T.C.

GEBZE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

PHYSICS DEPARTMENT

PHYSICS LABORATORY II
EXPERIMENT REPORT

THE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

Magnetic induction

PREPARED BY

NAME AND SURNAME :

STUDENT NUMBER :
DEPARTMENT :
GROUP NO :
TEACHING ASSISTANT :
DATE OF THE EXPERIMENT : ….. / ….. / ……….
DATE : ….. / ….. / ……….

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 Physics Lab 2 EM8 Instructions Manual Magnetic Induction

Experimental Procedure:
Before starting the experiment, install the setup as in Figure 8.1 except coil 2 part. Function generator
does not have a display screen, therefore you will need two auxiliary devices to determine the
intensity and the frequency of the current. To measure the intensity, you will have an analog
ammeter. Set it to 100 mA scale and don’t change it during the experiment. To determine the
frequency of the signal, set the counter to frequency mode by pushing MODE button once.

Figure 8.1. Schematic of experimental setup.

1. Induced voltage as a function of Ie:

In the first part, we will investigate the current strength (Ie) and secondary coil winding order (N2)
dependence of induced voltage. For this purpose, follow the instructions:
1. For coil 2 use one with 5×5 cm2 cross-sectional area. Firstly, plug two cables into two holes
placed on two sides of stamp 100 Wdg and put the coil inside the solenoid.
2. Turn on the voltmeter and signal generator, and set the letter to f = 1030 Hz
3. Starting from 0 mA record induced voltage (Ue) in Table 8.1.
4. Repeat the same procedure for 200 and 300 windings.

Table 8.1: Ie dependence of Ue for f = 1030 Hz and A = 25 cm2

Ie
0 mA 10 mA 20 mA 30 mA 40 mA 50 mA
N2
100
200
300

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 Physics Lab 2 EM8 Instructions Manual Magnetic Induction

2. Induced voltage as a function of frequency:

In the second part, we will investigate the driving current frequency (f ) and cross-sectional area
(A) dependence of induced voltage. For this purpose, follow the instructions:
1. For coil 2, use one with 2×5 cm2 cross-sectional area.
2. Set Ie=50 mA and starting from 806 Hz, record induced voltage in Table 8.2.
3. Repeat the same procedure for coils 3×5 cm2 and 5×5 cm2.

Table 8.2: f dependence of Ue for Ie = 50 mA and N2=300

f
806 Hz 2085 Hz 4027 Hz 6014 Hz
A

10 cm2

15 cm2

25 cm2

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 Physics Lab 2 EM8 Instructions Manual Magnetic Induction

Calculations and Analysis:

In this part, you will derive a similar expression to Equation 8.10. For this purpose, let’s assign a
general symbol 𝑄 for variables 𝐼 , 𝑁 , 𝑓, 𝐴 and suppose that 𝑈 depends on 𝑄 as 𝛼 power:
𝑈 = 𝐾𝑄 8.11
where 𝐾 is a proportionality constant. If we take logarithm of two sides, we find,

log(𝑈 (𝑄 )) = log 𝐾 + 𝛼 log 𝑄 8.12

If we plot log 𝑈 − log 𝑄 graph instead of 𝑈 − Q , dataset could be fitted to a line, regardless of the
power (𝛼) . The mathematical expression of a line is 𝑦 (𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛, using the linear fit, line equation
could be related with Eq. 8.12 as if log(𝑈 (𝑄 )) is 𝑦(𝑥 ) and log 𝑄 is 𝑥. Accordingly, using this plot
and line fit, power dependence (𝛼) of Ue to above variables could be determined by finding the slope
of this fit line. The proportionality constant 𝐾, could be determined by founding the y-intercept of the
line fit, that is the 𝑥 = 0 value of the line equation given above.

In the experiment, you varied four parameters those claimed to affect induced voltage of secondary
coil from theory. In the following sections, you will use each variable and respective measured 𝑈
values to perform the analysis explained above. You were expected to determine 𝛼 and 𝐾 values for
each relation.

a) 𝑰𝒆 dependence of 𝑼𝒆 :

Fill Table 8.3 by transforming Table 8.1 after calculating logarithms of 𝐼 (from 10mA to 50mA) and
recorded 𝑈 values. In this dataset, Eq. 8.12 is in the form of:

log(𝑈 (𝐼 )) = log 𝐾 + 𝑅 log 𝐼

where the 𝐾 becomes the terms on the left of the 𝐼 in Eq. 8.9.
Table 8.3: 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 form of Table 8.1.
log 𝐼
𝑁
100

200
300

In the following graph, plot log Ue – log Ie using log Ue and log Ie values for each 𝑁 of Table 8.3.
You are expected to use shared y and x-axis for each 𝑁 dataset plot. You are also expected to use
whole graph area, therefore take some time to determine minimum and maximum values of the axes
and do axis scaling accordingly! Represent the data as points on your graph and draw the linear fit
curve, do not forget to mark major axis ticks too! After plotting, fill the following calculation
section below graph to find the slope of the lines. You are expected to obey these rules on your all
graphs!

