CSAVT-02

Video Technology

Cer ficate in Sound, Audio and Video Technology (CSAVT)

2020

Video Technology

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University

Video Technology
Editor

Dr. Himanshu Patel

Assistant Professor, School of Computer Science
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University, Ahmedabad

ISBN-978-81-945801-6-4

Acknowledgement: The content in this book is modifications based on the work created
and shared by the Odisha State Open University (OSOU), Sambalpur for the subject
Audio Visual Production and used according to terms described in Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) License:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode

Printed and published by: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University, Ahmedabad

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 Dr. Babasaheb CSAVT-102
Ambedkar Open
University
Video Technology
Unit-1 Conceptualising Pre-Production 001

Unit-2 People involved in Pre-production 014

Unit-3 Making of Set, Music & Budget etc 020

Unit-4 Production Design & other things 027

Unit-5 Know your Equipment 044

Unit-6 Lights and Camera Supports 056

Unit-7 Blocking & Rehearsal 065

Unit-8 Compiling the Concept 075

Unit-9 Crew Members and Equipments 087

Unit-10 Editing & other things 097

Unit-11 Transmisssion, Distribution & Rating 107

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Unit-1 Conceptualising Pre-Production
Introduction
There is a very thin line between TV & Video Production. And producing videos are now
become a profession. Many of us are still confused about the production process and
producing videos are not less than creating a creative content. In other words you can say
Video industry is the content-driven industry. Every production has toundergo several stages
of processing. But the video production divided into three basic stages like- - Pre-Production
- Production - Post-Production Here we will discuss the first stage of film & video
production & its functions in production.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:
• Describe the concept of Pre-Production
• Use small idea to a large extent
• Explain the fundamentals of Pre-Production
• Visualize the idea before shooting.
• Prepare a rough idea to a visual form.

Terminology

Visualisation: Representation of an object, situation, or set of information as a chart or

other image.
Storyboard: It is the first planning tool of a film/video project on paper. Sequential
drawing sheet of a film/video project.
Script: A kind of written format of text for film, TV, Play, Drama etc.

The Concept
Pre-Production is the most vital stage for any Video production. Much of your time should
be spent in planning stage (Pre-Production). Depending on the complexity of the project,
25% will be spent on filming, and the other 15% will be spent in editing, publicity,
distribution & transmission. Pre-Production includes many things like ; Title-Pre Production
work diagram

Above said all these steps are very necessary to understand the Pre-Production

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Attribution-(Created by Author)

Research & Development:

Though Pre-Production is the most vital part in the process of video production, you have to
concentrate on research & development. And before you start for shoot you should give stress on
what is the purpose of shoot, who is the target audience and in which way you should develop the
content.

Why research is necessary?

 Because the content is important.
 Because you have to set your target audience.
 Because the final output timing is necessary.
 Because research shows the actual & accurate budget.
 Research shows how to practically maintain the quality of the production.

Development work will be done by the team members afterthorough research. What should be
done and what should be avoided is decided in development stages. Final concept of the project is
decided in this preliminary stage of Pre-Production. In this phase of film making, the maker
chooses a story. Furthermore, the story is chosen from a thought, play, novel, book, another film,
a genuine story, unique thought, a daily paper cutting and so forth. In the wake of recognizing a
topic or the message, the maker sits with authors to set up a synopsis. Next work is that the maker
creates a blueprint out with the assistance of art director. It separates the story into one-paragraph
scenes and that make an emotional structure. At that point, they decide the treatment required to
improve the quality of the production.

In later stages, a screenwriter writes the screenplay. The screenwriter may rework it a few times
to enhance the sensation, exactness, shape, characters, exchange, and general style to improve the
quality of the venture. Be that as it may, makers frequently skirt the past steps. S/he may build up
the screenplays in which financial specialists, studios, and other invested individuals are informed
through a procedure called script coverage.

A film distributor may be contacted at the beginning of film making to help in subsidizing of the
film and the conceivable budgetary accomplishment of the film. Executive producers embrace a
headstrong business approach and consider factors, for example, the style, the intended interest
group, the authentic achievement of comparable film preparations, the on-screen characters who

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may show up in the project, and potential directors. Every one of these variables infers a specific
interest of the task to a conceivable audience amid the projection and transmission.

The producer and screenwriter get ready with treatment, and present it to potential investors and
financers. In the event that the point is effective, somebody may offer budgetary sponsorship.
When all parties have made the decision to settle the arrangement, at that point film may continue
into the pre-production stage. By this stage, the film ought to have an exact showcasing plan for
particular audience.

Visualisation:
Visualisation is the way toward making pictures, charts, or liveliness for conveying an idea or
message. Conveying through visual symbolism has been a powerful approach to impart both
theoretical and solid thoughts since the development of human civilization. Visualization these
days has extended to different segments of science, training, designing, intuitive interactive
media, drug, agribusiness, space science and so on.

Followings are the purposes of visualisation behind any production be it a short film, TV
commercial or promotional videos.

1. To tell the entire thought in visual shape Keep in mind that you're working for the visual
medium, so you should visualise the entire process of production which would eventually be
transformed onto the screen.

 What sort of changes do the characters experience throughout their journey and by what
method will you show it before the audience?
 Which sorts of hindrances are likely to be faced by the characters and how would you display
them on screen?
 Identify all the sequences and stamp them as plot focuses.
 Design each shot that outwardly improve the screen.


2. To Create a Strong Visual portrayal

Once the story is chosen, you have to make visual attestation. That is the reason it is said that
a photo is worth more than a thousand words. Best pictures convey the story rapidly,
effectively and strikingly. Be that as it may, there is a few inquiries those may come to your
mind

 Has the new information moved the potential change in your scene?
 How would you utilize this trap to draw the viewers and the correct perspectives at the
perfect time?

3. To Create the best shooting Plan

When you visualize the shot in your inward vision, you've all the while arranged the camera
position on the location. You've likewise distinguished the focal point you'll require. You
don't need to be stressed over the specific focal point and its millimetre. It's sufficient to think
about the wide angle lens or a zoom lens. Once you've recognized every camera setup, now
you've the certainty to make a shot-list and an appropriate shooting design.
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4. To Develop the Point of View

All the great stories have a perspective and a "possess method for narrating style." It's vital to
investigate that, from whose perspective you'll be narrating the story. Your decision on shot
takingshould be distinct. If you decide to let it know from the other individual's perspective,
your shots will be not quite the same as others. A spectator perspective may require all the
more wide shots. These wide shots may at the same time catch the untold segments of the
story. Every character in the shot gives a new data.

5. To Lead the Production Team

You need to remember both the imaginative and business parts of the film. Separating
individuals in a little group will help you to enhance the standard of the movie.

Your crew members are totally manacled with you and they can't move until you've made
sense of how and what you need to be shot. The group can't work until the point when they
comprehend what the activity is, the thing that particular range of the area is "encircled in".
This should be particular that why and how it is critical in the content. Working through these
choices ahead of time doesn't imply that, you can't alter your plan.

Great pre-perception for better shoot

You need to shoot with your vision first and after that you shoot with a camera. Indeed, even
essential storyboards help you to investigate shot juxtaposition and sequencing. You see
many people with "cool" shot thoughts get into the alter room and locate the "cool shot" but
doesn't cut with alternate shots. The main shot often does not coordinate with the second shot.

When we shoot we're working non-direct. Yet, the story is composed in a straight way. While
shooting we utilize nonlinear arrangement to unfurl the story and it is the best technique.
Stories are generally composed with occasions unfurling sequentially. There are exemptions
like the Christopher Nolan motion picture "Keepsake", "Regular Suspects" and others.
Conferring top to bottom pre-representation may help you to improve films.

Screenplay Writing:
 It is a composed work by screen writers for a film, video or TV production.
 A screenplay is a more than 100 pages written document and comprises of 12point
textual style on 8 1/2" x 11" splendid white three-opening punched paper.
 One designed content pagemeasures up to approximately one moment of screen time. A
normal page tally of a screenplay should come in the middle of 90 and 120 pages.
 Comedies may be of shorter duration (90 pages, or 1 ½ hours) while Dramas run longer
(120 pages, or 2 hours).

Screenplay is the plan for a film or video project. Experts on the shooting set including the
producer, director, Cinematographer, Art executive, VFX director, Set architect and on-
screen characters change the screenwriter's vision by utilizing their individual feedback. In
spite of the fact that a film is synergistic workmanship, the screenwriter must know about
every individual's part. Also, the content ought to mirror the author's knowledge.

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In spite of the fact that film is principally visual medium, screenwriters, instead of telling
anything, demonstrate the story. A 2-page internal monolog may function admirably for a
novel, yet it won't work for Film or TV production.

The advancement, exercises, explanation, feeling and reaction and trades of the characters are
also depicted in a screenplay. A screenplay made for TV is generally called a teleplay. It
helps in production when you have a grip of the general separating measures. The best, base
and right edges of a screenplay are 1" while the left edge is 1.5". The additional half-inch of
blank area to one side of a content page takes into account authoritative with cuts. The whole
record ought to be single-separated. The principal thing on the main page ought to be the
words FADE IN or something to that effect for transition:

Transition

Title-Sample Screenplay

Attribution-Mendaliv

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Screenplay_example.svg

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The principal page is never numbered. Back page numbers showed up in the upper right hand
corner, 0.5" from the highest point of the page, flush ideal to the edge. Be that as it may, it
might shift starting with one screenplay author then onto the next.

The following is a specimen screenplay with rundown of things (with definitions) that depict
the screenplay arrange, alongside indenting and organizing data. Screenplay programming
will consequently design all these arranging components, yet a screenwriter must have an
essential learning of the definitions to when and how to utilize every definition.

1- How to write a decent screenplay

Screenplay is the backbone of any production. Here you will take in a portion of the best,
screenwriting procedures to start your alluring screenplay composing.

The secret to making the opening work is not exhausting. Simply give utmost importance to
the main lead of the venture in the screenplay. The contention may or may not be identified
with the primary story, but it should first stun the viewers.
These are a couple of ventures of screenwriting methods to get your motion picture/video
generation begin. Initial couple of pages of screenplay has a few capacities like-

 It sets up the lead character.

 It demonstrates the time, area.
 The basic component ought to be first and foremost to begin the story.

The first act ought to build up the fundamental inquiry of the story: What does your lead
character need to do, for sure and who remains in that direction?

Other than that, there are a few hints to make the screenplay more appealing.

 Try to maintain a strategic distance from superfluous portrayal in light of the fact that
the gathering of people needs to know where they are and a name of the place.
 Don't let the characters to reveal to us what they are going to portray on the screen.
 Don't attempt to set up a protracted content (Not more than 150 pages).
 Though it is a visual medium so attempt to keep up a decent harmony amongst
discourse and physical activity.

2- Format of Screenplay Writing:

 2 (a) How to write Scene Heading
 Indent: Left: 0.0" Right: 0.0" Width: 6.0"

A scene heading is a one-line depiction of the area. It should demonstrate the time of year of
when the scene is being shot. It is otherwise called a "slug line." It should preferably written
in UPPER Case.

Illustration: EXT. SHOPPING MALL - DAY indicates that the shot is being taken outside a
shopping center during the daytime.

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2 (b) How to write Sub header

Indent: Left: 0.0" Right: 0.0" Width: 6.0"

Sub headers help a director when some modification is made during the shooting. A decent
case is when, there are number of fast cuts between two areas; you can utilize the term
INTERCUT and the scene areas.

2 (c) How to write Action

Indent: Left: 0.0" Right: 0.0" Width: 6.0"

Scenes are composed on a present situation. It should be kept in mind that only stationary
objects and activities are to be included so that they can be shown to the viewers on the
screen.

2 (d) How to write Character

Indent: Left: 2.0" Right: 0.0" Width: 4.0"

When a character is presented to the viewers, its name should be conveyed along with the
activities. For instance: The entryway opens and JOHN strolls in to the room. The name of
the character should always be in upper case and constantly recorded over his/her lines of
discourse. Other minor characters might be recorded without names, for instance "Cab
driver" or "Client."

2 (e) How to write Dialogues

Indent: Left: 1.0" Right: 1.5" Width: 3.5"

Compose a solitary line or lines of discourse for each character. The length of the exchange
of dialogues may varyaccording to the pace of the show in scene.

2 (f) How to write Extension

Put after the character's name

Some indicative alphabets should be mentioned in bracket after the name of the character to
let the director know how the voice would be heard on the screen. For instance, if the
character is talking as a voice-over, it would show up as JOHN (V.O.).

2 (g) How to write Transition

Indent: Left: 4.0" Right: 0.0" Width: 2.0"

Transition of shots should be mentioned as follows:

 CUT TO:
 DISSOLVE TO:
 QUICK CUT:
 FADE IN:

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 FADE OUT:

While composing content, you should abstain from utilizing a progress unless there is no
other approach to show a story component. For instance, you may need to utilize DISSOLVE
TO: to show that a lot of time has passed.

2 (h) How to write shot

Indent: Left: 0.0" Right: 0.0" Width: 6.0"

The length of visual recorded between the on and off of the camera is called a ‗Shot‘. A shot
demonstrates the viewer to the point of convergence inside a scene.

Examples of Shots:

 ANGLE ON –
 EXTREME CLOSE UP –
 ESTABLISHING SHOT-
 PAN TO -
 JOHN'S P.O.V –
 TILT UP-
 TRACK IN-
 DOLLY OUT-

Storyboard Making:
As examined above, arrangement is most important part of the entire production. There are
numerous perspectives for pre-productionarranging; however we will concentrate on
storyboard making.

Storyboard is the primary arranging device for a movie producer. It is the visual portrayal of
a film or video project. Shot by shot you create the content and choose how to create each
shot on the shooting floor.

A storyboard made with all sincerity helps you manage the budget and the man power. A
storyboard brings out thoughts and discovers the genuine problematic spots in your scenes.

Making Storyboard is a crucial and finest part of the production. In the least complex frame,
one can draw lines and figures on a notebook. This makes an energized 3D pre-visualization
that practically feels like a motion picture. The best part is itsuits to customer's pocket.

Before you begin making the storyboard, study and live your shooting areas in subtle mind.
You may even take a few previews from potential edges. This sort of field work will give you
a superior visualisation and presentation to form the shots on paper. Camera is additionally an
extraordinary apparatus for making an essential storyboard. Subsequent to taking many

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pictures, stack the photos into a PowerPoint introduction and afterward play the introduction
to perceive how it streams.

Creation of Storyboard:

Put two lines of boxes on the page with plenty of space above and beneath each column for
making notes.
1. Match your cases so as to it can help you when you will shoot.
2. 2-Have loads of duplicates of your clear sheets.
3. Sketch every scene utilizing numerous cases to catch all your proposed shot points.
4. Critically analyze the completed item searching for crevices in shot scope or hazardous
setups.
5. Always utilize pencil since it will help you to erase and redraw.
6. Indicate the camera position with kind of camera shots and camera developments.
7. 7-Use bolts to demonstrate the zoom's course.
8. 8-Use single bolts to convey development.
9. Show the bearing of a tilt by drawing the start and consummation in two separate casings.
At that point put a bolt and a directional documentation to influence the activity to clear.
10. Use the space around each edge to influence notes on camera.
11. Also keep a notebook ready where you can note down the required apparatus, sound
impacts, props, make-up and embellishments.

Pre-visualization helps you take your project to the next level. You will get two sorts of
advantages in this kind of storyboard like-

A) It makes for a compelling customer introduction. They can without much of a stretch
handle how your idea will truly function.

B) It can help you to imagine better complex sequences that are difficult to draw on paper.

When you are done with your storyboard, proceed to arrange your shooting technique. The
scenes in your content may require various camera angles. If you are recording with a single
camera, shoot the scenes directlywith fixed lighting arrangement. Make the shot list by
looking through a scene's storyboard and noticing which casings can be taken amid a similar
setup. Keep in touch with them together on the rundown. At that point utilize your shot list as
a guide, and verify shots as they're taken. You will shield yourself from skipping a critical
close-up or building up wide-shot.

Another advantage of the shot list is in making a calendar. You can get a harsh picture of how
much time it will take to shoot a scene according to your designs. The crew members, just
with a look at the shot list, can see how many shots are left in a particular set up so that they
can plan for the following setup.

In the event that you don't have involvement with storyboarding and shot records, at that
point give yourself a training run. Watch a scene from a motion picture, TV show or
business. Keep your remote beside you, and note the camera angle changes, screen activity at
regular intervals. At that point hold out your storyboard paper and draw a couple of minutes
of the scene.

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Lighting and camera work are great aptitudes to learn. In any case, keep in mind the expertise
of planning. By the day's end, it‘s a speculation of time which would prove vital

Making of Shooting Script:

The shooting script is more intricate, exact, overwritten form of the screenplay. Not at all like
what good judgment may recommend, the shooting script is not written by the screenwriter. It is
composed by the director alongside his cinematographer, while both examine everything
required for the film.

In wide terms, the primary distinction between the screenplay and the shooting script is that,
the screenplay is an offering apparatus, while the shooting script is a production instrument.

At the point when a screenwriter pens the screenplay, s/he is endeavouring to offer, to the
exclusion of everything else, the story. In this way, he needs to make a smooth read with an
agreeable stream, generally his/her screenplay and diligent work wind up in the wastebasket.
Screenplays should contain next to zero course at all. Directing the movie and calling the
shots is not the writer's undertaking; it is the Director's obligation.

While your script is being written, its motivation is to enable readers to comprehend the
story, however once a script is concluded and pre-production starts, the script is modified a
tad bit to improve it a calculated outline for the production. When we're part up the script into
areas that we can film, those terms are quite recently excessively unclear and could cause
lamentable false impressions. As a result of this, we make an adaptation of the last written
work content called a shooting content that is altered for our necessities in pre-production.

The script is conveyed and referenced while the film is underway too. Before making a
shooting script, influences a reinforcement to duplicate of your written work. That way the
last draft of script stays in place and all pre-production changes occur in the new duplicate.
At that point, you need to number up the scenes.

These numbers are truly critical and shouldn‘t be changed at any point of time. After the film
is shot we need to shoot a pickup scene that may need to go between scenes.

While making a shooting script, ensure the areas and time of day/night for each slug line. We
require underwriting the name of each character on the first occasion when we see them in
the content. We underwrite huge sounds. We could likewise include camera angles and
movement under the supervision of the director.

Sometimes these things will be capitalized by the screenplay writer. In any case, these are the
underlying changes we make while making a shooting script. The subsequent stage is to
introduce props.

During pre-creation stage, the director changes the story according to his shooting content.
The shooting script is ordinarily splitted into shots, including exact cinematography wording.
For example, close-ups, Long shot, panning, dolly in, overexposed and so on. Before main
photography begins, the shooting content is arranged according to the scheduled of dates.

a) A Guide to writing a shooting script

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 The shooting script is the producer's approach to discuss well with alternate departments
of a production. It additionally spares time and money. Other than that if you're shooting
content is finely written, the chances of committing errors would be less.

Shooting script is a critical apparatus to convey your director's vision to the team
alongside storyboard. In the shooting script the director is separating the screenplay into
number of shots. So it is a sort of another draft of the script composed by the director, in
this manner the shots you write in the shooting script will characterize the scene.

b) Arrangement of shooting script

Before you have a look at the shooting script, ensure that, the script is elegantly written
and to be in the correct manner. It is essential. In case, the content is not composed in
proper manner, you will be left with a broken apparatus and you won't know the correct
length of a scene.

Try not to go into an excessive number of subtle elements now; simply consider the
general atmosphere. Your subsequent stage will be to ensure the right feel from the shots.

c) Writing the shooting script

At least three significant aspects should be looked into before writing shooting scripts.

1. Camera
2. Lighting
3. Blocking of the characters

The camera

When we say camera, we mean camera angle and the sort of focal point you utilize as a part
of the project. Consider the shot you need for each action. You ought to write it first in the
script since it encourages director to picture the film better. When you are done, go through
all the script and ensure that nothing is left behind. Go through the shots again and think what
sort of focal point will present to you the best outcomes.

Lighting and hues

It is high time the directors considered more image techniques to enhance the atmosphere.
For that he needs to talk to the executive of photography. He should be given freedom to
express his thoughts for a better yield. Your attempt should be to ensure that the subject of
the film is communicated by these shots.

Blocking of the characters

The third step is to consider the blocking of the characters. Blocking is the movements of the
characters required for filming a particular scene.

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The shooting script configuration:

The shooting script is a table equipped with practically everything about the shots. It ought to
contain these points of interest including number of the scene, number of the shots, the
clarification in the matter of who is in the shot, what is going on in it, time – day/night, area
Indoor/outdoor, the exceptional camera needs (like Steadicam, helicam, submerged camera
or activity cam) and the area of the scene. You need to compose the changes required for
each shot and specify extraordinary sound impacts (Sync or foley) that are essential for the
scene.

Activity
 Study script, screnplay writing in YouTube and try to identify the tricks in which they
would have been made. Try to utilize your skills and learning to develop that kind of
ability.

Unit summary
In this unit you would get to know the basics process of transformation of a small idea into
big screen storytelling for visual medium.

Assignments
 Define pre-production in 5 lines.
 Describe the names of software used for screenplay writing.
 Explain the need of research in Pre-production.
 Define screenplay in 150 words.
 Write down the concept behind pre-production and explain why it is necessary in the first
stage of Film/Video production.
 What are the steps to write a good screenplay?
 Explain the necessity of screenplay.
 What are the main aspects of a shooting script?
 Try to write a two character dialogue scene.
 Differentiate between shooting script and screenplay.

Assessment
Initially write a short story. At that point make heaps of inconvenience to the main
protagonist. After the improvement, include few characters and suitable discourse into the
story. At that point divide the story into little scenes.

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Resources
 https://issuu.com
 http://www.oercommons.org
 http://www.storyboardthat.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 http://www.indiewire.com
 https://goodinaroom.com
 http://www.elementsofcinema.com/

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Unit 2 People involved in Pre-production
Introduction
Even asitis a medium of art, still it is considered as a community oriented medium of science
and business. Number of artists, expert and different groups of people are engaged with the
procedure of film making. At the time of shooting the director did his/her work with the
assistance of other crewmembers.Quite a few numbersof talented and expert hands including
chief associate, second associate, second unit director, script supervisor, and cameraman
needed to raise the standard of the production.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:
• Describe the people involved in pre-production stage
• Usetheir talent and skill in pre-production
• Explain the responsibilities of each skilled person in pre-production
• Know the work structure of every crew member

Terminology
Skilled Showing the knowledge, ability, to perform a certain activity within a
stipulated time period.
Agreement A negotiation, typically legally binding arrangement between parties for a
course of action.
Technician An expert for practical application of technology in film making.
Casting: Selection of certain individuals to play their parts as actor, dancer, singer, etc
for a particular role or part in a script, screenplay, or teleplay or in the film.

By this timeall of you must have the knowledge that Pre Production is the most crucial stage
for any sort of film/video production.

A large no of individuals are engaged to bring the best output.

