Basic Occupational

Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health
“Identified as the discipline dealing with the Elements of the Work System
prevention of work-related injuries and
diseases as well as the protection and
promotion of the health of workers. It aims
at the improvement of working conditions
and environment.” (ILO)
Environment

“The Occupational Safety and Health

Standards was formulated in 1978 in
compliance with the constitutional mandate
People
to safeguard the worker’s social and
economic well-being as well as his physical
safety and health.” (DOLE)
Machinery Materials
GLOBAL SITUATIONER
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Unexpected or unplanned occurrence , including acts of violence arising out of or in connection
with work which results to one or more workers incurring a personal injury, disease or death.

An injury which results from work-related event or a single instantaneous exposure in work
environment (occupational accident).

Top Cases of Occupational Injuries with Workdays Lost in Establishments

Top Five (5) Occupational Diseases in Establishments

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 SAFETY OFFICER
➢ Refers to any employee or officer of the company trained by the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE) and tasked by the employer to implement an occupational safety and
health program, and ensure that it is in accordance with the provisions of OSH standards.
➢Responsibilities:
(a) Oversee the overall management of the safety and health program;
(b) Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being undertaken;
(c) Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time whenever
work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident investigation; and
(d) Issue work stoppage orders when necessary.

➢The number and qualification of the safety officers shall be proportionate to the total number
of workers and equipment, the size of the work area and such other criteria as may be
prescribed by the DOLE.

Source: REPUBLIC ACT No. R11058

 SAFETY OFFICER
Safety Officer 1 Safety Officer 2 Safety Officer 3 Safety Officer 4
8 hrs (orientation)
Course 40 hrs (training) 40 hrs (training) 40 hrs (training)
2 hrs (trainers’ training)
Advanced/specialized
occupational safety 48 hrs 80 hrs
training course
Relevant experience in Aggregate of 320
At least 2 yrs
OSH hrs
Other requirements as
prescribed in the OSH
standards
Eligible for certification as
OSH practitioner
(SO3)/consultant (SO4)
Actual experience as SO3
for at least 4 yrs
Source: REPUBLIC ACT No. 11058 – Implementing Rules and Regulations
SAMPLE SAFETY MEETINGS CONDUCTED
➢Orientation of Employees
➢Daily Toolbox Meeting
➢Weekly Mass Toolbox Meeting
➢Supervisors Safety Meeting
➢Safety Officers Safety Meeting
➢Safety Committee Meeting
➢Daily Coordination Meeting with Client/Contractors
 THEORIES OF ACCIDENT CAUSATION
1. The domino theory developed by H. W. Heinrich, a safety engineer and pioneer in the field of
industrial accident safety.
2. Human Factors Theory
3. Accident/Incident Theory
4. Epidemiological Theory
5. Systems Theory
6. The energy release theory, developed by Dr. William Haddon, Jr., of the Insurance Institute for
Highway Safety.
7. Behavior Theory

Source: Cleveland State University Work Zone Safety and Efficiency Transportation Center
DOMINO THEORY
1932 First Scientific Approach to Accident/Prevention - H.W. Heinrich
HEINRICH’S DOMINO THEORY – CORRECTIVE ACTION SEQUENCE
(THE THREE “E”S)
Engineering
– Control hazards through product design or process change.
Education
– Train workers regarding all facets of safety.
– Impose on management that attention to safety pays off.
Enforcement
– Ensure that internal and external rules, regulations, and standard operating procedures are
followed by workers as well as management.
HUMAN FACTORS THEORY
Overload
- The work task is beyond the capability of the worker
◦ 1. Includes physical and psychological factors
◦ 2. Influenced by environmental factors, internal factors, and situational factors

Inappropriate Worker Response

- To hazards and safety measures (worker’s fault)
- To incompatible work station (management, environment faults)
Inappropriate Activities
- Lack of training and misjudgment of risk
ACCIDENT/INCIDENT THEORY
Ergonomic Traps
– These are incompatible work stations, tools or expectations
(management failure)

Decision to Err
– Unconscious or conscious (personal failure)

Systems Failure
– Management failure (policy, training, etc.)
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL THEORY
Epidemiology
– This field studies relationship between environmental factors and disease
– Can be used to study causal factors in a relationship
Two key Components:
1. Predisposition characteristics
- tendencies may predispose worker to certain actions
2. Situational characteristics
- peer pressure, poor attitude, risk taking

Together these characteristics can cause or prevent accidents that a person predisposed to a
given situation or condition may succumb to.
BEHAVIORAL THEORY
Often referred to as behavior-based safety (BBS)
7 Basic Principles of BBS
– Intervention
– Identification of internal factors
– Motivation to behave in the desired manner
– Focus on the positive consequences of appropriate behavior
– Application of the scientific method
– Integration of information
– Planned interventions
COMBINATION THEORY
➢Accidents may/may not fall under any one model

➢Result from factors in several models.

