGPT
Response 2
 Chapter 1:
Complex Numbers – Exercise 1.1 Notes
Definition of a Complex Number

 A complex number is expressed as:

z = x + iy
where:
o x is the real part (Re(z))
o y is the imaginary part (Im(z))
o i is the imaginary unit, defined by i² = -1nbf.org.pk
 The set of all complex numbers is denoted by ℂ.nbf.org.pk

Fundamental Concepts

1. Imaginary Unit (i):

o i² = -1Math World+1MathCity.org+1
o Powers of i follow a cycle:
i¹ = i, i² = -1, i³ = -i, i⁴ = 1, and then the pattern repeats every 4 powers.
2. Equality of Complex Numbers:
 Two complex numbers z₁ = x₁ + iy₁ and z₂ = x₂ + iy₂ are equal if and only if:
o
x₁ = x₂ and y₁ = y₂.
3. Conjugate of a Complex Number:
o The conjugate of z = x + iy is z̄ = x - iy.nbf.org.pk+1YouTube+1
4. Modulus of a Complex Number:
o The modulus (or absolute value) of z = x + iy is:
|z| = √(x² + y²).

Operations on Complex Numbers

1. Addition:
o (x₁ + iy₁) + (x₂ + iy₂) = (x₁ + x₂) + i(y₁ + y₂)
2. Subtraction:
o (x₁ + iy₁) - (x₂ + iy₂) = (x₁ - x₂) + i(y₁ - y₂)
3. Multiplication:
o (x₁ + iy₁)(x₂ + iy₂) = (x₁x₂ - y₁y₂) + i(x₁y₂ + x₂y₁)
4. Division:
o To divide z₁ by z₂, multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator:
(z₁ / z₂) = (z₁ * z̄₂) / (z₂ * z̄₂)

Powers of i

 The powers of i repeat every four steps:

o i¹ = ieSaral+1MathCity.org+1
o i² = -1MathCity.org
o i³ = -iMathCity.org
o i⁴ = 1
o i⁵ = i, and so on.
 To simplify iⁿ, divide n by 4 and use the remainder to find the equivalent power.

Example Problem

Evaluate: i³¹

Solution:

 Divide 31 by 4: 31 ÷ 4 = 7 remainder 3.
 So, i³¹ = i³ = -i.Math World+2MathCity.org+2MathCity.org+2
 Additional Resources

 Detailed Solutions: For step

step-by-step solutions to Exercise 1.1, you can refer to MathCity.org.
MathCity.org+1MathCity.org
MathCity.org+1
 Video Lectures: Visual learners may benefit from this YouTube lecture covering Exercise 1.1.
YouTube

If you need further assistance with specific problems or concepts from this chapter, feel free to ask!

Sources

ChatGPT

Response 2
Certainly! Here are concise notes on Chapter 1: Complex Numbers from the National Book Foundation's
Class 11 Mathematics textbook, focusing on Exercise 1.1.

Chapter 1: Complex Numbers — Key Concepts

Definition

 A complex number is expressed as z=x+iyz = x + iyz=x+iy, where:

o xxx is the real part (Re(z)=x\text{Re}(z) = xRe(z)=x)MathCity.org
o yyy is the imaginary part (Im(z)=y\text{Im}(z) = yIm(z)=y)MathCity.org
o iii is the imaginary unit, defined by i2=−1i^2 = -1i2=−1

Conjugate

 The conjugate of z=x+iyz = x + iyz=x+iy is zˉ=x−iy\bar{z} = x - iyzˉ=x−iy

MathCity.org+3MathCity.org+3MathCity.org+3
 Modulus (Magnitude)

 The modulus of z=x+iyz = x + iyz=x+iy is ∣z∣=x2+y2|z| = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}∣z∣=x2+y2

Exercise 1.1 Highlights

Question 1: Powers of iii

 i1=ii^1 = ii1=i, i2=−1i^2 = -1i2=−1, i3=−ii^3 = -ii3=−i, i4=1i^4 = 1i4=1 — this cycle repeats every 4
powers.
 Example: i31=i(4×7)+3=i3=−ii^{31} = i^{(4 \times 7) + 3} = i^3 = -ii31=i(4×7)+3=i3=−i

Question 2: Operations with Complex Numbers

 Addition/Subtraction:
o (3+2i)+(2+4i)=5+6i(3 + 2i) + (2 + 4i) = 5 + 6i(3+2i)+(2+4i)=5+6i
MathCity.org+1MathCity.org+1
o (4+3i)−(2+5i)=2−2i(4 + 3i) - (2 + 5i) = 2 - 2i(4+3i)−(2+5i)=2−2iMathCity.org
 Multiplication:
o (3+2i)(4−3i)=18−i(3 + 2i)(4 - 3i) = 18 - i(3+2i)(4−3i)=18−iMathCity.org
 Division:
o 3+2i3−i=710+910i\frac{3 + 2i}{3 - i} = \frac{7}{10} + \frac{9}{10}i3−i3+2i=107+109i
MathCity.org
 Complex Expressions:
o (1+i)(1−i)(2+i)=4+2i(1 + i)(1 - i)(2 + i) = 4 + 2i(1+i)(1−i)(2+i)=4+2iMathCity.org
o 12+3i=213−313i\frac{1}{2 + 3i} = \frac{2}{13} - \frac{3}{13}i2+3i1=132−133iMathCity.org