They are divided into three parts

1. Highly skilled or fully professional

2. Semi skilled or professional
3. Unskilled or amateur

Highly gifted people groups are exceptionally experts and they know how to do their job
effectively in coordination with others including the director of photography, sound engineer,
VFX supervisor, art director and stunt coordinator. Operating cameraman, assistant
cameraman, lighting chief and others are proficient people groups who are associated with
the production stage. In any case, while we are discussing pre-production stage then
production designer, production assistant, executive producer play crucial roles.

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There is no such department called production. However, as indicated by some expert's work,
a division is formed and known as production office. Furthermore, a certain groups of people
are included under this department. Let us quickly talk about it.

Producer:
The key individual who makes the film is known as Producer. A film takes shape due to
his/her fascination towards craftsmanship and culture. At the end of the day s/he bears the
entire cost of the production. After total discussion with the director, producer takes the
financial burden. S/he often has to sit with the script writer and director for story, location,
and casting director.

Executive Producer:
Executive producer executes the investment of producer. Till 1980 Line producers are known
as executive producers in Hollywood. They used to go to the shooting spot oversee the
creative parts of the production. The executive producer often invests fund as and when
required.

Production Designer:
The production designers are in charge of the visual splendor of a film, TV or theater
production. They pick up a style for sets, areas, designs, props, lighting, camera angles and
costumes, while working intimately with the director and producer.

Once the idea is selected, designers name and deal with art department, which devise a plan
and form a team. Designers should have expertise in film, TV or theater production despite
the fact that they do have some assistants to oversee things. In the theater, production
designers are called stage or set designers.

Production Manager:
The responsibility of the production manager includes:

1. Chalking out plans withactors and actresses to finalize shooting dates.

2. Transportation of crew members and artists n to shooting location.
3. Production administration and management
4. Preparation of Budget

A production manager deals with every single administrative issue and mostly keeps the
director free of burden.

Production Accountant:
Film making is anexpensive venture therefore a huge amount of money is pumped into the
production.So, the role of a production assistant is crucial as s/he keeps all the accounts
starting from the pre-production stage till the release of the movie.

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Production Coordinator:
A production coordinator is the person who plays the role of mediator between the producer
and others. His/her part is essential in a film production.

The coordinator decides the following aspects of film making:

1. Location of the shooting

2. Arrangements of required equipment
3. Hiring of professionals

Director:
There is a person in each and every family, who manage the entire family and whose
instruction is carried out by family members. And s/he is known as the head of the family.
Similarly, the director is the captain of the ship or hey person in the film making.

His responsibilities include the location of the shooting, which lighting condition is best to
shoot, the kind of cameras and so on. Most directors are called the Jack of all trades‘. They
know every segment of film making. Some are there who assumes the responsibility of
producing and directing. There are a lot of cases in Bollywood like-Raj Kapoor, Raj Kumar
Santoshi, Raj Kumar Hirani, David Dhawan, Sanjay LeelaBhansali and so on. Director's
innovativeness, vision, specialized learning, solid self control, right administration aptitude,
aesthetic and business mind sets the silver screen on fire.

In pre-production stage a director discusses the story with the producer, artists, art director
and cameraman and others. If required, then s/he corrects the whole story and sequences.
Before going for shoot s/he talks about each subtle elements of the film with the chosen crew
members.

Screenplay Writer:
A screenplay writer is an essayist. S/he is the individual who writes screenplays for several
mediums such as stages, films, TV projects, funnies or computer games.

Each screenplay and teleplay begins with an idea or thought. These days, however, scripts are
mostly written on current issues and biopics are also made. Screenwriters who frequently
pitch new ideas, regardless of whether unique or an adjustment, don‘t become jobless.

Storyboard artist:
A storyboard artist envisions stories and representations, frames of the story. Quick pencil
illustrations and marker renderings are two of the most widely recognized conventional
systems, albeit now days Celtx, and other storyboard applications are regularly used to draw
storyboard. The computerized camera is one of the most recent procedures in making
storyboards.

16
They are generally independent specialists, commonly procured by art director and movie
director. Commonly independent storyboard artist will have a place with at least one
storyboard organizations much like an illustration agency.

Numerous storyboard specialists these days start and complete their work on PCs utilizing
programming and advanced pencils or a graphics tablet. Storyboard artists may utilize
photographs to make visuals where stock photographs or photographs taken particularly for
the task are assembled carefully to deliver a photographic portrayal called a photo visual.

For movies, a few movie producers, directors, and makers utilize clip art PC programs
intended to make storyboards, or utilize a devoted 3D storyboarding programming, or a more
multi-purpose 3D program which can likewise be utilized to create components of the
storyboards.

Art Director:
An Art director is a man who is in charge of each one of those properties and set, that is
required for shooting at area. His/her guideline is completed by his/her group to develop a
set. Art director's work begins after the scripting. In this stage Art director talks about with
director about every shot, at that point trains his/her group to fabricate another set by the
request of the every scene. Art director conveys his/her full and effective group to make the
set in time.

Art Department coordinator:

Continuously the art department is the greatest department on any film production, because of
its group individuals. Art Department coordinatorcoordinates everyday administration. These
people groups must be very proficient and sorted out to adapt to the day by day to every day
work stack.

Their primary obligation is to co-ordinate information between the accompanying

departments like: set decoration, props, production, locations and construction. They are
ordinarily accountable to the supervising art director and the production designer.

They are among the first to be utilized in a film's art department. As a rule they start working
with the production manager. They ensure that art department spending plan (e.g. work costs,
set dressing, wraps, and so forth.) is monitored properly. Along these lines correspondence is
made between film's producers through the production manager.

Art department coordinator plays out an extensive variety of jobs including:

1. Compilation of costumes
2. Schedule for the art department; sorting out transport and travel related issues
3. Shipping hardware during overseas schedule
4. Supplying duplicates of all illustrations and data.
5. They additionally download and set up all area photos for the Production Designer
and make a rundown of all sets for the construction.

17
Art Department coordinators examine all location notes with points of interest of
development, dressing and vehicle prerequisites. They also arrange authorization letter from
the concerned authorities for shooting requirements. They also oversee health and safety
issues.
During shooting, they needed to be contacted by the standby art director who liaisons with
them about any pressing needs.
Art Department organizers deal with an independent premise and might be required to spend
long time working far from home.

Casting Director:
Casting director is the individual who chooses the character for every single scene. He
organizes audition for this selection process. Before picking up anybody, he hands over a
page of script to an actor to show his skill before the director and casting director. A good
performance during audition lands the actor in a role for the project. As so many characters
are there in a movie or production, it takes even a week to finalize the actors for a project.
Each aspirant is selected o the basis of his/her aptitude, capacity, conduct, persistence,
dialogue delivery style. In spite of the fact that each character is unique in his/her own
capacity, casting director takes utmost care to finalize the casing.

Lyricist:
A lyricist writes the lyrics of the songs. A successful lyricist works closely with a music
director of a production. Commonly, a lyricist plays a crucial role in the success of a movie.

An average lyricist manages to operate admirably with other members of the music team. A
decent lyricist can come out with some very good lines, which enhance the quality of a music
album.

Music Director:
Music director is the head of music department of a production. However, the job of a music
director is extremely troublesome in Indian Film industry. Despite the fact that Indian
audience cherishes music, the part of music in Indian movies is critical and unequivocal.
Before shooting, music director makes music with Lyricist and director for movie. Music
director adds to the circumstance in a movie with his soulful creation working in tandem with
director and uses it in the movie.

Cinematographer:
The most imperative division in the production is filming the scene. It is done specifically
under the supervision of cinematographer. Cinematographer is the individual who knows the
whole traps of photography, lighting and camera systems. S/he trains the camera
administrator and other technicians. In pre-production stage a cinematographer examines
every details of each and singular shot with the director.

18
Visual effects Supervisor:
The most innovative, otherworldly shots and scenesare conceived under the immediate
supervision of visual effects supervisor. Before shooting visual effects supervisor speaks to
the director, cameraman, and production manager for execution of the special effects. Several
professionalsare engaged to enhance the standard of visual effects.

Crew’s Responsibility:
A group of people plays very important role in the success of a commercial feature film and
they are called the crew members.The success of a movie depends upon the level sincerity of
the crew members. Crew sizes fluctuate depending upon the scale of mounting. Some
specialized crew members identified as day players, carpenters, crowd specialists, security
guards, and so on.

Unit summary
In this unit you learnt the key people and the role they play at the pre-production stage of a
production. What's more, in the wake of perusing this unit you comprehended that every
one's part is extremely novel and testing in the film production.

Assignment
 Discuss the role of Producer in Film/video making?
 Who is responsible for all the expenditure in the shooting?
 Who is known as the captain of the ship?
 Describe the role of a music director in Indian film industry.
 Briefly discuss the works of a production coordinator.
 Write down the three categories of people worked for film making.
 What is the role of visual effects supervisor in the pre-production stage of film making.
 Who is responsible for the implementation of Health and safety procedures?
 Whose job is very important in Indian film industry?
 Who are capable of writing both words and music piece?

Resources
• https://www.sokanu.com
• http://www.thevideoeffect.tv/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
• http://filmincolorado.com/

19
Unit 3 Making of Set, Music & Budget etc.
Introduction
Ahead of beginning the shoot of a film, a large number of tasks are to be completed
by experts with refinement. Making of a striking set to shoot is always expensive
than doing it in natural location. Making of music, making of budget and making of
set are to be discussed in this unit.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:
• Describe the set making process in pre-production stage
• Elaborate the responsibilities of art department
• Explain the importance of budget in film making
• Know the music talent of Indian film industry

Terminology
Set Representation of a building, palace and other properties as and when
required by the director.
Storyboard It is the first planning tool of a film/video project on paper. Sequential
drawing sheet of a film/video project.
Diegetic Sound Type of sound which is visible in screen.

Making of Set
Set making is the procedure to construct full-scale view, as determined by an art director
working in a team with the director of a film or any other production.

The set designer creates illustrations and realistic views , research about properties, surfaces,
etc. Designers and most business theaters have started creating scale illustrations with the
assistance of PC drafting projects, for example, AutoCAD, or 3d max.

Art Director, the man behind the set

It is the art director's business to understand the imaginative vision of production designer
and director to improve the standard of production. The art directors are the vital components
in theaters, short films, feature films, advertisements and varieties of TV productions.

In bigger productions, art directors take charges of the work routine and the art department
budget. On a few occasions, the art department may comprise of just the production designer,
art director, and a few assistants.

20
The art directors dissect the content to distinguish all props or extraordinary things those are
required by the directors. On a big budget film or TV production, this work may begin four to
five months before the shooting. On low budget productions, it can be as less as one month.

It's vital for an art director to work with other concerned divisions. They work together
intimately with the Location Manager to consult about when and where the locations can be
readied. They should discover savvy inventive arrangements which add to the splendor of the
production. On location, they additionally look after the safety arrangements.

Job of an art department coordinator:

The art department is a indispensable part of any film or TV production. Art department
coordinators give everyday
administration and support to help keep the division running successfully. They should be
exceptionally fit and sorted out individuals to adapt to any situation required by the
production team.
The coordinators are answerable to the supervising art director and the production designer.
They fill in as a scaffold between the art department and production.
They are among the first to be utilized in a film's art department. They as a rule begin their
work with the production manager. They clarify the art department spending plan (e.g. labor
costs, set, dressing, props and so on).
Art department coordinators play out varieties of roles including:
1. Compiling of locations those may include house, hill, palace, school, hospital, police
station and so forth.
2. Preparing calendar for the art department;
3. Organizing transport and travel;
4. Shipping equipment when working overseas
5. Supplying duplicates of all illustrations and data;
6. Download and set up all location photos;
7. Make a rundown of all sets for the construction
8. Preparing of set dressing budget.
Art department coordinators are considered the most capable individuals in a production unit.
At times they chip in with their assisting skills to help out the production designer.

Film Music Composition:

Indian films are incomplete without regular doses of dance, music and songs. Film music not
only adds value to a scene but impacts a film's overall appealimmensely.

Film music makes disposition and fortifies importance of film. Music is not seen as a rule but
it comes in the sequence in a natural manner.

At present, music is routinely showcased as a ware from the films for which it is formed or
made. It has its own auxiliary crowd. By and large Film music has gone up against its very
own musical existence since the arrival of compact disc. The lyricist composes the verses in
types of expressions of the melody which are set to tune by the music arranger or music

21
director. S/he is helped by an orchestra. The melodies are sung by proficient and prevalent
vocal artist. They are playback vocalists who play back for the actors.
Tunes in Bollywood motion pictures are purposely created with lyrics. These are regularly
composed by recognized lyricists and frequently inserted into the music track. In Hollywood,
a writer who exercises considerable authority in film music is in charge of the main part of
music on the film's soundtrack. While in a few films melodies may assume an imperative part
in some Bollywood films.

Bollywood film tunes regularly utilize outside instruments and revise existing tunes.
Bollywood films comprise various genre of music like Ghazal, Disco, Qawwali, Devotional,
Pathetic, Patriotic, Thematic and so forth.

The different employments of dialects in Bollywood tunes can spellbind the listeners. A few
melodies incorporate different dialects, for example, Urdu and Persian, and it is normal to
hear the utilization of English words in tunes from present day Hindi motion pictures. Other
than Hindi, a few other Indian dialects have likewise been utilized including Braj, Avadhi,
Bhojpuri, Punjabi, Bengali and Rajasthani in Bollywood films.

Presently film soundtracks are uploadedin social networking sites like Youtube much before
the film is releasedin theater. Earlier, radio was the only medium of film music yet with the
introduction of satellite TV and FM radio the situation has been changed radically. Also, the
appearance of new media like web has changed the audience group.

Film Budget Making:

Budgeting a film is a procedure required to make a financial plan for the production. The
budget is fundamentally a report, which can run into more than 150 pages in length. It is
utilized to secure financing for and prompt the three phases of the film making.

As a rule a budget is divided into four segments like:

1. Above the line (talents, procuring of types of gear, location and so on),
2. Below the line (direct production costs),
3. Post-production (editing, visual effects, and so on.),
4. And others (insurance, completion bond, promotion and so on.)
The budget excludes film promotion and marketing, as it is the obligation of the film
distributor. However, sometimes the producer bears the cost of film promotion.

Elements of Budgeting
Story rights: As discussed earlier, a film‘s success depends on the quality of novel, music or
computer graphics. It can cost anything from two or three thousand. A unique screenplay
from a writer can cost more.

Screenplay: While the remuneration of a screenplay writer in India depend on the paying
capacity of the producers, in US Columbia Pictures pay 2 percent of the gross profit to the
screenplay writers.

22
Producers: Film producers and executive producers are the key individuals who put resources
into a film production.
Director: As the director is the captain of the ship he is one who receives the bouquets and
the brickbats. When move does well a director walks away with the credit while the failure
also attributed to him. What we see on a screen is the imagination of the nobody but the
director.

Production costs: The cost of delivering the film includes gear procurement, wages of the
crew, production configuration, set making, studio costs, costumes, cooking, settlement,
transportation, travel, inn stay, and so on. The director of photography is typically the most
generously compensated individual from the crew.

Visual effects: Now a day each story demands greatest measure of VFX shots and the best
thing is, it looks normal in extra large screen. Though the cost of computer generated imagery
and other visual effects enhance the quality of a movie, it needs loads of diligent work.

Music: The music arrangers who are in demand ask for fat remuneration for their unique
score. Some movies may not look good content wise but they get away and become a hit
because of their music albums. Ordinarily, the music budget of a noteworthy film is around 2
percent of the last aggregate. In any case, some film's music budget crossed million.

Tips for cutting the budgets

Elimination of night scenes-

Shooting around evening time requires intense/costly lighting and the payment of crew
members during the evening is more than usual. For Example, Broken Arrow (1996) cut
expenses by several dollars by dispensing with the night scenes from the content. Numerous
directors have utilized the "day for night" system for this cost cutting purposes.

Avoid area shooting in celebrated regions-

Shooting a scene on, profoundly bustling region for instance, the Parliament of
India/Mumbai Railway Station requires halting movement with a high security caution. On
the off chance that the director moved the shooting area to a set then the production can save
significantly. Besides, a few areas, (for example, business ventures like inns, eateries, bars
and dance club) are more ready to permit filming than others. A few producers who work on
a low-budget, generally abstain from paying area charges and look to catch shots at set or by
vfx.

Use obscure, not-well known on-screen characters-

Striving for obscure and not well known on-screen characters and performing artiste is the
best alternative to cost cutting. Picking of settled motion picture stars demands more cost
than obscure performing artists.

23
Film in another district

For instance, numerous Hollywood films set in U.S. urban areas are shot in Canada to exploit
bring down work costs, subject to fluctuating trade rates. They exploit government and
commonplace endowments intended to develop and maintain the film and TV production
ventures in the region. Numerous U.S. states have reacted with impose motivations of their
own.

Going over budget

In the US film production framework, producers are regularly not permitted to surpass the
underlying budget. Exemptions have obviously been made, a standout amongst the most
prominent cases being Titanic (1997). Director James Cameron ran on solid land with the
budget and offered his charge back to the studio. In different nations, producers who surpass
their budget have a tendency to eat the cost by getting less of their producer's expenses.
While the US framework is productive and can stand to go over budget, some other nations'
film businesses have a tendency to be financed through government appropriations.

A few cases of Budget:

A portion of the motion picture studios and production houses are hesitant to give the best
possible budget. Here a few cases of budget are given from the web sources.

Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life

 Story rights and screenplay: $4 million

 Producers: $4 million
 Director (Jan de Bont): $5 million
 Cast: $17.25 million
 Angelina Jolie: $12 million
 Extras: $250,000
 Other (inc. Angelina's perks): $5 million
 Production costs: $67 million
o Set design and construction: $17.8 million
 Visual Effects: $13 million
 Music: $3.3 million
 Editing: $3 million
 Post Production costs: $1.6 million
 Total: $118 million

Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines

 Story rights (Carolco and Gale Anne Hurd): $19.5 million

 Screenplay: $5.2 million
 John D. Brancato& Michael Ferris: $1 million
 Director (Jonathan Mostow): $5 million
 Producers: $10 million

 Cast: $35 million

24
 Arnold Schwarzenegger: $29.25 million + 20% gross profits
 Arnold's perks: $1.5 million
 Rest of principal cast: $3.85 million
 Extras: $450,000
 Production costs: $58 million
 Post-production costs: $4 million
 Visual effects: $20 million
 Music: $2 million
 Other costs: $33.6 million
 Total: $187.3 million

Spider-Man 2

 Story rights: $20 million

 Screenplay: $10 million
 Producers: $15 million
 Director (Sam Raimi): $10 million
 Cast: $30 million
o Tobey Maguire: $17 million
o Kirsten Dunst: $7 million
o Alfred Molina: $3 million
o Rest of cast: $3 million
 Production costs: $45 million
 Visual effects: $65 million
 Music: $5 million
 Composer (Danny Elfman): $2 million.
 Total: $202 million

(Source- Wikipedia.org)

Unit summary
In this Unit we have learnt the key persons involved in making the set, budget, music, and
their role and responsibility in the preproduction stage. Besides that you have acquired
the knowledge about the elements of budget and how to minimize the cost in budgeting.

Assessment
• Discuss the role of Art director in Film/video making?
• Who is responsible for all the expenditure in the shooting?
• Who is known as the bridge between art and production department.
• Describe the role of Music director and lyricist in Film industry.
• Briefly discuss the works of an art department coordinator.
• Write down the process to minimize the cost of budget in film making.
• Briefly discuss the element of budgeting in 100 words.

25
Resources
• https://www.futurelearn.com/
• https://www.youtube.com/
• http://www.thevideoeffect.tv/
• http://www.magix.com/us/movie-making-software/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/

26
Unit 4 Production Design & other things
Introduction
As discussed earlier, production is the activity of making or assembling ofraw segments or
crude materials to a finished item. At the end of the day, it is compilation of good things.
Every assembly unit needs crude materials, apparatus, areas for foundation and man forces to
run it. Much the same as some other businesses, film is considered as an industry. It needs
individuals or a group of individuals for both before the camera and behind the camera to
complete the job. In this unit, we will talk about the area requirements for shooting, the hiring
of gear and picking of crew individuals.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:
• Describe the peoples involved in pre-production stage • Use of their talent and skill in
pre-production stage
• Explain the responsibilities of each skilled person in pre-production

Terminology
Skilled Showing the knowledge, ability, to perform a certain activity within a
stipulated time period.
Agreement A negotiation, typically legally binding arrangement between parties for a
course of action.
Technician An expert in the practical application of a science, technique of an art or craft.
Casting It is the pre-production process for selecting a certain type of actor,
dancer, singer, or extra to enact a script, screenplay, or teleplay or in the film.

Production Design:
The production originator is the individual in charge of the whole procedure of planning.
He regularly uses the storyboard as a guide and cashes in on an opportunity to make
representations of the settings. Film is the successor of painting and theatre. Film has fused a
considerable lot of the angles from its antecedent. Outline for sensible films has an incredible
arrangement to do with visual generalizations the way the watcher anticipates that specific
things will look. In the event that content requires the foundation of an upscale home, certain
components can be utilized to make that impact. In the event that the objective is to build up
a secluded, run down mountain lodge, different parts can be joined to propose that. Those
settings for a dream film might be progressively the formation of an imaginative designer.

Visual environment characterizes character well in the film. A littered domain has a tendency
to set up comparative qualities in the character. Numerous different components add to the

27
tone and climate of a scene. Shading assumes a vital part, with scenes being imagined in an
assortment of passionate tones to earth tones.

A film can clearly go in a wide range of bearings as far as stylistic theme is concerned. The
key is that it needs to go some place. In the event that low budget films have a typical falling
flat, it is that they much of the time do not have a predictable way to deal with visual style.
Frequently this is both an enhancement and a camera matter. It is additionally to a great
extent a monetary reality. Low budget films regularly stall out in the areas that are accessible
to them, shooting without the assets or an opportunity to change things.

Production Designer:

Production originators are the individuals who are in charge of the visual idea of a film, TV
or theatre production. They distinguish an outline style for sets, locations, illustrations,
properties, lighting, camera angles, make ups and costumes. S/he is working intimately with
the director and producer.

Once the idea is chosen by the creative director, designers typically name and deal with a
workmanship office. The workmanship office incorporates an outline and development
group. They regularly frame a solid association with a specific director, who they may work
with on numerous productions.

Designers must have the practical experience in film, TV or theatre. In the theatre, production
planners are additionally called stage or set architects. Production architects must have the
information of-

• Drama/theatre studies
• Architecture
• Creative/performing/technical arts
• Graphic design /illustration
• Interior outline
• Theatre/execution outline
• 3D design
• Landscape architecture/design
• Fine art/visual art

Responsibilities:
Most production designers fill in as freelancers. The imperative piece of their work is
advertising their aptitudes and experience, in making contacts and preparation agents.

Their first errands typically incorporate illuminating the brief and concurring an appropriate
charge and timescale for the production, which is some of the time done by an agent.

