UNIT NO. -4 TESTING AND troubleshooting of transformer 4,1 TESTING OF transformer ————Testingof Transformer —— * Phasing out test Routine Test oy potngs Ratio *Magnetizing current and core loss *Measurement of insulation resistance *HN test Temperature tes’ Impulse Tes. + Type Test — rf «Efficiency Test “Back to Back test a Supplementary Test amp © What is phasing out test ? >To identify primary & secondary windings belonging to same phase is known as phasing out test. Procedure:- Short primary & secondary winding of other phases expect the one under test. Connect voltmeter to secondary winding. +A ssmall DC current is circulated through the primary winding through switch. Now with the help of switch interrupt the DC supply instantly & repeatedly. ‘Repeat the procedure by connecting voltmeter to secondary side to next secondary winding tll voltmeter gives deflection.*Conclusion: *If voltmeter indicator deflects than it indicates the two windings concerned, belong to the same phase. *If not deflect then two windings are not belong to same phase. Polarity test ofa single phase transformer circuit diagram:- (2 Mar + Procedure :- ‘Take a 1-phase transformer. There are two primary terminals, say P1 and P2 (can be marked arbitrarily) and two secondary terminals S1 and S2. + Now, whiich one is S1 and which is $2? You cannot fixit arbitrarily just as you did for P1 and P2. (if this transformer is not to be paralleled or is not to be a part of a 3-phase connected transformer, you can fix$1 and 2 also arbitrarily.) ‘Its important to mark that terminal as S1, which will have the same instantaneous polarity asPI. -1Soapolarity tests done to identify and mark the terminals as below. *For Additive polarity- * Temporally externally short the terminal P2 and S1 * Connect the voltmeter in terminal P1 and S2. V3=V1+V2 * For subtractive polarity- * Temporally externally short the terminal P2 and S2. Connect the voltmeter in terminal P1 and 1. V3=V1-V2*The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. *A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LY ‘side of the transformer as shown. *The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a variac of variable ratio auto transformer. ‘*The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with the help of varia, applied voltage gets slowly increased until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV side. *After reaching rated LV side voltage, we record all the three ‘The ammeter reading gives the no load current |. ‘*As no load current |, is quite small compared to rated current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this current that can be taken as negligible. ‘Since voltmeter reading V, can be considered equal to the secondary induced voltage of the transformer, wattmeter reading indicates the input power during the test. As the ‘transformer is open circuited, there is no output, hence the input power here consists of ‘core losses in transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load condition. sopen circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses in transformer -— ShortcircuitTest “The connection diagram for the short circuit test on the transformer is shown in the figure below. voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in iV de ofthe transformer as shown. low voltage of around 5-10% is applied to that HV side ith the help of a variac (i.e. avariable ratio auto Sl ww . Sho Gut Test on Tansfomer short-circuit the LV side of the transformer. low with the help of variac applied voltage is slowly eased until the wattmeter, and an ammeter gives reading‘After reaching the rated current of the HV side, we record all the three instrument readings (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings). *The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full load current IL. ‘*As the voltage applied for full load current in a short circuit test on the transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of the transformer, the core lasses in the transformer can be taken as negligible here. «The watt-meter reading indicates the input power during the test. As we have short-circuited the transformer, there is no output; hence the input power here consists of copper losses in tthe transformer Insulation resistance is one of the critical readings of electrical equipment systems and serves as the best guide to indicate the health of the electrical machinery. Due to ageing insulation causes deterioration in the performance. *Also due to Harsh operating environments, extreme operating temperatures, moisture, and chemical contamination, will accelerate the deterioration process of insulation. *Hence It’s necessary to measure and keep record of insulation resistance of the insulation of electrical equipment, installation at all times to avoid any accident such as electrical shock, fire, short circuit, ete. fc Tecrmesmimonmnmsies'S, a | ft Wiesra Winae Measurement of insulation resistance:- Rating of Megger: are available for 500, 1000, 2500 & 5000 