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 Physics Lab 2 EM8 Instructions Manual Magnetic Induction

Graph 8.1: log Ue – log Ie plot for each N2 , calculated in Table 8.5

(Tips: "Three datasets will be plotted on graph. Ensure that the data points for each dataset are represented using the
same color or the same symbol.")

N2=100
Points selected for the slope calculation; (x1,y1):________ (x2,y2):________
Perform the slope calculation;
y −y
𝑅 (𝑁 = 100) = =
x − 𝑥
N2=200
Points selected for the slope calculation; (x1,y1):________ (x2,y2):________
y −y
𝑅 (𝑁 = 200) = =
x − 𝑥

N2=300
Points selected for the slope calculation; (x1,y1):________ (x2,y2):________
y −y
𝑅 (𝑁 = 300) = =
x − 𝑥

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 Physics Lab 2 EM8 Instructions Manual Magnetic Induction

b) 𝑵𝟐 dependence of 𝑼𝒆 :

In this section, 𝑁 dependence of 𝑈 will be investigated. Fill the columns with log𝑈 by
representing value of log(𝐼 = 20 𝑚𝐴) and log(𝐼 = 40 𝑚𝐴) in Table 8.3.

Table 8.4: log N2 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑈

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁 𝑙𝑜𝑔100 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔200 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔300 =

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑈

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑈

In the following graph, plot 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑈 - 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁 using Table 8.4 content. Represent the data as points on
your graph and draw the fit line log Ue = H log N2. Do not forget the following slope calculations!

Graph 8.2: log Ue – log N2 plot for two current strengths

(Tips: "Two datasets will be plotted on graph. Ensure that the data points for each dataset are represented using the
same color or the same symbol.")
Ie=20mA
Points selected for the slope calculation; (x1, y1):________ (x2,y2):________
y −y
𝐻 (𝐼 = 20𝑚𝐴) = =
x − 𝑥
Ie=40mA
Points selected for the slope calculation; (x1, y1):________ (x2,y2):________
y −y
𝐻 (𝐼 = 40𝑚𝐴) = =
x − 𝑥

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 Physics Lab 2 EM8 Instructions Manual Magnetic Induction

c) 𝒇 dependence of 𝑼𝒆 :
Next, you will work on the relation of the induced voltage with primary coil current frequency. To
perform similar analysis as previous sections, fill Table 8.5 by calculating logarithms of f and Ue
values you recorded at Table 8.2.
Table 8.5: 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 form of Table 8.2.
log 𝑓
𝐴
10 cm2

15 cm2
25 cm2

Now, you should draw logUe – log f graphs for each A value, recorded in Table 8.5. Represent the
data as points on your graph and draw the fit line log Ue =logK+ O log f.

Graph 8.3: log Ue – log N2 plot for two current strengths

(Tips: "Three datasets will be plotted on graph. Ensure that the data points for each dataset are represented
using the same color or the same symbol.")

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 Physics Lab 2 EM8 Instructions Manual Magnetic Induction

A=10 cm2
Points selected for the slope calculation; (x1,y1):________ (x2,y2):________
y −y
𝑂 (𝐴 = 10 𝑐𝑚 ) = =
x − 𝑥
A=15 cm2
Points selected for the slope calculation; (x1,y1):________ (x2,y2):________
y −y
𝑂 (𝐴 = 15 𝑐𝑚 ) = =
x − 𝑥
A=25 cm2
Points selected for the slope calculation; (x1,y1):________ (x2,y2):________
y −y
𝑂 (𝐴 = 25 𝑐𝑚 ) = =
x − 𝑥

After a pretty exhausting analysis, it is time to sum up your findings. Fill the following table with
powers calculated by fitting in sections a, b and c . Now you are ready to conclude the experiment
Table 8.9: Comparison of powers. Theoretical values are taken from Equation 8.9.

power 𝑂 𝐻 𝑅
theory 1 1 1
fitting

Now you are ready to evaluate and comment on your results. In the following section, there is a list
of questions and directions in order to guide you to prepare a conclusion of your work. You are
expected to use maximum of three sentences for each, there is no need to give extensive answers!

It is recommended for you to take some time to think on the experimental procedure, calculations and
graphs you did, this is the most suitable moment. In the empty space below, you can do free-style
drawings or writing as a break. Since this paper belongs to you, feel free to enjoy the emptiness.
Percentage Error Calculation for Graph 8.9:

𝑂𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲 − 𝑂𝐅𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑂 = × 100 =
𝑂𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲

𝐻𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲 − 𝐻𝐅𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐻 = × 100 =
𝐻𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲

𝑅𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲 − 𝑅𝐅𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅 = × 100 =
𝑅𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲

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 Physics Lab 2 EM8 Instructions Manual Magnetic Induction

Conclusion, Comment and Discussion:

1. Explain the physical principles you learned and observed in this experiment by establishing cause-
and-effect relationships.
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2. What are the possible sources of errors in the experiment?

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3.Explain why alternating current is preferred over direct current in this experiment.
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4. Why was the R value of the coil with 𝑁 = 300 turns used for fitting among the three calculated
R values?
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5. Why was the O value of the coil with 𝐴 = 25 𝑐𝑚 turns used for fitting among the three calculated
O values?
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