After this, undertakings may include:

• Reading the total scripts to recognize factors that demonstrates a specific visual style

28
• Considering the production brief, which can be in form of written or verbal?
• Meeting with the producer and director to talk about the ideas and the production
necessities
• Sourcing fitting materials and looking into effects
• Researching on each viewpoints like art, history, legislative issues, history and producing
design ideas
• Planning and observing to outline the budget
• Providing scale illustrations or models for studio or area sets
• Researching, evaluating and setting up a property list
• Producing plan thoughts for outfits, wigs, properties, enhancements, make-up and
illustrations
• Identifying and surveying potential spots like studios and areas
• Presenting thoughts to other crew individuals engaged with the production, for example,
performing artistes and camera administrators
• Hiring and dealing with an art department crew or team members
• Instructing the set development organization, picturesque craftsmen and enhancements
experts and observing their work
• Collaborating with the costume designer and the director of photography, and additionally
the properties, lighting chief and sound engineer
• Attending blocking, rehearsals and shooting to exhort on visual presentation
• Checking sets and locations amid shooting to ensure that all the necessities are met.

Location Scouting:
The audience expects everything about the product tobe wonderful. Furthermore, from the
production perspective, a best area gives the absolute best. Also, legitimate area exploring
brings about the best area. Area exploring is a crucial procedure in the pre-production phase
of filmmaking.

When scriptwriters, producers or directors have chosen what general sort of landscape they
require for the different parts of the scene that are shot outside of the studio, the look for an
appropriate place or "area" outside of the studio started. Once in a while Location scouts
arrange legitimate access to filming areas.

Location necessities

Appropriateness of an area relies upon many components, including:

• Overall aesthetic
• Financial cost of production
• Logistic plausibility inclusion
• Distance from base of operations or different areas planned
• Availability of stopping and offices to keep crew and ability protected and dry constantly
• Availability of electrical power or plausibility of getting generators for lights and
electrical gear.

29
• Available light (inside or outside)
• Weather conditions (outside)
• Permission and participation of area proprietor and neighbors, nearby government, and
law authorization

Process of Work
The location scouts and different locations department staff (see beneath), working under the
supervision of the Location Manager, by and large endeavor to give the same number of
conceivably valuable/reasonable thoughts.
Fixing problems
Taking care of location issues can be an extremely difficult occupation. It requires diligent
work for extend periods of time, sharp relational abilities, concentration on each scene what
will shoot, capacity to think even one foot or make a move rapidly and mindfully and in
addition utilizing specialized aptitudes.
Thought of climate
Nearby climate conditions can consider vigorously along with an area's feasibility and
influence numerous regions of production booking, so possibilities and exchange, budgetary-
proficient plans ought to be made well ahead of time of any shoot day with plausibility to be
influenced by climate.
A location with potential to be influenced by climate ought to dependably be cleared and put,
ahead of time, with the property proprietor's understanding and assent "on climate hold" or
under the condition that production will just affirm utilization of the area and start
photography pending suitable climate conditions.

Job titles and job descriptions:

A film crew may have the accompanying titled positions staffed with respect to the Locations
Department.
Location Manager

Location manager regulates the Locations Department and its staff, commonly detailing
straightforwardly to the Production Manager and additionally Assistant Director (or even
Director or potentially Executive Producer). Location Manager is in charge of all last
clearing of a location for shooting and should frequently help Production/Finance
Department(s) in keeping up spending administration with respect to real location/allow
expenses and additionally work expenses to creation for himself and the Locations
Department on the loose.

Assistant Location Manager

S/he works with the Location Manager and the different departments in orchestrating
specialized scouts for the fundamental staff (grips, electric, camera, and so forth.) to see
alternatives which the Location Manager has chosen for shooting. The Assistant Location

30
Manager will be beginning amid the shooting procedure to regulate the entire operation,
while the Location Manager proceeds with preproduction from on the forthcoming locations.

Location Scout

A location scout does a great part of the real research, footwork and photography for
reporting location conceivable outcomes. Location Manager Often do some exploring for
himself/herself.

Location Assistant

Location Assistant is contracted by the Location Manager to be on-set some time recently,
amid, and after the filming procedure. General duties of the assistant include:

a. Arriving first at the location to permit the set dressers into the set for arrangement
b. Maintaining the cleanliness of the location ranges amid shooting
c. Limiting the effect of a working production crew on the location grounds
d. Fielding objections from neighbours; and at last, toward the finish of the filming
e. Managing on-set time and crew concerning the conclusion of the location inside legally
allowed time limitations.
There are by and large one to three assistants on a shoot at any given time.
Location Production Assistant

This position exists for the most part on bigger spending preparations. The Locations PA is
the assistant who is never beginning, yet rather is continually "preparing" a location or
"wrapping" a location. That is, the point at which a location requires a few days of set up and
breakdown earlier and following the day(s) of recording.

Parking Coordinator

Parking Coordinator is regularly employed by Location Manager on a need premise. Their

work is to direct Parking Staff keeping in mind the end goal to secure and organize crew
stopping including gear trucks and individual vehicles. Locations Department and Parking
Department may cooperate with neighbourhood law authorization to arrange movement
control if the scene is being shot includes roadway.

Waste Removal
Location Department's aura is to be the last to withdraw a location upon wrap and to leave the
location in order if worse condition as it existed upon entry. A waste evacuation organization
may be enlisted on an as-require premise.

Strategies:

A location scout normally takes graphic, all encompassing photos or video of location
potential outcomes. A decent location scout will make photographs of a location probability
that mirror the stylish objectives of the generation and will likewise incorporate outwardly

31
illustrative utilitarian photography and data archiving substantially more than exactly what
will possibly show up onscreen.

Extra distinct data may include:

• Reverse/interchange edge, all encompassing photography, to demonstrate space

accessible for camera, lighting, video assist, hair and makeup
• Geographic arranges, compass directions, other map information as might be pertinent
• Ambient lighting conditions at different circumstances of day (or night), solar
information, i.e., angle of sun at various circumstances of day
• Photos of holding/organizing territories and accessible stopping or potentially stopping
limitation signage
• Hand representations of road/building layout(s), building/room floor plan(s), room or
territory measurement information
• Crew/vehicle gets to information, i.e., entryways, lobbies, lifts, stairs, accessibility and
data of faculty required for get to
• Notes with respect to surrounding sound conditions
• On the shoot day, if a set is to be "dressed" (props/furniture included or (re)moved),
• Locations Department as well as Art Department/Property Master Staff/Prop Stylist will
photograph the particular zones to be influenced in order to guarantee that the location
will be come back to its unique state once shooting is finished.

As we have examined before choosing the correct location is the initial move towards an
effective shoot, here are a couple of insights that will empower you as you research to
potential film/video shooting areas.

1. Concentration on content. Get an area that that perfectly suits to your story line sets.to
explore an area or location this the primary regulation that needs to be worked out.When
you will set out to survey your locations, somehow you may face face endless potential
outcomes like: natural areas, memorable destinations, unmistakable structures, urban
scenes and waterfront settings, and numerous different things. Keep in mind one
thing.Pick an area or location that offers itself to the story you want to convey. You
should never be bound by your areas or location. Areas are fundamentally rough
materials. You need to acknowledge what the substance asks for already for picking a
preferred best area or location.
2. Explore at the ideal time. We should be constantly careful about the locations or areas
can change according to the weather and the climatic conditions. Choose or check your
location or areaduring day time. Change in locations can create shockingly huge changes
on the reasonableness of a location.

Elements that ought to be in your mind like-

• Noiseand Traffic
• Visitors for entertainment and amusement spots
• Tourists at beautiful or memorable spots

3. Accessibility of light. Temples, sanctuaries, mosques, churches, dance halls, eateries,

amphitheaters and homes for the most part highlight with low measures of accessible

32
 lighting. Verify the light levels by shooting two or three snapshots of test film with your
handheld or mobile camcorder.

Look at the window curtains that can be opened to allow light. Sometimes you may wish
to acquire lights or approach the location proprietor for authorization to supplant the
knobs in available light apparatuses with brighter lights.

4. Power supplies. Numerous open air locations are a long way from control sources and
apart from this some AC challenges could be faced in indoor locations. Hence conveying
with numerous batteries of camera could be dependably a smart thought. Be that as it
may, regardless you'll have to assess your energy choices at any location what you will
pick.

• How will you offer energy to your lights?

• What on the off chance that you do wind up depleting every one of the batteries?
• Could you find any place to connect to the charger?
• Whether the selected spotis remote and adequate to influence an auto to lighter AC
connector a smart thought?

5. Perfectly clear sound. Perfect, amazing sound is vital for making a film. Search for a hush
that guarantees and provides youthe location as per your desire.

• The whooshing sound of activity, sound of commotion of running water, and the
sound from echoing of voices and developments all would be able to hinder amazing
sound. As soon as you explore the location, verify all these conditions after tuning in
to your camcorder's mouthpiece pickup viaheadphones. Your codeless microphone
should be tested at the location too, and listen careful and intently for an impedance.

6. .Inspect the influencing components.Rain, Sun,wind, warm,snow, icy –these all could
be helpful or may hinder, contingent upon your want to include over the film. In this way,
it's basic to know and verify the figure as you will be exploring.

Film cameras are not affected by rain, salty shoreline,dampness from waterfalls or air.
Smeared lens and water or salt inside the card reader can spell catastrophe. Splendid, hot
or sunny locationsthat‘s having loads of daylight could likewise may be a major issue:
grey andblack bodies of camcorder ingest the beams of Sun and results in their
overheating when it remains uncovered.

Cool temperatures can deplete batteries and make you and your aides awkward rapidly.
Always have try to keep hardware warm by putting away the same covered in a coat or
auto till the point when you will be prepared to shoot, and by wrapping it in an extra scarf
or coat during taping.

7. Choose where to shoot. Ensure for having satisfactory space for setting up the greater
part of your rigging, with the goal that you're ready to get the shots you have at the top of
the priority list. A little issue may appear for example the ideal location for a shoot, till

33
 the point when it‘s been understood that the site may not have sufficient space for
positioning your rigging. There might be a lot of room in a vast area similar to a hut or a
theater, yet you will most likely not be able to meander uninhibitedly. The moment you
explore for the location confirm that you have physically visited the spots were you will
be shooting from.

8. Get appropriate authorization. You should be known that you may have to recieve
grants and other legitimate consents for shooting at specific locations. As you're taking a
gander at a location, plan a legitimate rude awakening.
• Did you picked a road or walkway location that may obstruct movement?
• Are you intendedfor shooting on another person's property?

Burial grounds, shopping centers, markets, enterprises and organizations are on the whole
private property. Numerous proprietors will be cheerful to oblige you on the off chance
that you ask, however in the event that won‘t oblige, you have to pick a different
location. It will be smarter to secure consent ahead of time than to have a shoot hindered
by the specialists.
9. Assess the zone. Keep an eye on interchanges:
• Is there mobile phone gathering in the region you've shot?
• How about an adjacent pay telephone?
• When you have to drive far, have you made arrangements for a breakdown?

Look the region for brisk sustenance stops to fulfill you and your team amidst a bustling
timetable and twofold find the address of a nearby gadgets store, in case on the off chance
that you have to supplant a link or connector.

10.Lastly, note down! While taking a seat to assess a location following a day of
investigating, you may feel happy to have exploring reports to allude to. During the exploring
campaigns in your shoot, day by day goes, on your family get-always, and in your inner
consciousnesses, you'll run over innumerable locations and evolving situations, every
condition would be novel and conceivably essential for you.

Record all the surveys, take still photographs or you could shoot a small video with a running
sound editorial.
• Note the season of day
• The nature of the light
• The sounds noticeable all around
• your specific experiences
Here is a rundown of things to pay special mind to.

Auditoriums of schools: poor sound, substantial space, hard to draw near to activity

• Churches: lighting may be low, resounding sound, difficult to be unpretentious

• Parks and Natural Areas: evolving climate, troublesome apparatus transport
• Urban Centers: foundation commotion, high movement and person on foot nearness
• Beaches: wind commotion, salt air, sand defilement, coordinate sun
• Events of outdoor: rivalry for space, poor sound, swarm commotion

34
Make sure to recollect the extremely valuable spots that you have explored during this
rundown for a location exploring pack:

 Notebook (or PDA) with composing actualize for field notes

 Still camera for making location file photographs
 Camcorder with earphones for recording test video and sound
 Compass for checking dawn/dusk, wind course, and so on.
 Watch for time-delicate perceptions
 Maps particularly for remote locations
 Cell telephone in the event that something goes wrong

Hiring of Equipments:
Employing of most recent top of the line and fitting equipments is the most ideal approach to
make a best film. Every one of the equipments like camera, lighting and support gear shift
amazingly broadly relying upon your need.

What kind of gear you might want to lease and for to what extent it will be utilized?
Numerous rental houses offer a 3 or 4 day week.

So the day rental goes down the more you lease it. Everything is based around the day rental.

Additionally most rental houses have outside the box/understudy rental rates. With trade out
hand (no credit) and a moment level rigging list autonomous productions can get equip that
will do the trap at a small amount of the cost of the huge players needs. Truly simple to cut
free a solitary camera and a handful of lights without trading off the huge rentals.

When you are arranging it is simpler for the rental house to toss a couple of more things into
the rental at a similar cost than bringing down the quote.

Some rental houses will offer gear protection if the tenant does not have any. This is
normally exceptionally pricy. Best to get a production protection bundle somewhere else that
incorporates rentals. Depending what you are leasing you could be talking $10,000 of rigging
or upwards of a million dollars. You can't exit any entryway without protection. As a rule
around $1500 will get a bundle that will cover unobtrusive gear rentals and production
protection for the span of the production. Shooting on city streets requires protection in any
case, in addition to if something happens you require someone to have your back.

However, you are inquiring as to why would nobody be able to reveal to me the amount it
will cost? The scope of expenses for production gear is insane colossal. For a 4K resolution
shoot you could purchase a GoPro for $600 or purchase an professional cine camera with top
lens, frill, crane, dolly, track and a lively lighting bundle that can cruise more than Million
dollars in adapt instant. Rental rates take after the cost of gear and its rate of deterioration.

A medium range star cine camera a Red Epic, prime lens bundle, matte box, filters, take after
concentration, batteries, accessories, media and tripod will run you somewhere in the range
of $1000-$2500 every day rental and expect near $100,000 protection. There is no standard

35
method for building a camera and by and large the lens and required accessories will cost far
more than the camera body. The renter will disclose to you how much protection you require.

Here and there you can locate a proprietor, owner that will consent to go ahead board with
his/her camera and lights for less expensive than ala trucking gear from rental houses.

Beside the enormous players there are little rental houses and groups of proprietor
administrators that might have the capacity to set you up on the off chance that you can't bear
the cost of awesome.

Everything depends on what gauge of rigging you are searching for and how much spending
plan can be designated to get it. Getting some rigging locally from a free source is typically
the best for your production. Getting the proprietor of the rigging to work with you is
frequently much more productive.

Before picking any hardware there ought to be a few inquiries may ring a bell like-

• What sort of film and what sort of hardware?

• Is it a computerized film?
• What sort of camera and focal points you will be required?
• Do you require lightning hardware and if so what kind?
• Daylight or Tungsten?
• What kind of Filters and so forth?

Choosing & hiring of crews:

To influence your film to the best, in the normal component film production will require no
less than twelve group individuals, and we will demonstrate to you who to contract, how to
discover them and what their obligations will be.

In the event that you are working with an amazingly constrained spending plan, at that point
you will discover modest or free enable, which we will soon demonstrate to you best
practices to accomplish. In the event that you have to work for a bigger budget, presumably
you need a more experienced staff to work with and no more basic positions, known as
Above-the-Line crew.

Have you at any point gone through the credits of any significant

Hollywood movie? Numerous people are incorporated necessarily not all of them all in the
production arrange. Obviously, there is no need employ hundreds, or even handfuls, of crew.
Countless positions are an excess dealt with the enormous studios and production
organizations. In the event that of bigger production, extra individuals can be addedin your
group, since there may be a great deal of tasks associated with making enchantment.

Basic Personnel
How about we begin with the essential personnel, and after that we'll take a shot at how to
discover them. Furthermore, the most essential is the means by which to discover the general

36
population who are the most suitable to fit the needs. The measure of work force that you
require will clearly differ starting with one kind of shoot then onto the next. The bigger the
set, the more team is required. Over all the three most imperative employments consisting in
group will be:

• Producer
• Director
• Production Manager

Since it will be your motion picture, you totally should go up against one of these parts or it
won't be your motion picture when it's done. It's essential that you employ capable,
experienced individuals whom you know and trust for the other two positions.

On a small scale budget shoot, everybody will go up against various roles. The most
important example is the producer. Alongside the standard producer parts, this individual will
likewise go up against the duties of area chief, area scout, set creator and typically throwing
director, despite the fact that the director might be the one to go up against this part rather, or
you can procure an expert throwing director. The producer will be the person who
acknowledges general duty regarding the movie. He is the person in charge of getting the
finding, arranging and financing, the sets, managing accounts — both approaching and active
promoting film and masterminding conveyance. Principally it‘s the producer's business to
appoint professional and monitor the running of the project on time and on track from the
earliest starting point of the task via conveyance.

Imaginative genius of the project is the director. Besides from saying ―action," the director
likewise integrates to the cast to learn that all of them are in agreement altogether — and not
just while being on-set. The director works with the on-screen characters in pre-production to
enable their understandingto that of the vision of the film and accordingly their role or cast in
the movie. S/he will in like manner be in charge of all read-throughs of the content and work
with the camera group to guarantee that the set and the lighting are done honestly. The
director shall work intimately with producer since they are the prime members responsible
for making a beeline for a similar objective.

While the director deals with the inventive parts of the film, the production manager (PM) is
responsible for its specialized aspects. Planning, finance, show discharges, organizing with
the associate director, booking and leasing/purchasing hardware fall under his/her ward. In
bigger productions, huge numbers of duties of PM fall along with the specification of the line
producer. Similarly like that of the director and producer, the production manager
additionally takes a shot at the undertaking from pre-to-post.

It's essential that the director works in tandem with the cinematographer.

Commonly on ultra-low-spending shoots, the cinematographer would give the camera

package and at times make a request to bring their own gaffer along. The procedure in which
the shoot inthe most part works is that the director would guide the DP the way that he want
scene to look along and in turn the DP would set up thecamera andlighting edges to influence
his exact idea to work.

37
In spite of the fact that, earlier we talked about, this is basic that the cinematographer is going
to provide the whole package of camera, you ought to dependably better to have a backup
camera and lights, as Hollywood awfulness stories flourish.

The next crew member supporting to the director and whom the director require to assign is
his assistant director. The AD is Notwithstanding, it would be wise to have the post-audio
person on set, so if your PSM can likewise work post, you're brilliant!

Similarly each armed force requires privates, each set requires production colleagues! For
proceeding with the armed force relationship: it‘s always better to have more PAs — until
your set has PAs stumbling, at that point you'll need to send a few people home. Utilize your
PAs for doing all the little assignments in and around the set that would somehow or another
engage your key work force and keep them occupied with doing errands that are underneath
them. A few cases would incorporate:

• Taping down wires

• Operating the clapperboard
• Getting model discharges marked
• Checking mics
• Standing in for on-screen characters amid sound and lighting checks

Likewise, you need to do the best for shielding them from hoarding the services table of the
craft. We've all needed to work with PAs who assume that it was requested only for them.

On the off chance that you are shooting individuals, and it's practically sure that you will be,
you should utilize no less than one individual, talentedfor doing perfect hair and makeup;
ideally somebody able tocomprehend the distinction among "genuine" makeup and
film/video makeup. Along these lines, there will be someoneto comprehendwhat should be
ideal, and what should be avoided depending on the lights of the surroundings. Regardless of
the possibility that you're running a zero-spending production, please make a special effort to
be prepared to pay your MUA a "pack charge" on the grounds that a decent craftsman will
convey her own apparatuses to your shoot. S/he should get something back for his/her
project. In case it is viewed as that the creation adequately critical to enroll hair and
cosmetics, review that more entertainers in a scene thinks about to more beauticians. It's
more affordable and more secure to have MUAs staying around after the shot begins than to
have entertainers in full cosmetics holding up for substitute on-screen characters to get
readied for the scene – it in like manner shields the on-screen characters from mutinying on
the set — not beautiful. Once you've gotten your lead beautician, work with him/her on what
number of people s/he'll need to help and look for him/her recommendation to contracting
partners.

People don't learn hair and cosmetic makeup in a vacuum; they know a great deal of others
and they should know who can trim it and who can't!

In small productions, producermight deal with the costumeand, propshowever as a rule, it's
best to enlist maybe a couple people to deal with these undertakings. Lot of costume or

38
fashion designers additionally make great props experts, hence you need to regularly spare
compensation on the off chance that you get the ideal individual to deal with both.

When you complete the process of movie making, then you require a video editor. At times
editor is an indistinguishable individual from the director, yet in the event that it's not,
s/heneeds to work with the director forensuring that the last item suffice perfectly to the
director's vision. A few editors are equipped for including special effects and colour
correction and cutting the film — and some are most certainly not. In the event that you
discover aneditor, greatfor making the cuts, yet not including, essential subtleties required
incredibly to the last item, at that point you'll presumably need to procure somebody to
include those completing touches, too.

Unless your shoot will be little and short, you ought to likewise employ for security and
safety. If it‘s a large project or set with manyindividuals, than you require the larger security
personnel. Guarantee that the security faculty are faithful and can be relied upon, so either
employ known persons, or friend or pay them well.

Another critical note: if the production incorporates stunts, you should incorporate an
accomplished stunt coordinator and make certain to convey at any rate $1,000,000 protection
and have EMS close by. Stunts regularly turn out badly and lawyers love to sue.

Of the positions delineated above, you ought to request a demo reel from the going with
people:

• Producer
• Director
• Assistant Director
• Cinematographer/DP
• Gaffer
• Hair, Makeup
• Wardrobe, Props
• Script Supervisor
• Production Sound Manager
• Editor

Where and How to discover Crew:

While contracting the crew, your principle objective should be to choose the capable
individuals who could work as per the requirement. Who do you coexist together with best?
Similar individuals who will have your best advantages on the most fundamental level —
companions and (here and there) family. The enormous focal points are that you
comprehend what's in store of these individuals, with the goal so that you do not hurl them
in a tight spot, and their work will be trashy — in light of the fact that they need your
project to be successful.. The disservice is that most likely they may not be exceptionally
experienced, so make certain not to give them positions that they can't manage..

39
A) Online Resources
How about we begin with the self-evident. Assets incorporate www.Mandy.com,
www.Backstage.comwww.Variety.comandwww.Craigslist.org.

Allthese have free occupation postings, despite the fact that you need to agree to accept most.
One other issue is that contracting

Below-the-Line team is exceptionally troublesome. A large number of these individuals are

just in it for the cash, so in case if they are not offered a union scale, they'll be outraged and,
as opposed to disregarding your advertisement, signal it with the goal that your impeccably
authentic promotion will get erased numerous times each day. This may not be genuine when
searching for producers and directors.

Once you've gotten your team, it's an inconceivable arrangement to have no under two
sessions in the midst of pre-production to go over basic information. While conducting these
gatherings, discover how well the group coexists with each other; this should demonstrate to
you how well they'll cooperate. On the off chance that somebody is acting diva-like or you
notice a contention fermenting, right now is an ideal opportunity to make a move. The motion
picture's production may just last half a month, yet they will be serious, regularly 12-hours-
per-day, so you don't need strife.

B) Disconnected Resources
Film schools!