Question 7: Modulus Calculations

 ∣11+12i∣=112+122=265|11 + 12i| = \sqrt{11^2 + 12^2} = \sqrt{265}∣11+12i∣=112+122=265

MathCity.org
 ∣(2+3i)−(2+6i)∣=∣−3i∣=3|(2 + 3i) - (2 + 6i)| = |-3i| = 3∣(2+3i)−(2+6i)∣=∣−3i∣=3MathCity.org
 ∣(2−i)(6+3i)∣=15|(2 - i)(6 + 3i)| = 15∣(2−i)(6+3i)∣=15
 ∣3−2i2+i∣=135\left| \frac{3 - 2i}{2 + i} \right| = \sqrt{\frac{13}{5}}2+i3−2i=513
 ( |(\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{-8})(\sqrt{3} +

Search
Certainly! Here are concise notes on Chapter 1: Complex Numbers from the National Book Foundation's
Class 11 Mathematics textbook, focusing on Exercise 1.1.

Chapter 1: Complex Numbers — Key Concepts

Definition

 A complex number is expressed as z=x+iyz = x + iyz=x+iy, where:

o xxx is the real part (Re(z)=x\text{Re}(z) = xRe(z)=x)MathCity.org
o yyy is the imaginary part (Im(z)=y\text{Im}(z) = yIm(z)=y)MathCity.org
o iii is the imaginary unit, defined by i2=−1i^2 = -1i2=−1

Conjugate

 The conjugate of z=x+iyz = x + iyz=x+iy is zˉ=x−iy\bar{z} = x - iyzˉ=x−iy

MathCity.org+3MathCity.org+3MathCity.org+3
 Modulus (Magnitude)

 The modulus of z=x+iyz = x + iyz=x+iy is ∣z∣=x2+y2|z| = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}∣z∣=x2+y2

Exercise 1.1 Highlights

Question 1: Powers of iii

 i1=ii^1 = ii1=i, i2=−1i^2 = -1i2=−1, i3=−ii^3 = -ii3=−i, i4=1i^4 = 1i4=1 — this cycle repeats every 4
powers.
 Example: i31=i(4×7)+3=i3=−ii^{31} = i^{(4 \times 7) + 3} = i^3 = -ii31=i(4×7)+3=i3=−i

Question 2: Operations with Complex Numbers

 Addition/Subtraction:
o (3+2i)+(2+4i)=5+6i(3 + 2i) + (2 + 4i) = 5 + 6i(3+2i)+(2+4i)=5+6i
MathCity.org+1MathCity.org+1
o (4+3i)−(2+5i)=2−2i(4 + 3i) - (2 + 5i) = 2 - 2i(4+3i)−(2+5i)=2−2iMathCity.org
 Multiplication:
o (3+2i)(4−3i)=18−i(3 + 2i)(4 - 3i) = 18 - i(3+2i)(4−3i)=18−iMathCity.org
 Division:
o 3+2i3−i=710+910i\frac{3 + 2i}{3 - i} = \frac{7}{10} + \frac{9}{10}i3−i3+2i=107+109i
MathCity.org
 Complex Expressions:
o (1+i)(1−i)(2+i)=4+2i(1 + i)(1 - i)(2 + i) = 4 + 2i(1+i)(1−i)(2+i)=4+2iMathCity.org
o 12+3i=213−313i\frac{1}{2 + 3i} = \frac{2}{13} - \frac{3}{13}i2+3i1=132−133iMathCity.org

Question 7: Modulus Calculations

 ∣11+12i∣=112+122=265|11 + 12i| = \sqrt{11^2 + 12^2} = \sqrt{265}∣11+12i∣=112+122=265

MathCity.org
 ∣(2+3i)−(2+6i)∣=∣−3i∣=3|(2 + 3i) - (2 + 6i)| = |-3i| = 3∣(2+3i)−(2+6i)∣=∣−3i∣=3MathCity.org
 ∣(2−i)(6+3i)∣=15|(2 - i)(6 + 3i)| = 15∣(2−i)(6+3i)∣=15
 ∣3−2i2+i∣=135\left| \frac{3 - 2i}{2 + i} \right| = \sqrt{\frac{13}{5}}2+i3−2i=513
 ( |(\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{-8})(\sqrt{3} +

Search