➢One model cannot be applied to all accidents

UNSAFE ACTS AND UNSAFE CONDITIONS
ACCIDENTS ARE OCCURRENCES OR EVENTS
THAT ARE:

unexpected performance delay

loss or damage to
unforeseen property or materials

unplanned injury or illness

unwanted death
 IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF ACCIDENT
Unsafe Act
- Actions performed any time by somebody who fail to abide safety rules or protocols.
- It can be an act of omission or act of commission.
- It can be a cause of a person’s: attitude, physical limitations, lack of relevant knowledge or skill

Source: Google Images

 IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF ACCIDENT
Unsafe Condition
- Any condition that have the potential to cause injury or death to an employee.
- Poses a special hazard to workers in industrial, manufacturing, or manual labor positions.
- Can result from unsafe acts.

Source: Google Images

THINGS TO REMEMBER
When addressing concerns regarding unsafe acts and/or unsafe condition, BE SPECIFIC.

It helps to use verbs when stating unsafe acts: It helps to use adjectives when stating unsafe
conditions:
Working at a height without a body harness.
Using defective tools. Uneven flooring.
Carrying loads incorrectly. Insufficient lighting.
Slippery floor.
ACTIVITY
Find 22 unsafe acts and
condition in this image.
ACTIVITY
Find 22 unsafe acts and
condition in this image.
 WORKPLACE RISK ASSESSMENT

Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC)

The process for managing hazards in the work or operational environment. It is the fundamental
mechanism for ensuring a safe workplace and underlies the basis of modern health and safety
legislation.

Source: Health and Safety Procedure - Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (La Trobe University)
TERMS TO REMEMBER
1. HAZARD - A source or a situation with a potential for harm to humans, property and damage
to the environment or a combination of these.

2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION - The process of identifying all situations or events that could give
rise injury, illness or damage to plant or property.

3. HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT - A systematic approach to assessing hazards which provides an

objective measure of the hazard and allows hazards to be prioritized and compared.

3. RISK - A function of the probability of an adverse event occurring and the potential
consequence of that event.
HAZARDS
Safety Hazards
- result to injuries to the worker
- immediate results from an accident
- usually because of direct contact to equipment or machinery

Health Hazards
- result in illness or diseases
- usually has a factor of latency or no immediate manifestation of the effect
- exposes the workers to hazardous conditions such chemicals, gases, fumes, dusts, etc.
Source: osha.gov
 SAFETY HAZARDS
These are the most common and will be present in most workplaces at one time or another.
They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness, and death.

1. Spills on floors or tripping hazards, such as blocked aisles or cords running across the floor
2. Working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any raised work area
3. Unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts; guards removed or moving parts that a worker can
accidentally touch
4. Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring
5. Confined spaces
6. Machinery-related hazards (lockout/tagout, boiler safety, forklifts, etc.)

Source: osha.gov
 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Industrial hygiene has been defined as “that science and art devoted to the anticipation,
recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from
the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant
discomfort among workers or among the citizens of the community.”

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE?

NONE
In the Philippines, we use the term
“Industrial Hygiene” and we call those
who practice the discipline as “Industrial
Hygienists”.

Source: osha.gov, Industrial Hygiene of the Sanitation Code of the Philippines, Industrial Hygienists Association of the Philippines (IHAP)
 CONTROL
MEASURES FOR OSH
STANDARDS
Following this hierarchy normally
leads to the implementation of
inherently safer systems, where
the risk of illness or injury has
been substantially reduced.

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/index.htm
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize
exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.
Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes, earplugs
or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls, vests, and full body suits.
Employers are also required to train each worker required to use personal protective equipment to
know:
1. When it is necessary
2. What kind is necessary
3. How to properly put it on, adjust, wear and take it off
4. The limitations of the equipment
5. Proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the equipment
REFERENCES
https://www.upehs.com/can-you-identify-the-hazards-in-this-image/#page-content
https://www.upehs.com/tag/unsafe-act/#page-content
https://www.osha.gov/safety-management/hazard-prevention
https://www.osha.gov/personal-protective-equipment