In the event that while, searching for individuals who should happily work for credit — and
perhaps a couple of bucks to enable them to work more proficiently — and will's identity
anxious and imaginative, the best place to meet your majority requirement of your movie is
the nearby film schools. This likewise an awesome place to choose performers and after
production help — and here and there altering offices, as well.

While visiting a set is an awesome approach to pick off group, yet don't hope to procure the
division heads in case the motion picture does not have a huge spending plan. Rather, get the
opportunity to be companions with their collaborators and, on the off chance that you were
successful to make them agree, offer a position to them as the office head in your next film.
They would not expect an indistinguishable pay from the division head on a bigger film,
however they would be anxious to get nearer to their objectives and eager to have the title
and the obligation.

Film Commissions

Most states and significant urban communities have a film commission and their employment
is to motivate you to film in their general vicinity, such that they would be extremely eager to
do the job with you, even as a learner film maker. Even they will be additionally prone to
have free employment postings on their sites. While shooting in Philadelphia, I swung to
www.film.org and they were brilliantly useful, despite the fact that our productions were

40
little! These are on the whole awesome assets. Do a scan for the film commission in your
state or district; it's certainly justified regardless of the exertion.

C) From Network!
In case you're not kidding about getting into the business, you've heard every one of the three
of those words previously. That is on the grounds that they're valid. Systems administration is
the way to making it in this industry. Regardless of whether you're searching for official
producers to fund your film, on-screen characters, producers or PAs, you have to meet
similar individuals who are likewise searching for a break in the business — or for those
who've effectively made it. While organizing, recall that the general population whom you
meet likewise know other individuals. Suppose you got to meet with the camera director and
you figure out how to believe her capacities and aptitudes; however you're not searching for a
DP on your forthcoming shoot. In spite of the fact that you should not have to enlist her, she
could be the person who could prescribe an incredible gaffer, so ask her sentiment. Quality
references in this industry are unadulterated gold!

Above the-Line versus Below the-Line

Some individuals inside the business are there who trust that "above the Line" is a
disparaging term; it isn't. The "line" alludes to how a team part gets paid. The individuals
who are ―above the line" get paid a straight pay that depends on just two elements: spending
plan and position. Keeping in mind the end goal to enhance their compensation, individuals
in BtL positions need to work their way up to motion pictures with bigger spending plans.

The individuals who work "over the line" get paid by the financial plan and the measure of
cash that the venture acquires, alongside their experience/aptitudes. When you have paid your
contribution by chipping away at bring down spending productions, you will begin getting
notoriety. In the event that it's a decent rep — and you've organized legitimately — you will
be made a request to take a shot at higher-spending films. The best directors and producers
make a huge number of dollars per film since they are normally paid in "focuses," which is a
level of the film (one point = one percent). In the event that the film slumps, the AtL
individuals won't make much else besides their base pay, however in the event that it's a win,
these are the people who receive the money related rewards. In spite of the fact that not
specified in the article, the screenwriter is likewise an "over the line" individual.

Be that as it may you make your living in the business, organizing is constantly essential. No
different business is as communitarian as making films, so keep your name, face and
notoriety out there.

All the above positions we talked about till now, lets see their breakdown according to the
area where they fit:
Over the Line

 Director
 Production Manager

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 Producer

Below the Line

 Cinematographer
 Script Supervisor
 Production Sound Mixer
 Assistant Director
 Gaffer
 Hair, Makeup
 Wardrobe, Props
 Stunt organizer
 Editor
 PA

In spite of the fact that these positions are "below the line," the best cinematographers,
editors, costume, hair and makeup men and stunt coordinators are paid high compensations.

Unit summary
In this unit you learntthe key people and their part and duty in the pre-production stage.
Every one's part is exceptionally one of a kind and testing in the film production. Other
than that you have learnt that how to design the production, enlist the gear, scout the location
for filming.

Assignment
First visit your favourite location. Note down the facilities available there on a notepad. Go to
aequipment hiring centre and list out the equipments you want to hire for your production.
Selects few characters from your college and neighbours.

Assessment
 Discuss the role of producer in Film/video making?
 Who is responsible for all the expenditure in the shooting?
 Who is known as the captain of the ship?
 Describe the role of music director in Indian film industry.
 Briefly discuss the works of a production coordinator.
 Write down the three categories of people worked for film making.
 What is the role of visual effects supervisor in the pre-production stage of film making?

42
Resources
https://www.sokanu.com/careers/lyricist/
https://www.futurelearn.com/
http://www.thevideoeffect.tv/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/production-designer-theatre-television-film/
https://www.videomaker.com/

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Unit-5 Know your Equipment
Introduction
Every video production starts with a camera and ends on an editing table. Starting from the
early days of analogue production to present digital era the standard and quality of
equipment may have varied but the basic process is almost the same. As we all are aware
that the starting process is filming your subject, and this filming or shooting is carried out by
a camera. So this unit of the course is dedicated to make you familiar to your shooting
device. You will be going through a full on theory and practical knowledge of various kind
of cameras presently used in field. You will come across varieties of terminologies and use
of the buttons of the cameras.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:

 Learn to operate a video camera

 Differentiate between types of camera used for shooting.
 Describe the Lens.
 Explain the characteristics of DSLR Camera

Terminology
Lens A transparent material which have at least one side spherical.
Camera A dark box with a hole to capture the image.
Filming The process of shooting a film.

Cameras and accessories

Camera is the first gateway to the world of filmmaking or video production. A camera is a
dark box with a lens and a small opening for the light to enter. But the very first camera did
not have a lens. Unbelievable! Yes the pinhole camera was the very first still camera to
portray an image on a wall of a dark room just through a tiny hole. Such is the magical world
of cameras or you can say you can create magic with light through cameras in your hand. In
this course you will be having hands on knowledge on various types of cameras. Starting
from regular video cameras to the still cameras which are also used for shooting video images
Along with it the accessories required with a camera such as use of different kinds of lenses
and tripods, trolleys, cranes, dolly, rigs and jimmy are also covered in this part.

Different types of cameras

The most common camera types used by professionals and semi-professionals are analogue
and digital cameras.

Analogue Camera
The analogue cameras work on the principle of magnetic recording system. It converts the
light images into magnetic information.
44
The two presently used analogue cameras are DVCAM and BETACAM

DVCAM
DVCAM is a variation of the DV format developed by Sony with an aim to function at the
semi-professional and lower-end professional market. DVCAM uses the tape format for
recording images. Sony HVR-Z7U is commonly used for this format. HD cameras record the
pictures and sounds on the hard disc only.

Title-DV Camera

Attribution-CHIN.DENG

Source-Flickr

Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_HVR-
V1U_3CMOS_1080p_HDV_Camcorder.jpg

BETACAM
BETACAM is a higher version of tape based image recording device designed by Sony for
professionals with a half inch cassette. The image recorded and produced by BETACAM are
superior in quality compared to DVCAM.

Title-Betacam

Attribution-Ubcule

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Betacam_SP_camera.jpg

45
Digital cameras
The digital cameras work on the principle of pixels recording system. The light images are
converted into pixels form on the recording device.

Now coming to the digital world of cameras we have a number of options to try with.
Starting from daily use smartphones to highly sophisticated chip based cameras its so easy
and fun to work with and bring out your creativity. The various digital cameras are cinema
cameras like RED, BLACKMAGIC, ARRI, then the studio and broadcast cameras, and the
familiar camcorders, the newly popular mirrorless and DSLR cameras and nonetheless our
mate in our pocket i.e.our cell phones.

RED

The RED camera is a 4K digital cinema camera. It is initially aimed at Cinema style shooting,
meaning that it is in many ways like a traditional film camera. It uses traditional film lenses
and other film hardware including matte boxes and follow focus systems. But instead of
shooting film it shoots digitally means it records images on harddisks or digital storage
devices. The RED camera comes in different models like ONE, EPIC, SCARLET

Title-RED 4K digital Cinema Camera

Attribution-Roge

Source-https://www.flickr.com/photos/roge/14289690222/

Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_EPIC_camera.jpg

H.D. Cameras – These are High Dimensions Cameras presently used in various
shootings without the necessity of inserting DVD’s or cassettes.

Blackmagic
Black magic is an Australian digital cinema company. Like RED camera it is also a direct
shoot and record camera. It provides aincomparable range of lenses compatibility. It also
comes with an advantage that the Company provides an editing platform to support easy
editing of the recorded materials. It comes in 2K, 4K and 8K variants.

46
Title-Blackmagic Design Cinema Camera

Attribution-Morio

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Blackmagic_Cinema_Ca
mera_front_2013_CP%2B.jpg

ARRI ALEXA

ARRI ALEXA , a very familiar name among film makers aims at high class video image
production. ARRI who was first into celluloid film cameras manufacturing came up with a
digital version to cope up with the market with ALEXA model.This is the first camera of the
Alexa product family. The ARRI ALEXA‘s CMOS Super-35mm sensor is rated at 2.8K and
ISO 800. That sensitivity allows the camera to see a full seven stops of over exposure and
another seven stops of underexposure, an unprecedented Dynamic Range. To take advantage
of this, ARRI offers both industry-standard REC709 HD video output as well as the Log-C
mode that shows the entire range of the chip‘s sensitivity, allowing for an extreme range of
colour correction options in post. It is used mostly in shooting films along with studio shoots
and commercials.

Title-ARRI ALexa Camera

Attribution-ARRI AG

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARRI_ALEXA_SXT_Plus.jpg

47
Camcorders
The camcorders are the most user friendly device that can be operated by almost anyone. The
semi-professional camcorders like Sony PWM and Panasonic P2 series are in regular use
nowadays mostly in news and documentary shoot sectors.

Title-Panasonic Camcorder

Attribution-Mkunert

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panasonic-AF100.jpg

The ease of working and budget affordability makes it a first choice. The HD quality video
images produced without any extra lights are its plus points. One can just point and shoot
with these cameras.

Mirrorless & DSLR Cameras

In last few years the DSLR cameras have evolved as a handy medium of capturing still as
well as video images simultaneously. The DSLR cameras which were thought to be only still
cameras are now a very effective video capturing device too.

Title-Canon DSLR Camera

Attribution-Maksim Sidorov

48
Source-

Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EOS_60D_01.jpg

The qualities of images captured are very high and nowadays most DSLR are providing 1080
pixel quality video images. So any amateur can also shoot great images with much ease. The
mirror less cameras are the same as DSLR but in the place of a mirror it comes with a sensor
which decides how much light information to catch for the image. Canon 5D, Nikon D750 is
most popular players. These cameras like other professional cameras come with
interchangeable lenses required for different needs.

Smart Phones
The present day Smartphone‘s , the one device which replaced almost all other gadgets which
used to serve our daily needs starting from clock to compass and T.V to radio has now also
evolved as a replacement to the cameras. The everyday developments in Smartphone
technology has made Smartphone so capable of filming still and videos that people are now
shooting films with them. Pocket friendly device loaded with 20-30 megapixel camera and
sensor are the most effective device for shooting. Nowadays editing can also be done on a
Smartphone.

Title-Smartphone Camera

Attribution-EsaRiutta

Source-

Link-https://pixabay.com/en/phone-photography-shot-forest-2405253/

Most Important- Whether indoor or outdoor recording, it is extremely essential to have a

white balancing, just before the shooting.

Camera Accessories
Now you are fully aware of different types of cameras, it‘s now time that you also get to
know about other accessories that are required for smooth and better shooting experience.

49
Most of the compatible accessories come along with the camera itself. The accessories
required with a camera such as use of different kinds of lenses and tripods, trolleys, cranes,
dolly, rigs and jimmy are also covered in this part.

There are other accessories which are available in the market. The main accessories required
for camera operation are lens, battery, microphone, tapes and micro cards or hard disks,
headphones.

Lens
Lens is the eye of the camera. The light after falling upon the target subject enters through
the lens and produces the image on the image plane. The lens contains an iris which controls
the amount of light. The lens is mainly categorized as fixed lens, telephoto lens wide angle
lens and normal lens.

Fixed Lens / Block Lens

A fixed lens also known as block lens and also referred as prime lens. The fixed focal length
lens (FFL) has a focal length that is not adjustable. Photographers are unable to zoom in and
out on a particular subject when using a prime lens. In other words we shoot what our normal
eyes see from the specific position. Mostly the block lenses are available in 50mm and 85mm
focal length.

Title-Lens

Attribution-fernandozhiminaicela

Source-Link-https://pixabay.com/en/lens-camera-round-technology-team-3095743/

Telephoto lens
A telephoto lens is called so because it brings distant objects nearer to us through zooming on
it. A telephoto or zoom lens is made up of number of lenses which helps the cameraman to
zoom in or zoom out on a subject while not physically moving but still concentrating on the
subject from a fixed point. The lenses with a focal length above 100mm are known as zoom
lens. They may come up to 135-300mm.

50
Title-Telephoto Lens

Attribution-allupinc

Source-Link-https://pixabay.com/en/sony-a7r-camera-mirrorless-dslr-1328082/

Wide angle lens

In photography and cinematography, a wide-angle lens refers to a lens whose focal length is
substantially smaller than the focal length of a normal lens for a given film plane. This type
of lens allows more of the scene to be included in the photograph, which is useful in
architectural, interior and landscape photography where the photographer may not be able to
move farther from the scene to photograph it.

Another use is where the photographer wishes to emphasise the difference in size or distance
between objects in the foreground and the background; nearby objects appear very large and
objects at a moderate distance appear small and far away.

Title-Wide angleLens

Attribution-Capri23auto

Source-Link-https://pixabay.com/en/lens-wide-angle-tokina-photograph-2115686/

Specialist lenses

Other than these 3 types of lenses some lenses come with multi-function such as super
telephoto, macro and fisheye shooting modes. They are collectively called specialist lens.
Their zoom range may vary from 5mm-2000mm.

51
Attribution-Monoar

Source-Link-https://pixabay.com/en/camera-lense-photography-zoom-1272791/

Tapes and Storage device

Depending on the cameras the images captured are recorded on tapes and digital storage
devices such as memory cards and solid state hard disks. The analogue cameras usually use
various kinds of tapes whereas digital cameras use digital recording mediums.

Tapes
The tapes used in video cameras are magnetic tapes on which the images shot are recorded
using a rolling magnetic head which writes the visual and audio information on the tapes.
There are two types of tapes mostly used in shooting which are quarter inch and half inch
tapes, otherwise known as DV tape and BETA tape.

DVcam Sony‘s variant of the DV (Digital Video) format. Developed for professional use,
DVCAM improves quality by increasing the tape speed and track pitch. The increased track
size uses more tape because DV tracks are recorded on the diagonal.

In addition, it "locks the audio," which prevents the audio from drifting out of sync with the
video. DVCAM uses the same metal evaporated (ME) tape as does DV and DVCAM
cassettes can be played in DVCAM and DVCPRO tape decks. DVCAM VTRs can also play
and record DV cassettes.

Title-Video tapes

Attribution-Grm wnr

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DV_tape_sizes_2.jpg

52
Betacamis a high-quality videotape technology introduced by Sonyin 1982. Betacam evolved
from Sony's Betamax consumer format, but with a large increase in tape speed and using
component video signal separation rather than composite video. Betacam was designed for
professional TV recording.

Title-Beta tapes

Attribution-Grm wnr

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beta_tape_sizes_2.jpg

Digital Storage Devices

Most of the present day digital cameras starting from point and shoot to highly professional

filmmaking cameras use digital devices to store recorded visual and audio materials as files
in pixel formats. These devices are categorized as solid state hard disks and memory cards.
These digital devices have an advantage that unwanted files can be deleted on the spot itself
releasing more space for shoot and they are very sturdy as well as handy.

Title-Memory card

Attribution-Adryan R. Villanueva

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lexar_Professional_1000x_12
8GB_SDXC_UHS-II_Card_(tidied).jpg

53
Unit Summary
In this unit we learnt about the first basic equipment required for video production that is the
camera. We also learnt about different types of camera. We also came across the other
camera accessories such as lens, tapes and digital storage devices which are also required for
video production.

Assignments
 What is a camera?
 What are different types of camera depending on signal?
 What is the work of a lens?
 A camera can work without lens. True or false?
 Name the different type of lens.
 How mirror less camera is different from DSLR?
 What is the focal length of a fixed length?

Resources
 Mixing secrets for the small studio Senior, Mike.
 Fundamentals of Digital Audio Alan P. Kefauver and David Patschke
 Visual Studio 2013 Cookbook Bruce Johnson
 Audio Effects Workshop Geoffrey Francis
 How to shoot Video that doesn‘t suck Stockman, Steve, 1958
 The Book of Audacity : record, edit, mix and master with the free audio editor Schroder,
Carla

54
Unit 6 Lights and Camera Supports
Introduction
As we all know light is the main pivotal element behind photography or videography. The
light creates images on the sensor of the camera through lenses. The light condition decides
the quality of images that will be formed so it should always be kept in mind as to how to use
the light according to our needs. Most of the cameras use available ambient light to record
subject whereas some need extra artificial lights to create good images. The camera supports
such as tripods, trolleys, rigs also are an important part of camera handling. The other camera
equipment creates different kind of effect in the image capturing process. In this section you
will come across some of these regular used lights and camera supports.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:

 Learn about different kinds of lights & the source used in outdoor and indoor shoot.
 Learn about different light accessories used along with the lights for shoot.
 Learn about different kinds of camera supports used.

Terminology
Gels A gel is a transparent material with different colours which filters the
source light and adds to focal variety of effective shooting.
Fluorescent A kind of lights used for shooting. It will capable of generating up to 100
Lights lumens per watt.
LED Light Emitting Diode.

Lights
As mentioned earlier the main factor for good images is good light condition. The lights are
divided as natural and artificial depending on the source. The main source of natural light is
sun whereas the artificial lights are manufactured according to the demand of intensity
required. Some of the artificial lights used are soft lights, tungsten and hard lights. Some of
the soft lights are fluorescent and LEDs

Fluorescent lights
A fluorescent lamp uses the excitement of low pressure mercury vapour to produce ultra-
violet light, in turn causing a phosphor coating inside of the glass tube to glow radiating light
in the visible spectrum.

55
A fluorescent light is much more efficient than an incandescent light, and is capable of
generating up to 100 lumens per watt, similar to the output of HMI.

Title-Fluorescent light

Attribution- Christian Taube

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg

LED
LED stands for light emitting diode and is a solid-state semiconductor device. Only recently,
LED‘s of sufficient power have become available to make practical LED film lighting
possible. LED‘s are extremely efficient but are still limited in overall light output when
compared to any of the other light sources.

LED lights can be daylight or tungsten balanced, sometimes switchable or having variable
color temperature. Some have variable color through the entire RGB spectrum, which is
something not possible with any other lighting technology. The CRI rating of LED lighting
can be over 90.

Some of the hard lights are open face lights, Fresnel lights and HMI. These lights cast very
hard intensity of light and shadow.

56
Title-LED light

Attribution-KlausHausmann

Source-Link-https://pixabay.com/en/spot-spots-spotlight-fresnel-lens-950389/

Open Face lights

An open faced lighting fixture is used to create hard light that casts hard shadows. It is not
much more than a housing and reflector for the bulb, and provides nothing in between the
bulb and the subject.

The commonly known 800W ―Redhead‖ and 2000W ―Blonde‖ are examples of open faced
video lights.

Title-Open face light

Attribution- Openclipart-Vectors

Source-Link-https://pixabay.com/en/stage-light-spotlight-light-stage-576008/

Fresnel Lights
A Fresnel lens is a special type of lens which is divided into many concentric circles. It
results in a much thinner lens compared to a conventional lens of the same power. This lens
evenly throws out the light and allows for the beam to be varied from flood to spot, just by
changing the distance between the lamp/reflector unit and the lens. It is also known as Baby
lights.

HMI lights
HMI stands for Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide and is a metal-halide gas discharge
medium arc-length lamp.
A HMI bulb contains mercury vapour mixed with metal halides. An electrical arc between
two electrodes excites the mercury vapour and metal halides resulting in a very high light
output and luminous efficiency. HMI lamps are potentially functional between 85 and 108

57
lumens per watt, up to four times that of conventional incandescent lamps. It almost casts a
light of intensity like daylight.

Another kind of light is tungsten/ halogen also known as solar lights. Tungsten light sources are
basically related to the same type of incandescent filament bulbs which until recently were
common in homes and offices everywhere. These lights lamps operate at a higher temperature
than normal incandescent tungsten bulbs, and so they can achieve a higher colour temperature,
and higher luminous efficiency. They naturally produce a warm light, but blue colour correction
gels can be used to simulate daylight.

Light Accessories

Just getting the appropriate lights while shooting is not enough, you may need some more
materials to get the perfect lighting mood and condition. These are called light accessories
such as barn doors, gels, cookie, diffuser, flag, umbrella, scrim, silk, reflector, black wrap.

Barn doors
Based on the terminology of video and film, barn doors are not utilized for corral farm
animals. Consider them like leaves - 2 to 4 of such, as a rule. Now place the entryways before
a light source. They would be seen everywhere in lights utilized for TV, film, or Broadway
creations. They would be utilized to shape the light and keep it in a place based on your
requirement and mask the other where it is not needed. The specialty is that the equipment is
very handy and on won‘t feel tired on utilizing it. Know that the lights may become hot upon
use – so in case if there is a requirement for adjusting the barn doors, utilize gloves before
using it. On a creation, people generally forgot to wear gloves and simply move the barn
doors - that is an awful thought. It controls the quantum of light turning out.

Gels
Gel are related with many names - so it may be referred as color filter, color gel, lighting gel
or simply gel. Regardless of the name, each element performs the same task. Gel is a material
that is transparent with a color. Gels are broadly utilized on photography shoots, photography
shoots, theater productions, videography shoots and, obviously, in film production. These
gels can also be utilized for correcting the color or adding colour to a scene for a dramatic
impact. Thin sheets of polyester or polycarbonate are used to make these gels. These can be
placed straightforwardly before the lights. Gels won't keep going forever; they blur or the
greater part of them melt in view of the extreme warmth from the lights. It is used for colour
balancing and bringing some dramatic effect.

Cookie
Cookie is basically a shape that is cut out and is put before a hard light. By hard light we
mean a light which is small generally, and that can be focused and utilized to deliver shadows
and highlights. So we can use these cut out shapes maybe abstract or geometrical place in
front of the light to get such patterns in the background or foreground.

58
Diffuser
Similar to the gel, a diffuser is a translucent bit of material placed before a light for softening
shadows and highlights. Likewise a diffuser is utilized to diminish contrast and to enhance
the angle of beam. By contrast here we mean the differentiation among one intensity and
another or among the lightest and darkest components of a scene. Diffused light means a light
that comes via a diffuser. As compared to the hard uncovered light, the diffused light is more
capable of creating softer shadows. It is utilized to lessen contrast.

Flag
Flag is called by different names by photographer such as siders, cutters or gobos. Basically
its panel is opaque in nature due to which it is utilized to block light and shadow the subject,
camera lens or the background. Likewise it can be utilized to hide lights within a scene.

Reflector
Reflectors are basically of two types. The former type is utilized for lightning the indoors.
This reflector is bowl-shaped and is available in different sizes. Once in a while any hard
white surfaced materials like thermocols are additionally utilized as reflectors.You can use
this type of reflector to shape and intensify the light's beam. For outdoor use the second type
reflector is used. These reflectors are basically used to redirect light. They are flat and
coloured in white, silver or gold. It is used to redirect and intensify the light beam.

