Cement • Rapid hardening cement

A type of cement that gains strength

a binding agent that is used to bind various
quickly.
construction materials. Given its adhesive
and cohesive properties, it is an essential • High alumina cement
ingredient of concrete and mortar. Cement is Used to construct refractory concrete,
mixed with water to form a paste that binds which can withstand high
aggregates like sand or crushed rocks. temperatures and harsh chemicals.
• Low heat cement
a powder of alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide, Produces less heat during hydration,
and magnesium oxide burned together in a making it ideal for mass concrete
kiln and finely pulverized and used as an applications like dams and
ingredient of mortar and concrete." foundations.
• Quick setting cement
the general process of manufacturing
Sets earlier than rapid hardening
portland cement is the same: crushed
cement, but gains strength at a similar
limestone and sand are mixed with ground
rate to OPC.
clay, shale, iron ore, fly ash and alternative
raw materials. • Colored cement
Made by adding pigments to OPC or
Kinds of Cements white cement, and used for decorative
purposes.
The most commonly used is PORTLAND
• Blast furnace slag cement
CEMENT ( ASTM C150).
Also known as slag cement or PBFC
This portland cement can be used for building cement, it's made from Portland
structures up to 4 storeys (low rise structures) cement clinker, granulated blast
in height. Different portland cement is used furnace slag, and gypsum.
for mid-rise (5 to 8 storeys ) and high-rise • Expansive cement
buildings which are above 8 storeys. Contains Portland cement and an
expanding agent that prevents cracks
Rapid hardening cement is used for airport
and failures in concrete.
runways.
Cements can also be classified as hydraulic
or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cements
There are several types of cement, require water to set and harden, while non-
including: hydraulic cements only react with a gas and
can set in air.
• Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
The most common type of cement In the Philippines , our standards and
used for basic construction. It's made benchmarks follows the American Society of
from limestone and clay that's heated Testing and Materials ( ASTM ).
in a kiln.
The universal standard Portland Cement
types are as follows :
TYPE 1 ordinary - For General Purpose to 5%, clinker 65% to 79%, limestone
Construction and structural reinforced 21% to 35%. As a raw material for
concrete. concrete and mortar, Holcim is ideal
for all types of construction projects."
TYPE 2 MODIFIED - Under Type 2 cement
-
this are for mid-rise and high rise building
construction. Cement Based Finishes
TYPE 3- HIGH EARLY STRENGTH For
high early strength concete for airport
• When cement is mixed with sand and gravel
runways, highways and elevated roads, pre-
with water ,it becomes CONCRETE.
fabricated and pre-stressed high rise building
components. • Water activates the cement, this action is
called hydrolysis.
TYPE 4 LOW HEAT - Concrete cracks and
deteriorate at high temperatures. This • Clean river sand is always use for concrete
portland cement is for construction when and cement based finishes. River sand should
high temperatures are expected. This type of be clean , free of any debris, soil or organic
Portland Cement cures and solidifies slowly. material. Sea sand is prohibited because if its
salt content destroys the cement.
Ideal for bridge foundations and
hydroelectric dam construction. -Rough ,silicate sand is ideal.
TYPE 5 SULFATE RESISTANT - -Too much sand weakens the compressive
Portland cement type resistant to salt water strength of concrete.
and high mineral such as sulfates ,ground
• Water for cement and concreting works
water.
should be clean , free of debris, oil and high
Ideal for pier and sea port construction, acidic content. Salt water should never be
concrete piles including seawall barriers. used for concreting.
Cement is available in the Philippines in • Portland cement can be used for cement
based finishes mix with 2 or 2-1/2 boxes of
- 40 kg bags.
sand. Ideally , better suited Masonry cement
- 1 ton bags is used.
- transit mixer / bulk carrier. • 21 liters of water is mixed with cement.
Hydraulic cement However ,care in water adjustment should be
done.
- known for its fast-setting properties
and high resistance to water, is widely - Concreting during summer months , the
used in the Philippines due to the amount of water is increased ,especially
country's humid and rainy climate when the sand is very dry.
- The composition of this cement
- During the wet / rainy season , water is
consists of slag / fly ash / gypsum 0%
reduced when the sand is wet.