or even 10000 Volt D.C. Procedure:~ *First disconnect all the line & neutral terminals of the equipment. *To check the IR, megger should be cranked (rotate) at a speed indicated in its certificate(usually 120 rpm),*The full load test on a small transformer is very convenient, but on the large transformer, itis very difficult. *The maximum temperature rise in a large transformer is determined by the full load test. This test is called, back-to-back test, regenerative test or Sumpner’s test The suitable load which absorbs the full load power of aarg0transformer will not easily be available. sHence a large amount of energy will be wasted. *The back-to-back test determines the maximum temperature rise in a transformer, and hence the load is chosen according to the capability of the transformer. ‘The two identical transformer is used for the — back to back test. Consider the T,, and 7,; are the se imary windings of the transformer connects. "8" allel to each other. 1e nominal rated voltage and frequency is plied to their primary winding. re voltmeter and ammeter are connected on ir primary side for the measurement of the jut voltage and current. 1e secondary winding of the transformer is nected in series withthe each other but with actack et entwo nc ni ge aeorers osite polarity. e voltmeter V, is connected to the terminal the secondary winding for the measurement he voltage “The series opposition of the secondary winding is determined by connecting there any two terminal; the voltmeter is connected across their remaining terminals. *if itis connected in series opposition, the voltmeter gives the zero reading. The open ‘terminal is used for measuring the parameter of the transformer.«The performance of a transformer largely depends upon perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio of transformer. *So transformer ration test is an essential type test of transformer. The voltage should be applied only in the high voltage winding in order to avoid unsafe voltage. Procedure : *First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV terminals are kept open. ‘Then apply 3-phase 415 V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages applied on each phase (Phase-phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV terminals simultaneously. — ‘after measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of transformer should be raised by one position and repeat test. *Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately.‘Srsno ‘Troubles ‘Causes ‘Remedial Measures T. | Transformer becomes | > Itmaybe due to overloading. Rectity the Cause overheating > Failure of cooling System. > High ambient temperature. > Low liquid level. 2 | Oxeciempenme Over current, Rectily the Cause > Over voltage, > Insufficient cooling. > Low liquid level. > Shudge in the transformer liquid, > High ambient temperature > Short-cireuited core. 3._| Excessive core > Due to high magnetizing current Restify the Cause heating > High inrush current | Transformer doesnot | __> Primary side fuses blown outor | Reetify the Cause show output volinge circuit breaker may trip. > Failure of primary winding. > Tap changer. loose connection. > Wire connection may be open in incorrect wecondary Improper turns ratio Cane voltage > Abnormal primary voltage > Shorted turns in the transformer. | Phase voltage Unequal Loading. Restify the Cause ‘unequal (Non- > Single phasing ‘Symmetrical voltage ‘on secondary side) 7__[ High exciting curent | __> Usually, high exsiting currents are | Rectify the Case due to short circuited core > open core joints S| Transformer body Insulation resistance reduced. Rectify the Cause gives shock Any live wire touches the transformer tank (Earth fault), 3. [Low mulation F Moisture in the oil Rectify the Cause resistance 16. | Winding insulation > Failure maybe due toa shori-cireuit_ | Reetily the Cause failure Fault, > Lightning. > Overload > Over current condition. > Transformer liquid containing moisture and contaminants TI, | Unexpected voltage > Earth faifure on one phase Restify the Cause to earth measurement Extemal Short F Trmay be due to insufficient Restify the Cause ‘circuit clearance on overhead line > Ascunnilation of dust on insulator (ransformer bushing).insformer with respect to : (i) Location (ii) Cabling (ii) Facilities for maintenanc 1. Location- * It should be near load center. + Easy access for incoming and outgoing line, + Easy access towards Transformer ‘There should be sufficient place all around the transformer and also for future expansion. Transformer area should be free earth quake. * The transformer area should have well ventilation available. 2. Cable- The underground cable should be used. * The cable should be selected as per requirement of toad and should have good quality. *Shortcut rout not used in laying of cable, * The used cable should have high mechanical strength to prevent from mechanical injury. * Easy access for transmission lines. * There should not be any complication of the interconnection between the cable