Title-Hand Reflector

Attribution-Katie Chan

Source-Link-
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ExPro_42_inches_Photographic_Light_Reflector.JPG

59
Title-Light Meter

Attribution-Wolfgang Lonien

Source-7dcp2185798-flash-meter

Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sekonic_L-
308S_Flashmate_digital_light_meter.jpg

Another very important and useful device that is necessary for good and proper light intensity
and that is light meter or exposure meter. This small device is used to detect the amount of
light falling on the subject and adjust the light condition accordingly.

Camera Support
The camera supports are the equipments used to balance and operate the camera other than
handheld. They help in smooth operation and creating camera motion effects. Some of these
are known as tripods, trolleys, dolly, rigs, jibs and stabilizers etc.

Tripod
A tripod is a portable three-legged frame, used as a platform for supporting the weight and
maintaining the stability of camera. Many a times cameraman uses heavy lenses which makes
smooth camera operation difficult in handheld condition.

60
Title-Tripod

Attribution-

Source-Link-https://pixabay.com/en/tripod-camera-stand-photography-390902/

The tripod serves the purpose. A tripod provides stability against downward forces and
horizontal forces and movements about horizontal axes. It also gives proper level and balance
to the camera.

Trolleys or Dolly
A camera dolly is a wheeled cart or similar device used in filmmakingand television
production to create smooth horizontal camera movements. The camera is mounted to the
dolly and the camera operator andcamera assistant usually ride on the dolly to push the dolly
back and forth. The camera dolly is generally used to produce images which involve moving
the camera toward or away from a subject while the camera is moving, a technique known as
a "dolly shot."

Title-Round trolley

Attribution-Dan aka jack

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Production_still.jpg

Studio dollies are large and stable and can feature hydraulics. These are the first choice for
studio, backlot and location shoots when using professional cameras. A studio dolly usually
needs a specialized operator called a "dolly grip", and many are built for the camera operator
to ride on the dolly with the camera.

Lightweight dolly systems are simpler, affordable and are best used with lighter-weight
cameras. Lightweight systems are usually favoured by independent filmmakers and students
because they are easier to carry and operate. These dollies support only the camera, and the
operator needs to move alongside. Some lightweight dollies are small enough to be carried in
a backpack. Most of the dolly tracks are either straight or circular and semi-circular.

61
Cranes / Jibs
In filmmaking and video production, a crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a moving
crane or jib. Most cranes accommodate both the camera and an operator, but some can be
moved by remote control. Camera cranes go back to the dawn of movie-making, and were
frequently used in silent films to enhance the epic nature of large sets and massive crowds.
Another use is to move up and away from the actors, a common way of ending a movie.

Crane shots are often found in what are supposed to be emotional or suspenseful scenes. A
boom arm helps to move it around easily between ordinary setups.

Title-Crane

Attribution-Vssun

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Film_Shooting_From_a_Crane .jpg

The traditional design provided seats for both the director and the camera operator, and
sometimes a third seat for the cinematographer as well. Large weights on the back of the
crane compensate for the weight of the people riding the crane and must be adjusted carefully
to avoid the possibility of accidents. During the 1960s, the tallest crane was the Chapman
Titan crane, a massive design over 20 feet high that won an Academy Scientific &
Engineering award. Most such cranes were manually operated, requiring an experienced
boom operator who knew how to vertically raise,lower, and "crab" the camera alongside
actors while the crane platform rolled on separate tracks. The crane operator and camera
operator had to precisely coordinate their moves so that focus, pan, and camera position all
started and stopped at the same time, requiring great skill and rehearsal. Present day jibs are
remote operated and much easier to use as it allows the access to any height and direction.

Rigs / Stabilizers

62
A rig is a modular piece of equipment used to extend the usefulness of a camera, whether
through accommodating additional shooting styles, allowing for additional gear to be
mounted safely, or for smoothing out the motion of the shot. To simplify rig is an equipment
which not only gives support to camera but also could include additional gears such as
microphone and viewfinder monitor. Most of the rigs are attached to body such as steadicam
or shoulder rigs as it stabilizes the camera movement while handheld.

Title-Steadycam

Attribution-

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steadicam_Operator_John_Fr
y_with_Master_Steadicam_%26_Arri_Alexa_camera.jpg

Unit summary
In this unit we learnt about different kind of professional and semi-professional lights that are
used in day to day shooting or production. Along with the accessories used for various
lighting conditions we also learnt about various camera supports such as dolly, jibs and rigs.
We can decide which kind of light and camera support we can use according to our shot
design.

63
Assessment
 What is a camera?
 What are different types of cameras depending on signal?
 What is the function of lens?
 A Camera can work without lens. True and False?
 Name different types of lens.
 How mirror less camera is different from DSLR?
 What is the focal length of a fixed length?

Resources
 Mixing secrets for the small studio Senior, Mike.
 Fundamentals of Digital Audio Alan P. Kefauver and David Patschke
 Visual Studio 2013 Cookbook Bruce Johnson
 Audio Effects Workshop Geoffrey Francis
 How to shoot Video that doesn‘t suck Stockman, Steve, 1958
 The Book of Audacity : record, edit, mix and master with the free audio editor Schroder,
Carla

64
Unit 7 Blocking & Rehearsal
Introduction
Every video production requires proper research, planning, setup and on location decision.
Proper camera placement, proper lighting and proper rehearsal of subject could lead to a
good production material. Sometimes we have to shoot documentary or news material so it is
mandatory to get a proper location idea as to cover the objective as nearly as possible. In case
of fiction shoot it is advisable to rehearse your subject more and more so as to give perfect
shot in less number of takes.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:

 Describe what is blocking

 Identify different kind of shots
 Use different techniques of lighting
 Examine different aspects, faced while shooting.

Terminology
Blocking Blocking is the process of staging actors in reference to the foreground
and background to get a frame.
Establishment Establishment shots are the shot which shows
shot the establishment between the subject and the surrounding.
Close shot Close shot is the most nearest magnification of the subject being shot
which shows the physical and emotional details.
Helicopter A 3600 shot of the sky or subjects in the high altitude from the ground.
Shot
Mid Shot Shot covering the artist up to his / her waist
Cheating shot To Sync – with other person‘s response by the artist in the form of
reactions
Panning Moving The Camera right or left as per requirement.
Arial Shot Covering the ground from an aeroplane or helicopter or high altitude.

Meaning of the Term “Blocking”

The term blocking came from theatres. In theatre, blocking is the precise staging of actors in
order to facilitate the performance of a play, ballet, film or opera. In contemporary theatre,
the director usually determines blocking during rehearsal, telling actors where they should
move for the proper dramatic effect, ensure sight lines for the audience and work with the
lighting design of the scene.

65
Each scene in a play is usually "blocked" as a unit, after which the director will move on to
the next scene. The positioning of actors on stage in one scene will usually affect the
possibilities for subsequent positioning unless the stage is cleared between scenes.

During the blocking rehearsal, the assistant director, stage manager or director take notes
about where actors are positioned and their movements on stage. It is especially important for
the stage manager to note the actors' positions, as a director is not usually present for each
performance, and it becomes the stage manager's job to ensure that actors follow the assigned
blocking from night to night.

In film, the term is sometimes used to speak of the arrangement of actors in the frame. In this
context, there is also a need to consider the movement of the camera as part of the blocking
process.

Title-Shooting

Attribution- Yerpo

Source-Link- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Premium_Rush_shooting.JPG

Overview of Evolution of Blocking

As we discussed earlier that the term blocking came from stage or theatre, in the theatre the
stage is a fixed location and the characters are moving. So the characters have to be placed or
staged in such a manner so that each character is clearly visible to audience at each point of
movement. No one should overlap the other character. Likewise their entry and exit was also
to be kept in continuity which means a character which exits from the left of the stage must
come from right of the stage to mark the continuity of movement. So when coming to film
making or video production the most of the things remain the same. The director has to plan
the shot in such a manner that there should be enough space between characters, their
continuity in the frame and their movement as well as entry and exit from one shot to the
next. This is part of shot division in a screenplay.

66
Uses of Blocking
Blocking not only helps the director direct easily but also helps the actors to perform smoothly.
Sometimes a motivated blocking helps create a twist in the scene. Blocking not only is fixed with
actor and director but also with the camera. The movement of the camera in proper direction is
also important. The proper camera and subject movement can create a bigger impact. If the
blocking is not proper the transition from shot to shot will be jerky.

Mostly the films or videos are made up of various scenes. These scenes are broken down into
shots. Each shot is individual information of place, time and character. It means that we can
know what our subject is doing in particular place at a particular time. Each shot can be taken up
by the director according to the availability of place, time and character and connect in different
manners to build up a scene. But sometimes director also tries to cover the whole scene in one
take without breaking them into smaller shots. The various types of shots which are used are
establishing shot, long shot, mid shot and close shot.

Establishing shot: An establishing shot in filmmaking and television establishes the scene by
showing the relationship between its important figures and objects.It is generally a long or
extreme-long shot at the beginning of a scene indicating where, and sometimes when, the
remainder of the scene takes place.

Establishing shots were more common during the classical era of filmmaking than they are now.
Today's filmmakers tend to skip the establishing shot in order to move the scene along more
quickly. In addition, the expositional nature of the shot (as described above) may be unsuitable to
scenes in mysteries, where details are intentionally obscured or left out.

Uses of an Establishing Shot

Location: Establishing shots may use famous landmarks to indicate the city where the action
is taking place or has moved to, most probably it establishes the whole area where the
shooting is going on or where the story is based. It creates an idea in the mind of the viewer
about the location of the subject and other things going around in that particular location.

Time of Day: Sometimes the viewer is guided in their understanding of the action. For
example, an exterior shot of a building at night followed by an interior shot of people talking
implies that the conversation is taking place at night inside that building - the conversation
may in fact have been filmed on a studio set far from the apparent location, because of
budget constraint or time limitations.

Relationship:An establishing shot might be a long shot of a room that shows all the
characters from a particular scene. For example, a scene about a murder in a college lecture
hall might begin with a shot that shows the entire room, including the lecturing professor and
the students taking notes. A close-up shot can also be used at the beginning of a scene to
establish the setting (such as, for the lecture hall scene, a shot of a pencil writing notes).

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Concept: An establishing shot may also establish a concept, rather than a location. For
example, opening with a martial arts drill visually establishes the theme of martial arts. A
shot of rain falling could be an establishing shot, followed by more and more detailed look at
the rain, culminating with individual raindrops falling. A film maker is colluding with their
audience to provide a short hand learned through a common cinematic cultural background.

Long Shot
In photography, filmmaking and video production, a long shot (sometimes referred to as a
full shot or, and to remove ambiguity it will be called a, wide shot) typically shows the
entire object or human figure and is usually intended to place it in some relation to its
surroundings. These are typically shot now using wide angle cameras. However due to the
sheer distance establishing shots and extreme wide shots can use almost any camera type.

Mid shot
In film, a medium shot, mid shot (MS), or waist shot is a camera angle shot from a medium
distance. Medium shots are favored in sequences where dialogues or a small group of people
are acting, as they give the viewer a partial view of the background and also show the
subjects' facial expressions in the context of their body language. Medium shots are also used
when the subject in the shot is delivering information, such as news presenters. It is also used
in interviews. It is the most common shot in movies, and it usually follows the first
establishing shots of a new scene or location.

A normal lens that sees what the human eye see is usually used for medium shots.

Medium shots are divided into singles (a waist-high shot of one actor), group shots, over-the
shoulders or two-shots (featuring two people). A medium wide shot, or American shot,
shows a bit more of the background but is still close enough for facial expressions to be seen,
although these facial expressions would be better seen in a waist-high shot.

Master shot
A master shot is a shot which covers all the characters along with the location or
background. It is different from an establishing shot because in an establishing shot the whole
location or all the characters may not be revealed, just a portion could be used. It may not
establish the character to character relation.

Close-upshot
Close-upshot or closeshot in filmmaking or in television production, still photography is a
type of shot, which tightly frames a person or an object. Close-ups are one of the standard
shots used regularly with medium shots and long shots (cinematic techniques). Close-ups
display the most detail, but they do not include the broader scene. Moving in to a close-up or
away from a close-up is a common type of zooming.

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Close-ups are used in many ways and for many reasons. They are often employed as
cutaways from a more distant shot to show detail, such as characters' emotions, or some
intricate activity with their hands. Close cuts to characters' faces are used far more often in
] ]
television than in movies ; they are especially common in soap operas . For a director to
deliberately avoid close-ups may create in the audience an emotional distance from the
subject matter.
Close-ups are used for distinguishing main characters. Major characters are often given a
close-up when they are introduced as a way of indicating their importance. Leading
characters will have multiple close-ups. There is a long-standing stereotype of insecure actors
desiring a close-up at every opportunity and counting the number of close-ups they received.
Close-up shots do not show the subject in the broad context of its surroundings. If overused,
they may leave viewers uncertain as to what they see. Close-ups are rarely done with wide-
angle lenses, because perspective causes objects in the centre of the picture to be unnaturally
enlarged. Certain times, different directors use wide-angle lenses, because they can convey
the message of confusion, and bring life to certain characters.

Over Shoulder Shot

In film or video, an over the shoulder shot (alsoOTS, or third-person shot) is a shot of
someone or something taken from the perspective or camera angle from the shoulder of
another person. The back of the shoulder and head of this person is used to frame the image
of whatever (or whomever) the camera is pointing toward. This type of shot is very common
when two characters are having a discussion and will usually follow an establishing shot
which helps the audience place the characters in their setting. It is an example of a camera
angle.

Other than these basic shot or blocking techniques there are two other shots depending on
camera movement i.e. Pan shot and Tilt Shot. In a Pan shot the Camera is moved from left to
right or right to left to cover a subject or location. Similarly when the camera is tilted from up
to down and vice versa the shot is called Tilt shot.

Rehearsal
The rehearsal is an activity in the performing arts that occurs as preparation for a
performance in music, theatre, dance and related arts, such as opera, musical theatre and film
production. It is undertaken as a form of practising, to ensure that all details of the
subsequent performance are adequately prepared and coordinated. The term "rehearsal"
typically refers to ensemble activities undertaken by a group of people. For example, when a
musician is preparing a piano concerto alone in their music studio, this is called "practicing",
but when they begin to practice the concerto with an orchestra, this activity is called a
"rehearsal". The music rehearsal takes place in a music rehearsal space.

A rehearsal may involve as few as two people, as with a small play for two actors, an art song
performance by a singer and a pianist or a folk music duo of a singer and a guitar player. On
the other end of the spectrum, a rehearsal can be held for a very large orchestra with over 100
performers and a choir. A rehearsal can involve only performers of one type, as in an a

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cappella choir show, in which a group of singers perform without instrumental
accompaniment or a play involving only theatre actors; it can involve performers of different
instruments, as with an orchestra, rock band or jazz "big band"; vocal and instrumental
performers, as with opera and choral works accompanied by orchestra; or a mix of actors,
vocalists, instrumentalists and dancers, as with musical theatre.

While the term is most commonly used in the performing arts to refer to preparation for a
public presentation or show, the term is also used to refer to the preparation for other
anticipated activities.

In field of filmmaking or video production rehearsal not only means the practicing the acting
skill for the scene but also practicing the camera and audio parts too to get the perfect take.

Lighting
Lighting is an essential tool for enhancing the video image. The subtle use of light creates
atmosphere and mood, dimension, and texture. It can help to convey a plot line, enhance key
elements such as set colour or skin tone, and signals the difference between comedy and
drama, reality and fantasy.

The subject in a planned shoot can be lit up using various lighting techniques to achieve
desirable result. In this unit we will discuss these lighting techniques.

Lighting, as with nearly every other aspect of Film & TV, is an integral part of the
filmmaking process. Light can sculpt and describe a scene or character, it can hide or reveal
key areas of your frame, it can enhance suspense and evoke emotion. It is as critical in
directing the audiences‘ attention or influencing their emotions as camera movement, acting,
music and editing. Ignore it at your own loss.

Title-Three point Lighting

Attribution- Theonlysilentbob, converted to SVG by tiZom

Source-

Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3_point_lighting.svg

Key light
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The key light is the first and usually most important light that a photographer,
cinematographer, lighting cameraman, or other scene composer will use in a lighting setup.
The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject. The key
light is not a rigid requirement; omitting the key light can result in a silhouette effect. Many
key lights may be placed in a scene to illuminate a moving subject at opportune moments.

The key light can be "hard" (focused) or "soft" (diffused), and depending on the desired setup
can be placed at different angles relative to the subject. When part of the most common
setup— three-point lighting—the key light is placed at a 30–60° angle (with the camera
marking 0 degrees). In addition to the horizontal angle, the key light can be placed high or
low producing different effects. The most common vertical position for the key light is at a
30° angle (i.e. slightly above the eye line; the nose should not cast a shadow on the lips).

A key light positioned low appears to distort the actor's features, since most natural or
ambient light is normally overhead. A dramatic effect used in horror or comedy
cinematography is a key light illuminating the face from below. A high key light will result
in more prominent cheek bones and long nose shadows.

In many cases, the key light is a stage light for indoor scenes, or sunlight for outdoors. A
lighting instrument may also be used outdoors to supplement sunlight or as the primary light
source with sunlight or skylight serving as fill lighting. Actual lamps, lighting fixtures, can
serve as key lights, provided they are of sufficient brightness. They may also appear within
the scene as props — in which case they are called "practical‘s." Similarly, fire, candles and
other natural sources of light can be used.

Fill Light
In television, film, stage, or photographic lighting, a fill light (often simply fill) may be used
to reduce the contrast of a scene to match the dynamic range of the recording media and
record the same amount of detail typically seen by eye in average lighting and considered
normal. From that baseline of normality using more or less fill will make shadows seem
lighter or darker than normal which will cause the viewer to react differently, by inferring
both environmental and mood clues from the tone of the shadows.

Natural skylight fill is omnidirectional and diffuse, with lower rate of inverse-square fall-off
than artificial sources. A common artificial lighting strategy which creates an overall
appearance similar to natural fill places the fill light on the lens axis so it will appear to cast
few if any shadows from the point of view of the camera, which allows the key light which
overlaps it to create the illusion of 3D in a 2D photo with the same single source patterns
typically seen with natural lighting where the sun acts as key light and the skylight as fill. The
use of cantered near-axis "neutral" fill also prevents dark unfilled voids in the lighting pattern
which can occur on faces if cheeks or brows block the fill source.

The positioning of the fill affects the overall appearance of the lighting pattern. When a
cantered fill strategy is used the ratio is created by overlapping the key light over the
foundation of fill. A key source of equal incident intensity to the fill, overlapping the even
fill, will create a 2:1 reflected ratio (1 key + 1 fill over 1 Fill) = 2:1.

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Back Light
In lighting design, backlighting is the process of illuminating the subject from the back. In
other words, the lighting instrument and the viewer face each other, with the subject in
between. This creates a glowing effect on the edges of the subject, while other areas are
darker. The backlight can be a natural or artificial source of light. When artificial, the back
light is usually placed directly behind the subject in a 4-point lighting setup. A back light,
which lights foreground elements from the rear, is not to be confused with a background
light, which lights background elements (such as scenery).

The back light is sometimes called hair or shoulder light, because when lighting an actor or
an actress, backlighting makes the edges the subject's hair glow if the hair is fuzzy. This can
create an angelic halo type effect around the head. Television productions often use this
effect in soap operas, news presentation, panel discussions, studio based interview where it
has become something of a cliché of the genre. It is also sometimes called the kicker or rim
light.

Ambient Lighting
Ambient light means the light that is already present in a scene, before any additional lighting
is added. It usually refers to natural light, either outdoors or coming through windows etc. It
can also mean artificial lights such as normal room lights.

Ambient light can be the photographer's friend and/or enemy. Clearly ambient light is
important in photography and video work, as most shots rely largely or wholly on ambient
lighting.

Unfortunately ambient light can be a real nuisance if it conflicts with what the photographer
wants to achieve. For example, ambient light may be the wrong colour temperature, intensity
or direction for the desired effect. In this case the photographer may choose to block out the
ambient light completely and replace it with artificial light. Of course this isn't always
practical and sometime compromises must be made.

On the other hand, many of history's greatest photographs and film shots have relied on
interesting ambient light. Unusual lighting can turn an otherwise ordinary shot into
something very powerful.

Motivated Lighting

Motivated lighting refers to the light in a scene which appears to have a source such as a
window, a lamp and fireplace etc. In some cases the light will come from a source visible in
the scene and in some cases, it will only appear to come from a source that is visible in the
scene.

Shooting

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Shooting otherwise known as production stage is the practical part. Now that we have a
thorough knowledge about all things needed for a good production starting from a script to
camera and lights and audio equipment we have to get in the field to make our production.

For a systematic production along with a good storyboard and shot division we also need a
very well planned production design which includes the location details, the artist availability
details and time details etc. which would make our work less time consuming and easy.

Before every shoot it is wise to have a location hunt which means the director or one who is
in charge of the shoot should visit all the places and confirm them according to the demand of
the script. On the other hand the script writer is supposed to collect the data available and
improvise it, considering the nature of location; printed materials; experts on the location;
time frame and conception of the director producer and the target audience. The kind of
location could be both indoor and outdoor. On one side it is to be seen that it justifies the
need of the script whereas on the other hand it should also be kept in mind that whether it is
possible to shoot in that place with all the production team.

After the location is finalized it comes to the availability of the artist. Sometimes it is
impossible to get busy artist for shoot, so getting appropriate dates from them would confirm
their availability. If we are shooting documentaries then we have to deal with real life
subjects so it is necessary that they should be there according to our shoot planning.

After these two points are ready we have to prepare a production schedule according to these
two factors. In other words, we have to plan on which day at which place and at what time we
have to shoot the particular part of the script. Sometimes a number of scenes or parts of the
story or script is to be held at a particular location, so it will be cost-effective to complete all
those scenes at that particular location in one go, so as to not visiting to the same place again
and again.

How much to film

For things that don‘t move, or general shots of scenes or people, shoot at least ten seconds of
each shot.
For scenes with people talking or acting, you need to keep the top and tail of your shots. Start
the camera a few seconds before the action starts, and leave it running for a few seconds after
it ends. This is called pre roll and post roll. If you‘re working on your own, the best thing to
do is to start the camera and check it‘s recording. The count of ten seconds before and after
the action can provide the excess length we require.

If you‘re working as a team, you can follow some version of this drill:

 Get your shot set up and your actors in place.

 The camera operator says ‗Camera set‘ when they‘re ready.
 Then the director says ‗Silence please‘.
 Once everyone‘s silent, they say ‗Standby‘ and then ‗Turn over‘.
 The camera operator starts the camera and checks that it‘s recording, then they say
‗Camera rolling‘.

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 The director counts to ten and then says ‗Action‘ (or they can count the actors in with a
hand signal).
 The actors or presenters do their thing, and then the director counts to ten again and says
‗Cut‘.
 The camera operator stops the camera and the production assistant makes a note of the
shot.