- More water than necessary mixed with • Finishes for cement plasters , when
cement weakens the concrete. smoothened with a floating tool, it can be
wire or brushed finish for textures.
• During mixing , chemical additives , in
liquid or powder form can be added to the In late 1970s to 1980s , " anay " wall finish
cement. was the trend.
These admixtures enhances certain properties This roughened the plaster surface with
of the cement such as bond strength , embossed random design similar to wood
waterproofing, durability, water retention, eaten by termites.
workability, plasticity and other
This can be done Stamping with an old piece
characteristics.
of wood, cement spray gun or by a
Differences between Holcim Wallright homemade tool.
Prime and Holcim Wallright: • Colored cement can also be mixed with the
cement mixture prior to application.
• Holcim Wallright Prime has
greater compressive strength, better • Certain finishes are obtained by a hopper
wall adhesion, and a smoother finish. gun or pressurized hose.
It also retains water well, preventing
cracks.
• Holcim Wallright has superior A. Trowelling or Floating
bond strength, increased water
retention, and a smoother texture. It is - Metal trowels, wood floats, or metal
mainly used for hollow block laying, floats are used to smoothen and level
filling, plastering, and finishing. the concrete surface.
- Mechanical and power trowels are
preferred for large commercial
projects.
Cement Finishes
Composition:
A. Wall Plastering or Trowelling / Floating. • A mixture of Portland cement and
sand, combined with water.
Mixture of cement ,sand and water by correct
Application:
proportion, is thrown by trowel on the wall
• Used on walls ("palitada") and
surface.
floors by pushing the cement mix
Wall surface has to be wet first for better onto the surface.
adhesion or bond. • This improves adhesion or bond
and increases density based on
•Ideal thickness for new concrete hollow
thickness.
block walls is half an inch thick.
Thickness Requirements:
Too thick cement plasters tend to have wide • New concrete floors: Minimum 10
cracks or loss its bond because of drying. cm (4 inches) thick.
 • New walls (cement plaster finish): adds strength to the wall or ceiling and helps
About ½ inch thick. seal together building materials.
Smoothing Process:
PURPOSE:
• Before the cement hardens, it is
leveled and smoothed using a float 1. increase durability of masonry
(a handheld tool) 2. provide plain surface for painting
work
B. EDGING - Wall , columns and floors are 3. provide protection against
finished with straight edge. atmospheric attack
However sharp edges for walls and 4. protect against moisture
columns should be avoided in children
5. provide a better aesthetic view
and senior citizens homes, hospitals and
school interiors.
EXAMPLES OF STUCCO or CEMENT
PLASTER
EDGING - using specific tools, concrete
edges are rounded or leveled as a finish or to FINISHES & TECHNIQUES
create joints to minimize cracking or concrete
edges. For examples, this is used for stairs
and steps.
Smooth Coat Finish
3. BROOM FINISH – to avoid slippery
When a smooth finish is
surfaces and providing texture for wall
desired, the minimum
finishes. After the concrete surface has been
amount of working should
smoothened and leveled, a broom is dragged
be applied to the wetted
unto the concrete surface.
surface and a wooden float is to be used,
rather than a steel trowel. Rendering
shouldn’t be permitted to dry too quickly
PLASTER

a building material used for coating walls and

ceilings. Sand-cement plaster is used Rough Cast Finish
extensively in building work as a decorative
or protective coating for concrete and This finish is suitable
masonry walls. for rural or coastal
areas and for severe
one of the oldest building materials. The most exposure conditions.
primitive form was mud plaster, used to hold This is a finish that is
together structures made of branches or wood,
splashed onto the surface as a wet mix
for example. Today, internal plastering is
and left rough. The maximum size of sand,
used more as a way of smoothing out surfaces
and preparing them for decoration. It also crushed stone, or gravel varies from 12.5
mm to 6.3 mm.
Pebble-Dash Finish

This is the most durable of

all finishes and is generally
free from defects or
deficiency. Pebble-dash
finish gives a rough surface finish and is
obtained by means of small pebbles or
crushed stone,

Depeter Finish

This is just another

form of a rough
plaster finish. The
rendering coat of 12
mm thick is prepared
as in the case of a pebble-dash finish.

While this coat is wet, pieces of gravel are

pressed with hands on the surface.
10 types of natural stone finishes
STONE
Classification of Marble
ACCORDING TO COLOUR