Get the location sound

You should always record some sound from the location, without dialogue. With any scene,
leave the camera or audio recorder running to get half a minute or so of atmosphere or wild
track, also known as room tone. It can help cover up audio problems when you edit. If you‘re
filming at a location with interesting or distinctive sounds, record them separately.

Don‘t forget to record atmosphere/ wild track, also known as room tone. This is the
background sound of the room or location. You need at least half a minute of this: just leave
your camera or audio recorder running with nothing happening. This can be really useful
when you edit.

Unit summary
In this unit you learned the Basic of blocking, rehearsing, lighting and shooting. The type of
shots and kind of lighting was also described. We also learnt the proper procedure for a
planned production or shoot.

We discussed how lighting and kind of shot creates different impact on screen. The need
of rehearsal and proper planning schedule to manage time and money was also explained.

Assessment
1. Describe the meaning of blocking?
2. Name the different types of shot.
3. Differentiate between master shot from establishing shot?
4. Identify the different kinds of lighting?
5. What is motivated lighting?
6. What is pre roll and post roll?

Resources
 Mixing secrets for the small studio Senior, Mike.
 Fundamentals of Digital Audio Alan P. Kefauver and David Patschke
 Visual Studio 2013 Cookbook Bruce Johnson
 Audio Effects Workshop Geoffrey Francis
 How to shoot Video that doesn‘t suck Stockman, Steve, 1958
 The Book of Audacity : record, edit, mix and master with the free audio editor Schroder,
Carla

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Unit-8 Compiling the Concept
Introduction
Post production is the last and most critical piece of film making and TV production. The
completing item wants broadcast after this procedure. The post work process may take
additional time than pre and production work. The work process depends on indoor sound
and video editing studio. But visual editor, illustrations creator, sound recordist and color
grading artist have a key part in post production. Numerous mix-ups occurred amid shooting
are to be rectified in post production work. The entire yield of the item relies upon the
general population occupied with post work.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:
Get a hole idea about Post work in video production

 Understand the history & various process of video editing

 Set up your own editing machine
 Explain the different rule of editing and
 Make your own film

Terminology
Digitising: It is a process to input raw video and audio into computer hard disk in
digital format.
Correction: It is the process to correct the visual clip which was shot in low light or high
exposure condition through an engine or tools incorporated with editing
software.
Audio Audio balance is to arrange the ambience sound, BGM and sound effect in
Balance: such a manner which is clearly audible to audience.
Mastering: Mastering the video is the process to give final output of the edited product
in high quality for telecast purpose.
Compress: Compress video is the way to create the final video for preview or upload in
social site using a compressor.

Post-Production
Post-production is the third and last significant period of the production procedure. It is
frequently alluded to just as post, e.g. "We can deal with that in post".
There are numerous things which can occur in post-production. Normal assignments include:

 Editing video footage

 Editing the soundtrack, including sound effects, music, and so on.
 Adding titles and illustrations
 Colour and introduction correction
 Adding special effects
 Re-shooting certain scenes if required ("get" shots)

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Now and again post-production generally direct, comprises of picking and masterminding
footage in the right grouping. By and large be that as it may, post-production is a tedious
activity taking longer than the genuine production stage.

Post-Production Activities
Post-production starts with the finishing of filming and proceeds until the point when the
project is conveyed to the system for the telecast. The three fundamental exercises of post-
production are the editing or collecting of video footage; colour correction and the formation
of an entire soundtrack or sound adjust.
Editing may start amid production. In single-camera shoots, the film from every day is
checked on at a later time by the director, producer, and network in the request in which it
was shot. These films are then separated and collected into scenes by the editors. The main
full assemble is appeared to the Director, who rolls out further editing improvements and
makes the director's cut. From that point, the producer and the system roll out improvements
until the point when a finished product is made.
The final cut is given to the sound department, which is in charge of setting up the music
tracks or recordings; sound effects; and discourse tracks for final mix into one track. The
final mixing of all the sound is called dubbing. Amid this period, the sound architects will
recognize the music– that is, select the focuses at which music will be inserted– and
musicians will compose and record the music. Sound designers additionally alter dialogue
recording for production quality and record new or replaced the dialogues in a procedure
called looping. Sound effects are likewise included as of now. The subsequent dubbing
session, which can take a few days for a motion picture or only a couple of hours for a
multiple camera tape production, can include the blend of 5 to 25 separate sound tracks.
The final phase of post-production is the expansion of transition and effects, for example,
scene fade-outs or dissolves, inclusion of titles and credits; making of special visual effects,
for example, animations; and color correction.

The overall Post-production Workflow Explained

In present time it's anything but difficult to work in computerized arrange in TV or film
production. It relies upon each individual how they orchestrate post production function.
Some superior editing software is accessible in the market to work in computerized arrange.
Regardless of what camera you are utilizing the software will import any configuration. The
workflow will be a real-time preview.
Before examining Post-production workflow how about we see the means you need to
experience amid this post work.
Stage 1: Ingesting or Capturing raw files

The first stage in any post-production work is to ingest the film-began, tape-based, or
tapeless media records that you shot. Distinctive kinds of media require diverse ingest
techniques; for instance, ingesting from tape requires the Log and Capture window, and
ingesting from a tapeless format requires the Log and Transfer window.
Amid ingest, you'll as of now be finding a way to sort out your media by picking what media
to ingest and by including logging information, for example, cut names and notes. After
ingest is finished, you promptly find a way to sort cuts into bins and survey, check.

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In the vast majority of the editing studio, they utilize Storage area network to capture diverse
format video and alter it in various editing framework. The visual can be gotten to from any
PC connected to the capacity gadget. Extra storage room can be included at times amid the
work.

In the film, for most activities, low quality visual is utilized for editing and after culmination
of work uncompressed visual are connected to give final output.

Stage 2: Rough cut Edit

Editorial development is done when your clips are assembled. Sometimes, it is alluded to as
the disconnected alter or the story alters, this is the place the raw media that you have
ingested in stage 1 is transformed into an edited program.

A few programs are gathered completely inside editing software, where you can make every
one of the titles and effects you require and do any vital sound outline right in your
arrangement while you alter. Be that as it may, keep in mind that there are different
applications in editing software that you can swing to for specialized errands. For instance,
you can make ace layouts in Motion gfx for use as generators from inside editing software,
or you can utilize Motion to make communicate illustrations and composites that you would
then be able to alter into the editing software Timeline. As you work, you can likewise send
particular sound clips from the editing Timeline specifically to Sound editing to do things
like eliminate noise, make ambient noise to fix openings, and do balance coordinating on a
clasp by-cut premise.

Regardless of whether you utilize one application or many, the greater part of the program's
components met up in your altered grouping, controlling your editorial choices as you work
to finish the program's content.

Stage 3: Preview for Producer

In case you're chipping away at an undertaking for a customer, successive and particular
input is a flat out prerequisite. In case you're working in a directed session, you can just play
your undertaking from the editing software Timeline. Nonetheless, there are events when you
might work with customers who are remotely found and you need to give an adaptation of the
program for their screening at their places. Editing software gives numerous methods for
conveying singular clips or whole groupings to customers for remote survey, for example, by
means of a QuickTime film or DVD, on the web, or even intelligently in I-Cloud.
Stage 4: Finishing the movie

Subsequent to editing the story on the timeline and finishing the content work, it's time to
give the program it's final shape and tweaking, suitably alluded to as wrapping up. In the
initial segment of completing, the offline-nature of media in the event that you are utilizing
as a part of the project, should be changed over to the most elevated quality form accessible
in the first source through the altered grouping. The most ideal approach to do this relies
upon how the first media was procured, how you ingested the media, and how painstakingly
you dealt with the media amid editorial development.
On the off chance that your offline alter consolidates source media in a few unique formats; it
is the time to change over any unmatched clasp perfect to final arrangement settings so the
whole program is simple for send out. The format-change ability of the Compressor
encourages this procedure.

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This is additionally the time when every single impermanent component like placeholder
titles, offline effects, and other placeholder media must be supplanted with their final, online-
quality renditions with rendering. These components can be made inside the editing software
or in conjunction with Motion gfx.
In conclusion, once your succession has been deliberately arranged, your program is
prepared for color correction and the final sound mix.
Stage 5: Mastering

Mastering is the way toward giving a final output of your project in various arrangement and
quality according to a request from the director. It's simple and less time taking to give final
output by request ahead of advanced editing software.
Sometimes, a mixed and unmixed adaptation of the final item as requested by the customer
can be given effectively inside less time. A different output without graphics work can
likewise be given.
Stage 6: Output and Delivery

Output and delivery are the last stage of the post-production process. As the name infers, it's
the process of making the final, playable media that you can hand over to the customer and
group of onlookers. Output can take numerous organizations: High quality tape arrange,
making a DVD, or compressing your program to a configuration appropriate for web
playback.

Post Production Workflow

Establishing a solid workflow can help eliminate time waste, make you more profitable, and
result in a better product. This course is designed to teach you about the different steps of the
post-production process, as well as how to jump from application to application all the while
staying organized. Editing technique is one thing, but proper workflow is what truly elevates
editors to pro-status.

Background
Video editing is the process of editing segments of motion video production footage, special
effects and sound recordings in the post-production process. Motion picture film editing is a
predecessor to video editing and, in several ways, video editing simulates motion picture film
editing, in theory and the use of linear video editing and video editing software on non-linear
editing systems (NLE). Using video, a director can communicate non-fictional and fictional
events. The goal of editing is to manipulate these events to bring the communication closer to
the original goal or target. It is a visual art.

Early 1950's video tape recorders (VTR) were so expensive, and the quality degradation
caused by copying was so great, that 2 inch Quadruplex videotape was edited by visualizing
the recorded track with ferro fluid and cutting with a razor blade or guillotine cutter and
splicing with video tape. The two pieces of tape to be joined were painted with a solution of
extremely fine iron filings suspended in carbon tetrachloride, a toxic and carcinogenic
compound. This "developed" the magnetic tracks, making them visible when viewed through
a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task.

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Improvements in quality and economy, and the invention of the flying erase-head, allowed
new video and audio material to be recorded over the material already recorded on an
existing magnetic tape and were introduced into the linear editing technique. If a scene closer
to the beginning of the video tape needed to be changed in length, all later scenes would need
to be recorded onto the video tape again in sequence. In addition, sources could be played
back simultaneously through a vision mixer (video switcher) to create more complex
transitions between scenes. A popular 1970-80s system for doing that was the U-matic
equipment (named for the U-shaped tape path). That system used two tape players and one
tape recorder, and edits were done by automatically having the machines back up, and then
speed up together in synchrony, so the edit didn't roll or glitch. Later, 1980-90's came the
smaller beta equipment (named for the B-shaped tape path), and more complex controllers,
some of which did the synchronizing electronically.

There was a transitional analogue period using multiple source video cassette recorder
(VCR)s with the Edit Droid using Laser Disc players, but modern NLE systems edit video
digitally captured onto a hard drive from an analogue video or digital video source. Content is
ingested and recorded natively with the appropriate codec which will be used by video
editing software In order to control the shot film. HD video is ending up more famous and
can be promptly altered utilizing a similar video editing programming alongside similar
movie graphic software‘s. All the clippings of video are sequentially arranged in the time
line, on it addition of titles, music tracks, computerized onscreen graphics are done, creation
of special effects is made and the completed product is "rendered" into a completed video.
The video may then be circulated in an assortment of methods including DVD, video tape,
CD-ROM, iPod, QuickTime Movies, , or web gushing..

Linear video editing

Linear video editing is a video altering after production procedure of choosing, organizing
and adjusting pictures and sound in a foreordained, sequentially as ordered. Despite whether
it was caught by a camcorder, tapeless camcorder, or TV studio recording on a video
recording device (VTR) sequence access of content should be done on priority. Mostly linear
editing is replaced by video editing.

In the early 1990s until the appearance of PC random access non-linear editing systems in
general ―linear video editing" was referred as "video editing".

History
Live TV is still basically delivered in an indistinguishable way from it was in the 1950s,
albeit changed by present day specialized advances. Before tape, the main method for airing
similar shows again was by taping demonstrates utilizing a kinescope, basically a video
screen combined with a motion picture camera. In any case, kinescopes (the movies of TV
programs) experienced different sorts of picture debasement, from picture twisting and clear
sweep lines to relics conversely and loss of detail. Kinescopes needed to be processed and
imprinted in a film research center that makes them questionable for broadcasts postponed
for various time zones.

79
The essential inspiration for the improvement of video tape was as a short or long haul
authentic medium. Simply after a progression of specialized advances spreading over
decades did video tape altering at last turn into a practical production instrument, acceptable
with film editing.

Early technology
The foremost generally acknowledged video tape in the United States was 2 inch Quadruplex
tape and with a motion of at 15 inches every second. To increase more head to tape speed,
four video recording and playback heads were spun on a head wheel crosswise over a large
portion of the two-inch width of the tape. (Sound and synchronization tracks were recorded at
the edges of the tape with stationary heads.) This framework was known as Quad, for
quadruplex account.

The subsequent video tracks were marginally not as much as a ninety-degree point (keeping
in mind the the vector expansion of fast spinning heads following over the 15 inches every
second forward movement of the tape).

If we see from the origin, video was altered on viewing the recorded track with ferrofluid and
cutting it with an razor blade or guillotine shaper and joining with video tape, in a way like
editing of the movie. This was a burdensome procedure and as possible generally avoided. If
utilized, the two bits of tape to be joined were painted with an answer of to a great degree
fine iron filings suspended in carbon tetrachloride, a harmful and cancer-causing compound.
This "built up" the magnetic tracks, to view them when seen through a magnifying
instrument with the goal that they could be adjusted in a splicer intended for this errand. The
tracks were needed to cut amid a vertical follow, not disturbing the ordered odd-field/even-
field. The slice likewise must be at a similar point that the video tracks were set down on the
tape. As the video and sound read heads were a many inches separated it was almost
impossible for physical editing that would work accurately in both video and sound. The cut
was made for video and a bit of sound then re-replicated into the right relationship, the
similar method like for editing 16mm film with a combined attractive track.

There were various detriments of physically altering tapes. Few broadcasters proclaimed that
altered tapes cannot be used again, in a time when the moderately high cost of the machines
and tapes was adjusted by the funds associated with having the capacity to wipe and reuse the
media. Others, for example, the BBC, permitted reuse of spliced tape in specific conditions
as long as it adjusted to strict criteria about the quantity of splices in a given term. The
procedure required extraordinary ability, and frequently brought about editing which might
roll (lose match up) and each editing requires many minutes for performance, in spite of the
fact that this was additionally at first valid for the electronic editing which arrived later.

Introduction of computerized systems

In 1960s a framework to edit Quad tape "by hand" was produced. This was factually only a
methods in order to sync two machines playback in such a way that the new shots signal
could be "punched in" with a sensible possibility at progress. An issue with this and early PC

80
controlled frameworks was that the sound track was inclined to endure the artifact in light of
the fact that the video of the recently recorded shot would record into the side of the sound
track. A business arrangement known as "Buzz Off" was utilized to limit this impact.

Around over 10 years, PC controlled Quad altering frameworks were the standard after
production instrument for TV. Quad tape included costly equipment, tedious setup, and
moderately long rollback times for every edit and indicated misalignment as not agreed
"banding" in the video. Notwithstanding, it ought to be specified that Quad tape has a
superior data transfer capacity than any littler arrangement simple tape, and legitimately
taken care could deliver a photo strongly similar to that of a live camera.

Title- Linear editing system

Attribution- Channel R

Source-Link- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linear_suite.jpg

At the point when helical scan video recorders turned into the standard it was never again
conceivable to cut the tape physically. Now editing the video turned into a procedure of
utilizing two video tape machines, playing back the source tape (or "crude film") from one
machine and duplicating only the bits wanted on to a second tape (the "edit master").

The heft of linear editing is done basically, with two machines and an edit controller gadget
to exercise control over them. Numerous video tape machines are equipped for controlling a
second machine, disposing of the requirement for an external editing control gadget.

This procedure is "linear", as opposed to non-linear editing, since according to the feature of
the tape-to-tape duplicating needs that laying of all shots should be done as per the final
edited order. On tape if once the shot is placed, nothing can be put in front of it without
overwriting whatever is there as of now. On the off chance that totally essential, material can
be named by replicating the altered substance onto another tape, since with every copy the
picture is corrupted in total, this isn't attractive.
One disadvantage of early video altering strategy was that it was illogical to deliver a raw
slice for presenting before an Executive producer. Since Executive Producers are never
sufficiently comfortable with the material to have the capacity to view the completed item
81
from examination of an alter choice rundown (EDL), they were denied of the chance to voice
their suppositions when those sentiments could be effectively followed up on. Hence,
especially in documentary TV, video was opposed for a significant long time.

Current usage
While PC based video altering programming has been received all through the majority of
the business, film, industrial and consumer video enterprises, editing of linear video tape
altering is as yet ordinary in TV station newsrooms for TV news production, and production
facilities of medium-size who till date did not plan to invest capital in latest technologies.

Non-linear editing system

Title-Non linear Editing System

Attribution-Nullcron

Source- Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Videowisconsinstudio.tif

Non-linear editing is a form of audio, video or image editing where the original content is
not modified in the course of editing – instead the edits themselves are specified and
modified by specialized software. A pointer-based playlist – effectively an edit decision list
(EDL) – for video or a directed acyclic graph for still images is used to keep track of edits.
Each time the edited audio, video, or image is rendered, played back, or accessed, it is
reconstructed from the original source and the specified editing steps. Although this process
is more computationally intensive than directly modifying the original content, changing the
edits themselves can be almost instantaneous, and it prevents further generation loss as the
audio, video, or image is edited.

A non-linear editing system (NLE) is a video (NLVE) or audio editing (NLAE) digital
audio workstation (DAW) system that performs non-destructive editing on source material.
The name is in contrast to 20th century methods of linear video editing and film editing.

82
Linear and non-linear editing
Non-linear editing is the most natural approach when all assets are available as files on video
servers or hard disks, rather than recordings on reels or tapes—while linear editing is tied to
the need to sequentially view film or hear tape.

Direct access
Non-linear editing enables direct access to any video frame in a digital video clip, without
needing to play or scrub/shuttle through adjacent footage to reach it, as is necessary with
video tape linear editing systems. It is now possible to access any frame by entering directly
the time-code or the descriptive metadata. An editor can, for example at the end of the day in
the Olympic Games, easily retrieve all the clips related to the players who received a gold
medal.

Basic techniques
The non-linear editing method is similar in concept to the "cut and paste" techniques used in
film editing or in IT. However, with the use of non-linear editing systems, the destructive act
of cutting of film negatives is eliminated. It can also be viewed as the audio/video equivalent
of word processing, which is why it is called desktop video editing in the consumer space.

Broadcast workflows and advantages

Video and audio data are first captured to video servers, other hard disk-based systems, or
other digital storage devices. The data are either direct to disk recording or are imported from
another source (trans-coding, digitizing, transfer). Once imported, the source material can be
edited on a computer using application software, any of a wide range of video editing
software. For a comprehensive list of available software, see list of video editing software,
whereas comparison of video editing software gives more detail of features and functionality.

In non-linear editing, the original source files are not lost or modified during editing. This is
one of the biggest advantages of non-linear editing compared to linear editing.

Professional editing software records the editor's decisions in an edit decision list (EDL) that
is exportable to other editing tools. Many generations and variations of the original source
files can exist without storing many different copies, allowing for very flexible editing. It
also makes it easy to change cuts and undo previous decisions simply by editing the edit
decision list (without having to have the actual film data duplicated). Generation loss is also
controlled, due to not having to repeatedly re-encode the data when different effects are
applied.

In comparison with the linear method of tape-to-tape editing, non-linear editing offers the
flexibility of film editing, with random access and easy project organization. With the edit
decision lists, the editor can work on low-resolution copies of the video. This makes it
possible to edit both standard-definition broadcast quality and high definition broadcast

83
quality very quickly on desktop computers that may not have the power to process huge full-
quality high-resolution data in real-time.

The costs of editing systems have dropped such that non-linear editing tools are now within
the reach of home users. Some editing software can now be accessed free as web
applications; some, like Cinelerra (focused on the professional market) and Blender3D, can
be downloaded as free software; and some, like Microsoft's Windows Movie Maker or Apple
Inc.'s i-Movie, come included with the appropriate operating system.

Accessing the material

The non-linear editing retrieves video media for editing. Because these media exist on the
video server or other mass storage that stores the video feeds in a given codec, the editing
system can use several methods to access the material:

 Direct access: the video server records feeds with a codec readable by the editing
system, has an Ethernet connection and allows direct editing. The editor previews
material directly on the server (which it sees as remote storage) and edits directly on
the server without trans-coding or transfer. This method is new.
 Shared storage: the video server transfers feeds to and from shared storage that is
accessible by all editors. Media in the appropriate codec on the server need only
transferred. If recorded with a different codec, media must be trans-coded during
transfer. In some cases (depending on material), files on shared storage can be edited
even before the transfer is finished.
 Importing: the editor downloads the material and edits it locally. This method can be
used with the previous methods

Edit decision list

An edit decision list or EDL is used in the post-production process of film editing and video
editing. The list contains an ordered list of reel and time-code data representing where each
video clip can be obtained in order to conform the final cut.

EDLs are created by offline editing systems, or can be paper documents constructed by hand
such as shot logging. These days, linear video editing systems have been superseded by non-
linear editing (NLE) systems which can output EDLs electronically to allow auto conform on
an online editing system – the recreation of an edited programme from the original sources
(usually video tapes) and the editing decisions in the EDL.

They are also often used in the digital video editing world, so rather than referring to reels
they can refer to sequences of images stored on disk.

Some formats, such as CMX3600, can represent simple editing decisions only. Final Cut Pro
XML, the Advanced Authoring Format (AAF), and AviSynth scripts are relatively advanced
file formats that can contain sophisticated EDLs.

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Various Formats of Video
DV
Another leap came in the late 1990s with the launch of DV-based video formats for consumer
and professional use. With DV came IEEE 1394 (FireWire/iLink), a simple and inexpensive
way of getting video into and out of computers. Users no longer had to convert video from
analogue to digital—it was recorded as digital to start with—and FireWire offered a
straightforward way to transfer video data without additional hardware or compression. With
this innovation, editing became a more realistic proposition for standard computers with
software-only packages. It enabled real desktop editing producing high-quality results at a
fraction of the cost of other systems.

HD
In early 2000, the introduction of highly compressed HD formats such as HDV has continued
this trend, making it possible to edit HD material on a standard computer running a software-
only editing application.
Avid is still considered the industry standard, with the majority of major feature films,
television programs, and commercials created with its NLE systems.[7] Final Cut Pro
received a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award in 2002 and continues to develop a
following.
Avid has held on to its market-leading position in the advent of cheaper software packages,
notably Adobe Premiere in 1992 and Final Cut Pro in 1999. These three competing products
by Avid, Adobe, and Apple are the foremost NLEs, often referred to as the A-Team.[8] With
advances in raw computer processing power, new products have appeared including
NewTek's software application SpeedEdit.
Since 2000, many personal computers include basic non-linear video editing software free of
charge. This is the case of Apple iMovie for the Macintosh platform, various open source
programs like Kdenlive and PiTiVi for the Linux platform, and Windows Movie Maker for
the Windows platform. This phenomenon has brought low-cost non-linear editing to
consumers.

4K
As of 2014, 4K Video in NLE is fairly new, but it is being used in the creation of many
movies throughout the world, due to the increased use of advanced 4K cameras such as the
Red Camera. Examples of software for this task are Avid Media Composer, Apple's Final
Cut Pro X, Sony Vegas, Adobe Premiere, VSDC Free Video Editor, and Edius. Open source
Video editing software also responds the 4K format.

Unit Summary
In this unit you learned the basic principle of Editing. You will be able to edit your own
video using Non linear video editing. You can understand about various processes of Linear
and non-linear video editing. You have a basic idea about different format used during
editing workflow.

85
Assignments
1. Explain difference between Linear & Non-linear Video Editing?
2. List the steps to follow during editing?
3. Describe the use of Ambience sound in editing.
4. What is the aspect ratio of DV, HD and 4K video?
5. What is Online and Offline editing?
6. Why color correction is important in Post production?
7. What is the role of Time-code (TC) in editing?
8. What is EDL?
9. Which is easier for you? LE or Non-LE?
10. Name 2 Bollywood film editor who became Director?

Resources
1. http://www.mediacollege.com
2. Video Production by Vasuki Belavadi (Oxford University Press)
3. Television Field Production And Reporting by Fred Shook (PEARSON Education)
4. www.wikipedia.org
5. www.documentmx.com

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Unit 9 Crew Members and Equipments
Introduction
Post production activity is the phase where the film actually takes shape. Most people assume
that post-production activity ends with editing the film. It involves a lot of other work like
sound mixing, colour correction and mastering which required experienced individual to
complete the process. After all, we do not produce a video just for ourselves, we may want to
distribute it through DVD, compressed video for website or even get it telecast and exhibits.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:

 Know about the persons involved in Editing

 Understand the grammar and functions of video editing
 Setup editing machine
 Choose different editing techniques

Terminology
Capture Device: A hardware or firmware device used to convert analogue video into
digital video.
Compressors & Software or firmware used to compress and decompress digital video.
Codec’s: Compression makes the file size smaller.
Encoding: The process of converting digital video into a particular format, for
example, saving a video project in MGEG-2 format for DVD distribution.
Layering: Adding multiple layers of superimposed video.
Transition: The way one shot changes to the next.
Non Linear An editing method which uses computer software to edit the
Editing: footage.

The Editing Process

Video editing is the process of controlling and reworking video shots to make another work.
Editing is typically thought to be one A player in the post-production process — other post-
production undertakings incorporate titling, color correction, sound mixing, and so on.

87
Many people use the term editing to describe all their post-production work, especially in
non-professional situations.
 Rearranging, adding and/or removing sections of video clips and/or audio clips.
 Applying colour correction, filters and other enhancements.
 Creating transitions between clips.

The Principle of Editing

There are numerous motivations to alter a video and your editing approach will rely upon the
coveted result. Before you start you should plainly characterize your editing objectives,
which could incorporate any of the accompanying:

Evacuate undesirable footage

This is the least difficult and most basic undertaking in editing. Numerous videos can be
significantly improved by essentially disposing of the imperfect or undesirable bits.

Pick the best footage

It is regular to shoot significantly more footage than you really require and pick just the best
material for the final alter. Frequently you will shoot a few variants (takes) of a shot and pick
the best one when editing.

Create a flow

Most videos fill a need, for example, recounting a story or providing data. Editing is an
essential advance in ensuring the video flows in a way which accomplishes this objective.

Include effects, graphics, music, and so on

This is frequently the "stunning" some portion of editing. You can improve most videos (and
have a considerable measure of fun) by including additional components.

Adjust the style, pace or state of mind of the video

A decent editorial manager will have the capacity to create unobtrusive mind-set prompts in a
video. Procedures, for example, inclination music and visual effects can impact how the
gathering of people will respond.

Give the video a specific "angle"

Video can be custom fitted to help a specific viewpoint, grant a message or serve a plan.

People involved in Post-production

Editor
The editor works under the supervision of the director and executive producer to gather the
movie. Particular obligations will include:

88
 I. To gather the footage into progressive cuts until the point when a final cut is achieved,
II. To assist the DP (Director of Photography) with color correction and other post-
production effects,
III. To make the output of the final cut to a few organizations.

Assistant Editor
The assistant editor functions as an assistant to the editor, helping him/her with by logging
and catching footage, sorting out and overseeing media as a team with the script supervisor's
log. Particular obligations will include:

 Logging and capture media.

 Preparing harsh cut alter on timetables for the director.
 Managing media in a joint effort with the script supervisor's log.
 Maintaining an arrangement of reinforcements.
 Assisting with compression and multi-format output

Compositing
Lead Compositor/Visual Effects Supervisor
The lead compositor works under the supervision of the director, DP, and art director and in
a joint effort with the editor to outline and execute compositing effects. Particular obligations
will include:
I. Supervision of all compositing work,
II. Assist the art director and DP in the innovative and specialized outline of composite
shots,
III. To actualize the composite shots

Compositors
The compositors work under the supervision of the lead compositor and the art director to
actualize compositing effects. Particular obligations will include:
I. Digital scrubbing and cleaning
II. Implementation of composite shots

Sound/Music
Sound Designer
The sound designer, working in conjunction with the director, is in charge of the ideation and
formation of the general soundtrack of the movie. The sound architect regulates the blend of
music, dialog, ADR, Foley, and sound effects.
Sound designer‘s work also includes:

89
  Realization of sound effects, textures, and landscapes
 Supervision of the mix for different output formats

Sound Composer
The composer composes unique music to be heard in the film, both diegetic and non-diegetic.
Particular obligations will include:
I. Writing music as requested in both pre and
II. postproduction,
III. Supervising the recording of the music

Mixing Engineer
The mixing engineer, under the supervision of the sound designer, blends the general
soundtrack into its last blends for an assortment of yield formats. Particular obligations will
include:
I. Mixing sound in stereo and additionally multi-channel formats, for home framework
and theatrical discharge.
II. Preparing last mix for mastering audio.

Foley Artist
The Foley artist makes sound effcts to go with particular visual items, developments, and sound
sources, for example, footsteps or punches. Particular obligations will include: Generating and
recording sound to go with particular on-screen sound sources.

Different Types of Video Editing

There are a few diverse approaches to alter video and every technique has its upsides and
downsides. Albeit most editors choose computerized non-linear altering for most ventures, it
bodes well to have a comprehension of how every strategy functions.

Film Splicing
Actually this isn't video editing, it's film editing. Be that as it may, it is justified regardless of
a say as it was the main method to alter moving pictures and theoretically it shapes the
premise of all video editing.

90
Title-Film Splicer

Attribution-DRs Kulturarvsprojekt

Source-Dr. Cattozzo film splicer

Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Cattozzo_film_splic er_(6498607259).jpg

Traditionally, the film is altered by cutting segments of the film and adjusting or disposing of
them. The procedure is exceptionally clear and mechanical. In principle, a film could be
altered with a couple of scissors and some joining tape, in spite of the fact that in all
actuality, a grafting machine is the main down to earth arrangement. A grafting machine
permits film footage to be arranged and held set up while it is cut or joined together.

Tape to Tape (Linear)

Linear editing was the first technique for editing electronic video tapes, before editing PCs
ended up noticeably accessible in the 1990s. Despite the fact that it is not any more the
preferred choice, it is as yet utilized as a part of a few circumstances.
In linear editing, video is selectively copied from one tape to another. It requires at least two
video machines connected together — one acts as the source and the other is the recorder.
The basic procedure is quite simple:

1. Place the video to be edited in the source machine and a blank tape in the recorder.
2. Press play on the source machine and record on the recorder.

The idea is to record only those parts of the source tape you want to keep. In this way desired
footage is copied in the correct order from the original tape to a new tape. The new tape
becomes the edited version.

This method of editing is called "linear" because it must be done in a linear fashion; that is,
starting with the first shot and working through to the last shot. If the editor changes their
mind or notices a mistake, it is almost impossible to go back and re-edit an earlier part of the
video. However, with a little practice, linear editing is relatively simple and trouble-free.

91
Digital/Computer (Non-linear)
In this strategy, video footage is recorded (caught) onto a PC hard drive and afterward altered
utilizing specific programming. Once the editing is finished, the completed item is recorded
back to tape or optical plate.
Non-linear editing has numerous noteworthy favorable circumstances over linear editing.
Most quite, it is an exceptionally adaptable technique which enables you to roll out
improvements to any piece of the video whenever. This is the reason it's called "non-linear"
— in light of the fact that you don't need to alter in a linear manner.
A standout amongst the most troublesome parts of the non-linear advanced video is the
variety of equipment and programming alternatives accessible. There are additionally a few
normal video principles which are inconsistent with each other, and setting up a strong
editing framework can be a test.
The exertion is justified, despite all the trouble. In spite of the fact that non-linear editing is
more hard to learn than linear, once you have aced the nuts and bolts you will have the
capacity to do considerably more, substantially speedier.

Live Video Editing

In a few circumstances, multiple cameras and other video sources are directed through a focal
mixing console and altered progressively. Live television coverage is a case of live editing.
Live editing is a reasonably expert theme and won't concern a great many people.

Requirement for a Non Linear Edit Suite

To edit video on a PC you will require:

 A source device to play the first tape or circle. Commonly a VCR or camera.
 A PC with at any rate these specs: Intel Core i5 processor/4 GB RAM/Fast hard drive
with 1 TB or all the more free space and a devoted illustrations card like AMD Radeon or
Nvidia GeForce.
 Note: If you need OK comes about, you'll require significantly higher specs. Some
editing programming requires a superior PC to try and work legitimately.
 A video capture device. To capture video from a simple source, (for example, VHS or
Video8) you require a device to change the video into an advanced organization. This can
be an independent device which connects to the PC or a video capture card which turns
out to be a piece of the PC.
 In the event that you are utilizing a source device which yields a computerized flag, (for
example, Firewire or USB) you needn't bother with a capture device, yet you do need to
ensure your PC has the fitting info accessible.
 Connecting prompts to connect the source device to the capture device or PC.
 Software to control the catching, editing and outputting.
 A video screen (or television).
We'll return to the product on the following page. Before we start, let‘s look with, the
hardware and physical connections. There are different alternatives relying upon your
equipment.

92
 Connectors

Title-Firewire Connector

Attribution- Mikkel Paulson

Source-Link- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FireWire_cables.jpg

The main work is to connect your video camera straightforwardly to your PC by means of a
computerized link, for example, Firewire or USB. These connections and enable you to
"dump" footage straight from the camera to the hard drive. This is a helpful and cheap
approach to work. Counsel your camera manual for points of interest.
On the off chance that your camera doesn't have a digital output, however, has simple AV
output, you can utilize a capture device.
In the event that your camera doesn't have any video outputs whatsoever, you should utilize a
VCR as the source device.

Connection between Computer & VCR

A VCR is utilized for the source gadget, associated with a computer with the assistance of
capture card. A video monitor (or TV) is utilized to monitor the videos. Sound can be
monitored with the TV speakers, a separate sound framework or with an earphone.

1. If the VCR has at least two AV outputs, utilize one of the outputs to plug as AV input for
monitoring. On the off chance that there is just a single AV output, utilize the RF
(aeronautical) output rather, and utilize the AV output for the subsequent stage.
2. The second AV output of the VCR plugs into the AV input of the computer's capture
card.
3. The AV output of the capture card plugs into the AV input of the VCR.

In this system, footage is played from the VCR to the computer, edited and after that played
again from the computer to the VCR (for recording).

Amateur Editing Suite

This suite is meant for editing of home videos, DVDs, television-quality productions, and
authoring for internet upload.

93
Different Editing Software
Choosing which video editing software to utilize isn't simple. There is an enormous range
available, from exceptionally fundamental applications, for example, Windows Movie Maker
to proficient bundles, for example, Final Cut Pro, ULead Media Studio, Avid and Adobe
Premiere.

For many people, the primary imperative is cash. Best editing software is costly and
frequently requires an extravagant computer to run adequately. Clearly the more cash you
can spend the better, however you can accomplish sensible outcomes with ease software.

Exceptionally modest or free software (e.g. Windows Movie Maker) has a tendency to be
exceptionally restricted and to some degree unfeasible. In the event that you are at all
genuine you should spend some cash.

Note that numerous capture gadgets and cameras accompany their own editing software, or
maybe a constrained adaptation of an expert bundle. This can be a financially savvy approach
to begin.

Working method of Editing Software

Mainly editing software does the basic three things:

1. Capture
2. Edit
3. Output

This implies the software controls the capturing (recording) of the footage, gives an approach
to edit the footage, and enables the completed item to be output to a recording device, for
example, a VCR or DVD.
On the off chance that you like, you can utilize isolate software for catch or output, yet at
first, you will presumably think that its more helpful to utilize a similar program for all
assignments.
What is a project?

The term ―project‖ may vary one non linear editing software to another. A project is a
compilation of different elements like- video clips, audio clips, titles, gfx, animations, sound
effects, still images etc from start to finish.
The project likewise incorporates data about how these components are orchestrated in the
edit. As a result, a project comprises of all the individual components and directions on how
they are assembled. When you make a video project, you import or catch the components you
require, at that point mastermind them in the request you need (including effects and different
treats on the off chance that you like).

What to Look For in Editing Software

1. Make beyond any doubt it is good with your hardware and operating system.
2. Check the catch, import and fare alternatives. Ensure it can deal with the configurations
and determination you need to utilize.

94
3. Does the software take into account layering and effects? What other propelled highlights
does it have?
4. Is there some other software packaged with the bundle (e.g. sound editing)?
5. Is it perfect with other regular software (e.g. Adobe Photoshop)?

Digitising/Capturing Video in NLE

Once your edit system is set up effectively, you have to record (catch) the footage from the
source machine (e.g. camera or VCR) onto the PC's hard drive. The catch procedure goes this
way:
Turn everything on and dispatch the video catch software. Precisely how this functions will
rely upon your software, yet by and large you will have a menu choice to open a catch
window.
Press "play" on the source machine. In the event that fortunes is your ally the catch window
will demonstrate the photo originating from the source. If not, counsel your software enable
record to perceive what you to need to do.
Search for a record or catch in the catch window. Essentially click this catch to record
(similarly as you would press the record catch on a VCR). Continue recording until the point
that you have all the footage you need. As a rule you will need to catch just the footage you
are probably going to require, however it is smarter to catch more footage than less — you
can dispose of undesirable clips later.
When you have caught every one of the footages, spare the video file(s) to your hard drive.

The Editing Workspace

Once you have done your capturing of footages, you can ready to start your project.
Almost every professional/amateur non linear editing software have same type interface like-
project window, monitor window, Timeline, effects controls etc. But the terminology may be
varied.
The most straightforward approach to organize components on the course of events is to
move them from the project window. You would then be able to modify the components, for
instance, trim video clasps to make them shorter or decrease the volume of sound clasps.
You can adjust components as much as you prefer and review the outcomes previously
finishing them.
Any great software bundle will likewise enable you to include different layers of video,
sound and graphics which can be mixed and superimposed to make different effects.

Before you start editing you should read the manual of that software carefully.

Creating Video output

Since you have wrapped up your artful editing and you have your timeline all concluded, you
are prepared to output the video record. The two most normal approaches to do this are:
1. Encode the video to a computerized arrangement, for example, MPEG-2 and record it
specifically to DVD or other optical disk.

95
2. Output the video through your PC's video card to a recording device, for example, a
VCR.

Once more, you should counsel your software/hardware manual for particular guidelines.

Unit summary
In this unit you learned the process of Editing. Able to know the role of all the members
involved in editing. How to install an editing machine. Various technical term used during
the editing process.

Assessment
1. What is the role of Editor & Asst. Editor in Post production?
2. What is the main work of a Compositor?
3. Describe the job of Foley Artist.
4. What is Live editing?
5. Why a monitor is important during editing?
6. What is Transition?
7. Why a clip shows offline on timeline during editing?
8. What is the most general purpose of editing software?
9. What is the minimum system configuration required for a professional editing work?

Resources
1. http://www.mediacollege.com
2. Video Production by Vasuki Belavadi (Oxford University Press)
3. Television Field Production And Reporting by Fred Shook (PEARSON Education)
4. www.wikipedia.org
5. www.documentmx.com

96
Unit-10 Editing & other things
Introduction
Editing is so important to the visual storytelling process because it duplicate the manner in
which the mind sees. We all edit reality with our eyes and mind. The art of editing lies
therefore in creating illusion and new realities, new relationship and controlling emotional
responses. No matter in which software you are doing the editing work, it‘s always the mind
game. The final product should be communicative and informative. Editing is to be done in
mind, software is the tool only.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:

 Get a whole idea about Editing using OPENSHOT Video Editor

 Understand the tools and project setting
 Learn about color correction
 Final output in different format
 How to make promotion and publicity of your own film

Terminology
Effect: In addition to the many clip properties which can be animated and adjusted,
you can also drop an effect directly onto a clip.

Transition: A transition is used to gradually fade (or wipe) between two clips

Color Itis the process of altering and enhancing the colour of a motion picture,
grading: video image, or still image either electronically, photo-chemically or
digitally.
Audio Re-arranging the audio track i.e. voiceover, bgm and ambience track in such
balance: a manner that is clearly audible to the viewers.

About Open Shot Video Editing Software

OpenShot Video Editor is an open-source video editor, available on Linux, Mac, and
Windows platform. You can create stunning videos, films, and animations by using
OpenShot Video Editor. It has a user friendly interface andflexible set of features.

System Requirements
Every Video editing system needs large memory, advance CPUs, and fast hard disks. Here
are the basic system requirements to run Open shot Video Editor:

97
 64-bit Operating System (Linux, OS X, Windows 7/8/10)
 Multi-core processor with 64-bit support
 4GB of RAM (16GB recommended)
 Minimum 500 MB of hard-disk space for installation
 Optional: Solid-state drive (SSD), if utilizing disk-caching (and an additional 1 TB of
hard-disk space)

Main Features
 It‘s a Cross-platform software that Supports Windows, MAC OS X, and Linux.
 It Supports multiple video, audio, and image formats
 You can create attractive curve-based Key frame animations
 It supports desktop integration (drag and drop support)
 It has Unlimited tracks / layers
 Clip resizing, scaling, trimming, snapping, rotation, and cutting options are available in
this software.
 It has Video transitions with real-time previews options.
 Compositing, image overlays, watermarks are easily can be done.
 Title templates, title creation, sub-titles can be done here.
 It supports 2D animation (image sequences).
 3D animated titles are possible with effects.
 It has SVG friendly facility to create and include vector titles and credits.
 It can Scroll motion picture credits.
 Like any other editing software it has advanced Timeline options that include Drag &
drop, scrolling, panning, zooming, and snapping.
 Time-mapping and speed changes on clips (slow/fast, forward/backward, etc...) is easily
can be done.
 You can mix and edit audio.
 Digital video effects, and color correction options including brightness, gamma, hue,
greyscale, chroma key (blue screen / green screen), and many more are available in this
software.

Main Window

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Sr. Name Interpretation
1 Main Toolbar Contain buttons to open, save, export your project
2 Function Tabs A switch between project files, Transition and Effects
3 Project Files It shows all video, audio and image files.
4 Preview Window Playback video will show here.
5 Edit Toolbar It contains buttons that is used for adding tracks, snapping,
markers and jumping between markers.
6 Zoom Slider This will adjust the time scale of the timeline.
7 Play-head/Ruler This shows the current playback position.
8 Timeline This shows the each track, each clip, transition, effects, titles
and graphics.
9 Filter It is used for finding, what you are looking for.
10 Playback arrows It shows the play, pause, rewind, forward, jump to start, jump
to end arrow to control the playback.

Keyboard shortcuts to work faster

Shortcut Action
Ctrl+H About OpenShot
Ctrl+M Add Marker
Ctrl+Shift+T Add Track
Ctrl+W Add to Timeline
Ctrl+B Animated Title
Ctrl+P Choose Profile
Ctrl+C Copy
Delete Delete Item
Backspace Delete Item
Ctrl+D Details View
Ctrl+E Export Video
L Fast Forward
F11 Fullscreen
Ctrl+F Import Files
Ctrl+End Jump to End
Ctrl+Home Jump to Start
Ctrl+N New Project
Right Next Frame
Ctrl+Right Next Marker
Ctrl+O Open Project
Ctrl+V Paste
Space Play/Pause Toggle
Up Play/Pause Toggle
Down Play/Pause Toggle
K Play/Pause Toggle
Ctrl+Shift+P Preferences
Left Previous Frame
Ctrl+Left Previous Marker

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Shortcut Action
Ctrl+I Properties
Ctrl+Q Quit
Ctrl+Y Redo
J Rewind
Ctrl+S Save Project
Ctrl+Shift+S Save Project As...
Ctrl+A Select All
Ctrl+Shift+A Select None
Ctrl+K Slice All: Keep Both Sides
Ctrl+L Slice All: Keep Left Side
Ctrl+J Slice All: Keep Right Side
Ctrl+G Toggle Snapping
Ctrl+X Split Clip
Ctrl+Shift+D Thumbnail View
Ctrl+T Title Editor
Ctrl+Z Undo
= Zoom In
– Zoom Out
Ctrl+Scroll Zoom In/Out
Ctrl+Middle Button Scroll Timeline

How to Import Files to the Project

Name Functions
Drag and Drop Drag and drop the files from your file manager (file explorer, finder, etc...)
Right Click->Import Files... Right click in the Project Files panel, choose Import Files...
File Menu->Import File menu->Import Files...
Import Files Toolbar Click the Import Files... toolbar button (on the menu) top

Quick operation Manual

It is very to operate and use Open shot Video Editor. It is very easy to make a five minutes
output from your images or videos that you have shot previously.

a. Importing Files(Photos & Music)

b. Working in Timeline
c. Adding Background Music to create mood
d. Adding titles
e. Finalising your project
f. Export your project

a. Importing Files(Photos & Music)

Before we can start making a video, we have to import records into OpenShot. Intuitive a
couple of pictures (JPG, PNG etc...) and a music record (most configurations will work) from

100
your Desktop to OpenShot Video Editor. Make sure to drop the documents where the arrow
is indicating.

b. Working in Timeline

Next, drag each visual onto the timeline. The timetable speaks to your last video, so arrange
or sort your photographs in whatever grouping you need them to show up in your video. In
the event that you cover two clips, OpenShot Video Editor will naturally make a smooth
transition between them, showed by blue rounded rectangles between the clips. Keep in mind,
you can improve the clips the same number of times as required by essentially moving them.
c. Adding Background Music to create mood

To influence your photograph to slide indicate additionally intriguing, you have to include
some music. You ought to have imported a music record in stage 1. Tap on the music

101
document, and drag it onto the timeline. In the music is too long, get the correct edge of your
music clip, and resize it littler.

d. Adding titles

Including text and titles in a video is a vital part of video editing, and OpenShot accompanies
a simple to utilize Title Editor. Utilize the Title menu (situated in the main menu of OpenShot
video editor) to dispatch the Title Editor. You can likewise utilize the keyboard shortcut
Ctrl+T.

e. Finalising your project

To preview what our video looks and sounds like, click the Play catch under the preview
window. You can likewise stop, rewind, and fast-forward your video venture by clicking the
relating buttons.

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f. Export your project

When you are content with your photograph /video is ready, the subsequent stage is to export
your video. This will convert your OpenShot venture into a solitary video document, which
will take a shot at most media players, (for example, VLC) or sites, (for example, YouTube,
WhatsApp and Facebook etc...).
Click on the Export Video icon at the highest point of the screen (or utilize the File > Export
Video menu). Browse one of the numerous preset export choices, and click the Export Video
button.

Now you have an essential understanding of how OpenShot functions. Importing, Arranging,
Previewing, and Exporting. Read whatever is left of this learning material for a more point by
point understanding of OpenShot software.

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Color grading
Color grading is the process of adjusting and improving the color of a motion picture, video
picture, or still picture either electronically, photo-chemically or carefully. Color grading
envelops both color and the age of imaginative color effects. Regardless of whether for
dramatic film, video dispersion, or print, color grading is by and large now performed
carefully in a color suite. The prior photo-chemical film process, known as color timing, was
performed at a photographic research facility.

Title-Coor grading

Attribution-MichaelMMR

Source-Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Martinez_doing_colo
r_correction_on_a_DaVinci_Resolve_Panel.jpg

Motion Tracking
When attempting to separate a color adjustment on a moving subject, the colorist customarily
would have expected to physically move a mask to take after the subject. In its most basic
shape, motion tracking programming computerizes this tedious process utilizing calculations
to assess the motion of a gathering of pixels. These techniques most part gotten from match
moving techniques utilized as a part of special effects and compositing work.

Digital Intermediate
Digital intermediate (regularly condensed to DI) is a motion picture completing process
which traditionally includes digitizing a motion picture and controlling the color and other
picture attributes. It regularly replaces or increases the photochemical planning process and is
generally the last creative adjustment to a motion picture before distribution in theaters. It is
distinguished from the telecine process in which film is scanned and color is controlled right

104
on time in the process to encourage editing. However the lines amongst telecine and DI are
persistently obscured and are regularly executed on similar equipment by colorists of a
similar foundation. These two stages are commonly part of the general color administration
process in a motion picture at different focuses in time. A digital intermediate is additionally
generally done at higher resolution and with more noteworthy color loyalty than telecine
exchanges.

Albeit initially used to depict a process that began with film scanning and finished with film
recording, digital intermediate is likewise used to portray color adjustment and color grading
and even last acing when a digital camera is utilized as the picture source and/or when the
last motion picture isn't yield to film. This is because of late advances in digital
cinematography and digital projection innovations that endeavor to match film origination
and film projection.

In traditional photochemical film completing, an intermediate is delivered by presenting film

to the first camera negative. The intermediate is then used to mass-deliver the films that get
distributed to theaters. Color grading is finished by shifting the measure of red, green, and
blue light used to uncover the intermediate. This tries to have the capacity to supplant or
increase the photochemical way to deal with making this intermediate.

The digital intermediate process utilizes digital apparatuses to color review, which considers
substantially better control of individual colors and zones of the picture, and takes into
account the adjustment of picture structure (grain, sharpness, and so on.). The intermediate
for film generation would then be able to be created by methods for a film recorder. The
physical intermediate film that is an aftereffect of the recording process is now and then
additionally called a digital intermediate, and is normally recorded to internegative (IN)
stock, which is naturally better grain than camera negative (OCN).

One of the key specialized accomplishments that made the transition to DI conceivable was
the utilization of the 3D look-up tables (otherwise known as "3D LUTs"), which could be
utilized to imitate how the digital picture would look once it was imprinted onto discharge
print stock. This expelled a lot of talented mystery from the film-making process, and
permitted more noteworthy opportunity in the color grading process while decreasing danger.

Publicity
Anybody with a camera, PC or advanced cell can make a film today. To collect production
cash, you can sidestep organizations completely and go directly to the general population by
means of sites. It's likewise no longer extraordinary to do dramatic appointments and
different types of distribution, from celebration positions to overseeing download and DVD
deals, all alone and exposure.

However frequently, the professional writers and best faultfinders whom each filmmaker
needs to achieve feel awkward managing direct. Setting up a relationship (one of the
foundations of advertising) makes desires, and these media professionals must don't hesitate
to react sincerely to a film, regardless of whether that reaction is negative. They consider

105
irreconcilable circumstances important and will make a special effort to maintain a strategic
distance from them. A different publicist gives an attractive unbiased support zone.

So in a perfect world, you should contract a professional publicist or dole out somebody to
speak to you as a "whiskers" or go-between. In the event that you can't, tread delicately in
any direct collaboration, particularly with prominent professional media. Endeavor to see the
experience from their point of view and spotlight on genuine reasons why your task may be
specifically noteworthy. Be exceptionally particular about how and why you approach them.

Regardless of whether you've employed a professional publicist, what you do unsupervised

and all alone—particularly through postings on social media and funding sites—impacts the
general advertising result. And it won't be useful.

Like film production, attention has its own particular peculiar rationale. It can be particularly
disappointing and exhausting. Equipping yourself with a general understanding of some of
reputation's subtle riddles is a decent method to take full advantage of your assets, regardless
of how rare.

Unit summary
In this unit you learned the whole process of editing using OpenShot Editing Software. You
will understand the various tools visual effect and transition.You can understand the process
of colour correction. You have a got a basic idea about what steps should be taken for the
publicity of a TV program.

Assessment
 Make your own project setting in OpenShot start making a short film.
 Shoot an interesting story in your mobile in HD format and start editing using OpenShot
editing software.
 Make a sepia color sequence using color grading in OpenShot.
 Try to make an ―End Scroll‖ like Hollywood film using title tool.
 Make a montage sequence using BGM and ambience sound.
 Take some production photos and make a publicity plan for your film.
 Make a promo video using photographs of on location shooting.
 Make a list of recent Blockbuster Bollywood film using unique strategy for huge
publicity i.e. Dangal of Amir Khan Production.

Resources
1. http://www.mediacollege.com
2. Video Production by Vasuki Belavadi (Oxford University Press)
3. Television Field Production And Reporting by Fred Shook (PEARSON Education)
4. www.wikipedia.org
5. www.documentmx.com

106
Unit-11 Transmisssion, Distribution & Rating
Introduction
Distribution is the important part of the Television Industry and Movie Business, it is the way
a financier or a film producer gets back their returns.India is the fastest growing cable &
satellite market in the world, with exciting growth for Television industry as well as
Distribution Company.

Globally the broadcasting & distribution sector is moving from analogue to digital. DTH
operators have already invested over 15,000 crores in India.

Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:

 Get a hole idea about Film &TV Program Distribution

 Understand the process of transmission system in India
 Learn about Digital and Analog signal
 Get full idea about Digital satellite TV
 How to calculate TRP in TV channels in India

Terminology
Distributor: A person who distributes the film through the theatres is called film
distributor. The distributor buys the ―distribution rights‖ from the
producer, mostly in the very beginning itself or sometimes after
previewing the final cut.
Exhibitor: A person who owned theatre is called an Exhibitor.
TRP is a tool provided to judge which programmes are viewed the most. This
(Television gives us an index of the choice of the people and also the popularity of a
Rating Point): particular channel. For calculationpurpose, a device is attached to the TV
set in a few thousand viewers‘ houses for judging purpose.

Distribution
Film or TV distribution is the way toward making a TV program movie accessible for review
by an audience. This is ordinarily the undertaking of a professional film distributor, who
might decide the marketing strategy for the film, the media by which a film is to be displayed
or made accessible for survey, and who may set the discharge date and different issues. The
film might be displayed specifically to the general population either through a movie theater
or television, or personal home survey (counting VHS, video-on-demand, download,
television programs through broadcast syndication). For business ventures, film distribution
is generally joined by film promotion.

107
At the point when a film is at first produced, an element film is regularly appeared to
audiences in a movie theater. Commonly, one film is the highlighted presentation (or
highlight film). Prior to the 1970s, there were "twofold highlights"; commonly, a high caliber
"A photo" leased by an autonomous theatre for a single amount, and a lower-quality "B
picture" leased for a level of the gross receipts. Today, the main part of the material appeared
before the component film consists of sneak peaks for upcoming movies (otherwise called
trailers) and paid advertisements.

Transmission
The standard release routine for a movie is controlled by a plan of action called "discharge
windows". The discharge windows framework was first considered in the mid 1980s, on the
very edge of the VHS home stimulation showcase, as a procedure to shield distinctive cases
of a movie from contending with each other, enabling the movie to exploit diverse markets
(cinema, home video, TV, and so forth.) at various circumstances.
In the standard procedure, a movie is first discharged through movie theatres (showy window), at
that point, after roughly 16 and one-half weeks, it is discharged to VHS and VOD services
(entering its video window). Following an extra number of months, it is normally discharged to
Pay TV, and roughly two years after its dramatic discharge date, it is influenced accessible for
free-to-air to TV.

A concurrent discharge happens when a movie is made accessible on numerous media (cinema,
DVD, internet...) in the meantime or with next to no distinction in timing.

Synchronous discharges offer incredible points of interest to the two consumers, who can pick
the medium that most suits their requirements, and production studios that lone need to run one
showcasing effort for all discharges. The other side, however, is that such distribution
endeavours are regularly viewed as trial and in this way doing get generous investment or
promotion.

Cinema proprietors can be influenced genuinely on the off chance that they need to share their
chance window, particularly toward the start of the movie lifecycle, since, as indicated by
Disney; around 95% of all box office tickets for a film are sold inside the initial a month and a
half after introductory distribution.

A straight to video (or straight-to-DVD or straight-to-Blu-ray contingent upon the media

whereupon the movie is influenced accessible) to discharge happens when a movie is discharged
on home video groups, (for example, VHS, DVD, and so forth.) without being discharged in
theatres to start with, accordingly not thinking about the "showy window".

Because of solid DVD deals, Direct-to-video discharges likewise made higher progress and have
turned into a gainful market of late particularly for independent moviemakers and companies.

Internet look into is still new with regards to the film distribution platform. The volume of
downloaded movies is hard to discover yet none thinks about to the considerably more
problematical revelation of their root.

Internet investigate is still new with regards to the film distribution platform. The volume of
downloaded movies is hard to discover yet none looks at to the considerably more problematical
revelation of their root.

108
Various Methods of TV Transmission
There are a few kinds of TV transmission systems and that are:

1. Analogue Terrestrial TV
2. Digital Satellite TV
3. Cable TV

Advance technologies:

1. Digital terrestrial TV (DTTV)

2. High Definition Television (HDTV)
3. Pay-per-view
4. Video-on-demand
5. Web TV
6. IPTV

1. ANALOGUE TERRESTRIAL TV

The term refers to the modes of television broadcasting, which is not involved with satellite
transmission or via underground cables.The main non-terrestrial method of conveying TV
signals that not the slightest bit relied upon a signal beginning from a conventional terrestrial
source started with the utilization of communications satellites amid the 1970s of the
twentieth century.

Simple TV encodes the image and sound data and transmits them as a simple signal in which
the message transmitted by the telecom signal is made out of amplitude as well as frequency
varieties and tweaked into a VHF or UHF bearer.

The simple TV picture is "drawn" a few times on the screen (25 in PAL framework) all in all
each time, as in a movie film, paying little heed to the substance of the image.

2. DIGITAL SATELLITE TV

Satellite television will be television signals delivered by methods for communications

satellites and received by satellite dishes and set-top boxes. In numerous zones of the world it
gives an extensive variety of channels and services, regularly to zones that are not serviced
by terrestrial or cable suppliers.

Satellite television, like different communications relayed by satellite, begins with a

transmitting radio wire located at an uplink facility which has large uplink satellite dishes, as
much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in width what results in more accurate pointing and
increased signal quality at the satellite.

The uplink dish is indicated to a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted
inside a specific frequency range, in order to be received by one of the transponders tuned to
that frequency range on board that satellite, which 'retransmits' the signals back to Earth
however at a different frequency band, a process known as "translation", used to evade

109
interference with the uplink signal, typically in the C-band (4– 8 GHz) or Ku-band (12– 18
GHz) or both.

The down linked satellite signal, very weak in the wake of travelling the immense distance,
is collected by a parabolic receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal
point where is a "down converter" device called LNB (low-noise block) that is essentially a
waveguide that accumulates the signals, amplifies the relatively weak signals, filters the
block of frequencies in which the satellite TV signals are transmitted, and converts it to a
lower frequency range in the L-band range.

The evolution of LNB was a need, so the plans for micro strip based converters were
adjusted for the C-Band exploiting its central outline that was the concept of a block for
down conversion of a range of frequencies to a lower, and technologically more easily
handled block of frequencies, the IF - intermediate frequency.

Title-DigitalTVSet top Box

Attribution-Source-Pepito5

Link-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tuner_DVB-T_Cabletech_URZ0083.jpg

The upsides of utilizing a LNB are that cheaper cable could be utilized to connect the indoor
receiver with the satellite TV dish and LNB and that the technology for handling the signal at
L-Band and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at C-Band frequencies.
The shift to cheaper technology from the 50 Ohm impedance cable and N-Connectors of the
early C-Band frameworks to the 75 Ohm technology and F-Connectors allowed the early
satellite TV receivers to utilize what were in reality modified UHF TV tuners which selected
the satellite television channel for down conversion to another lower intermediate frequency
centred on 70 MHz where it was demodulated. This shift allowed the satellite television
industry to change to a much more commercial large scale manufacturing one.
The satellite receiver demodulates and converts the signals to the coveted shape (yields for
television, sound, data, etc.) and once in a while, the receiver includes the capability to
unscramble or decrypt; the receiver is then called an Integrated Receiver/Decoder or IRD.

The cable connecting the receiver to the LNB must be of the "low loss" type, RG-6 or RG-11
and should not be utilized the standard RG-59 cable.
3. CABLE TV

110
Cable Television or Community Antenna Television (CATV) is a framework for distribution
of audiovisual content for television, FM radio and different services to consumers through
settled coaxial cables, maintaining a strategic distance from the traditional arrangement of
radio broadcasting antennas (broadcast television) and have across the board utilize, mainly
through the pay-TV services.
Technically, the cable TV involves the distribution of various television channels received
and processed in a central location (known as head-end) to subscribers inside a community
through a system of optical fibre or potentially coaxial cables and broadband amplifiers.
The utilization of different frequencies allows numerous channels to be disseminated through
a similar cable, without discrete wires for each, and the tuner of the TV or Radio selects the
coveted channel from among all transmitted.
A cable television framework starts at the head end, where the program is received (and
some of the time began), amplified, and after that transmitted over a coaxial cable system.

The architecture of the system appears as a tree, with the "storage compartment" that carries
the signals in the lanes, the "branches" carrying the signals for buildings and, finally, the
"arms" carrying the signals to individual homes.

The coaxial cable has a bandwidth capable of carrying a hundred television channels with six
megahertz of bandwidth each; however the signals decay quickly with distance, hence the
need to utilize amplifiers to "recharge" the signals periodically to help them.

Backbone trunks in a local cable system frequently utilize optical fibre to limit noise and
eliminate the requirement for amplifiers as optical fibre has considerably more capacity than
coaxial cable and allows more projects to be carried without signal lost or commotion
including.

The majority of the TV tuners can directly receive the cable channels, which are usually
transmitted in the RF (radio frequency) band, be that as it may, numerous projects are
encrypted and subject to a tariff itself and in such cases, you should install a converter
between the cable and the receiver.

New technologies
1. DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TV

Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV or DTT) is an execution of digital television innovation

to give a more prominent number of channels and additionally better nature of picture and
sound utilizing aerial broadcasts to a conventional antenna (or aerial) rather than a satellite
dish or cable connection.

The measure of data that can be transmitted (and consequently the quantity of channels) is
specifically influenced by the modulation method of the channel.

The modulation method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16 state Quadrature

Amplitude Modulation (QAM). When all is said in done a 64QAM channel is fit for
transmitting a more noteworthy piece rate, however is more helpless to impedance. 16 and
64QAM can be joined in a solitary multiplex, giving a controllable degradation to more
imperative program streams. This is called hierarchical modulation.

111
New advancements in pressure have brought about the MPEG-4/AVC standard which will
empower two top notch administrations to be coded into a 24 Mbit/s European terrestrial
transmission channel.

DTTV is gotten through a digital set-top box, or coordinated accepting gadget, that translates
the flag got by means of a standard aerial antenna, nonetheless, because of recurrence
arranging issues, an aerial with an alternate gathering (ordinarily a wideband) might be
required if the DTTV multiplexes lie outside the bandwidth of the initially introduced aerial.

2. HDTV

The HDTV is transmitted digitally and thusly its execution for the most part matches with the
presentation of digital television (DTV), the innovation that was propelled amid the 1990s.

Albeit a few examples of top notch television have been proposed or actualized, the present
HDTV guidelines are characterized by ITU-R BT.709 as 1080i (intertwined), 1080p
(progressive) or 720p utilizing the 16:9 screen design.

What will be of enthusiasm for the not so distant future is top notch video, through the
successors of the DVD, HD DVD and Blu-Ray (is normal that the last one will be embraced
as a standard) and, subsequently, the projectors and LCD and plasma televisions sets and
additionally retro projectors and video recorders with 1080p determination/definition.

Top notch television (HDTV) yields a superior quality picture than standard television does,
in light of the fact that it has a more noteworthy number of line determination.

The visual data is somewhere in the range of 2 to 5 times more honed in light of the fact that
the holes between the output lines are smaller or undetectable to the bare eye.

The bigger the extent of the television the HD picture is seen on, the more noteworthy the
change in picture quality. On littler televisions there might be no perceptible change in
picture quality.

The lower-case "I" attached to the numbers indicates interweaved; the lower-case "p" means
progressive: With the entwined scanning method, the 1,080 lines of determination are
isolated into sets, the initial 540 interchange lines are painted on a casing and after that the
second 540 lines are painted on a moment outline as far as odd and considerably number. If
there should be an occurrence of the progressive scanning method at the same time shows
each of the 1,080 lines on each edge, requiring a more prominent bandwidth.

3. PAY-PER-VIEW

Pay-per-view (frequently condensed PPV) offers a framework by which a television group of

onlookers can buy events to view on TV-monitors by means of private broadcast of that
occasion to their homes.

The telecaster demonstrates the occasion in the meantime to everyone requesting it (rather
than video-on-demand frameworks, which enable viewers to see the occasion whenever) and
can be acquired utilizing an on-screen direct, a mechanized telephone framework, or through
a live client benefit delegate.
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Events frequently incorporate feature films, sporting events, adult content movies and
"uncommon" events.

4. VIDEO-ON-DEMAND

Download and streaming video-on-demand frameworks give the client a substantial subset of
VCR functionality including pause, fast forward, fast rewind, slow forward, slow rewind, and
jump to previous/future frame and so on. These functions are called trap modes.

For plate based streaming frameworks which store and stream programs from hard circle
drive, trap modes require additional handling and storage on the piece of the server, since
particular documents for fast forward and rewind must be stored.

Memory-based VoD streaming frameworks have the upside of having the capacity to perform
trap modes straightforwardly from RAM, which requires no additional storage or CPU cycles
on the piece of the processor.

It is conceivable to put video servers on LANs, in which case they can give extremely fast
response to clients. Streaming video servers can likewise serve a more extensive group
through a WAN, in which case the responsiveness might be diminished. Download VoD
administrations are functional to homes furnished with cable modems or DSL connections.

5. WEB TV

Web TV or TV on the Internet is the transmission of a program through the Internet. It can be
known "typical" TV channels or channels particularly intended for the Internet. Presently a
day greatest individuals have web in their smart phone. They are extremely user friendly to
observe any video content on you tube or some other stage.

Web TV, in an improved frame, is simply the provision of video and sound over the Internet
and the best approach to help the transmission changes from the monitor of a PC using an
iPod or a cell phone to the TV set on the off chance that one have the decoder.

6. IP TV

The current introduction of Television over Internet Protocol innovation, commonly known
as IPTV, made a revolution on the distribution networks for TV signals, permitting dispose of
a significant number of the issues related with a distribution network in view of coaxial
cables, specifically those related with the degradation of signal, impedance, signal levels, and
limit of the transmission of the channel's band.

Additionally, because of IP (Internet Protocol), will be conceivable the combination of a few

interfaces in a multi-benefit unit and the communicate and distribution of assorted and
changed administrations on a similar network, which previously required separated
foundation, including: TV signals, telephone benefit and broadband Internet get to, setting a
stage we know today as Triple Play.

Basically, the triple play concept isn't altogether new on the grounds that, as far as
administrations, there are a few years prior that are accessible a few solutions joining a blend
of TV administrations, telephony and Internet get to.
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Studies demonstrate that the stir rate (intentional abandonment of administration) of the offer
triple play endorsers is significantly lower than that watched when the voice, information and
TV are sold on a non-convergent way.

Another factor is the advance in get to innovations and stages for bundle telephony and video.
A variation of ADSL (unbalanced digital endorser line), known as ADSL2+, speaks to an
adjustment in the viable performance of Internet connection on the first organization, not to
mention the later advancements, for example, VDSL (high-piece rate DSL).

The entrance over optical fibre in its more famous shape, known as PON (passive optical
network), mirrors a considerably all the more brave path, brought about noteworthy interests
in that innovation, looking for fast Internet access, voice and multi-channel of top notch TV
union.

Advance in video distribution frameworks is on the much too. As of late, various innovations
and advancements in the business of equipment and software frameworks for the TV business
have begun to TV once again IP (otherwise called IPTV).

The main driver is incorporated stages consisting of set-top-boxes, servers and video content
protection framework (DRM - digital rights management), together with suitable tools,
middleware and charging, permit the provision of an assortment of TV benefits in a few
arrangements, for example, streaming, video on demand and time-shifted TV, in view of a
combination of fundamental IP networks and DSL or optical access frameworks.

In this context, the sophistication of calculations for compression of video signals has an
applicable part. Systems, for example, MPEG-4 AVC (propelled video coding), for instance,
empowers the transmission of signals in top quality TV over IP networks.

The look for a system to offer different play-based (double, triple, fourfold and so forth.) is
an irreversible phenomenon in the communications business yet in the meantime it forces
gigantic difficulties - especially as far as selection of innovation stages, control and regulation
- opens an enormous horizon of conceivable outcomes, both free market activity.

RATING
Television content rating systems will be systems for assessing the content and announcing
the reasonableness of television programs for youngsters, adolescents, or grown-ups.
Numerous nations have their own particular television rating system and nations' rating forms
shift by local priorities. Projects are rated by the association that deals with the system, the
broadcaster, or the content producers.
A rating is typically set for every individual scene of a television arrangement. The rating can
change per scene, system, rerun, and nation. In that capacity, program ratings are normally
not significant unless when and where the rating is utilized is said.

Television rating point for estimation objects is a gadget connected to the TV set in a couple
of thousand watchers' homes for judging reason. These numbers are dealt with as an example
from the general TV proprietors in various geographical and demographic sectors. It records

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the time and the program that a watcher watches on a specific day. At that point, the normal
is taken for a 30-day time span, which gives the viewership status for a specific channel.

Television Rating Point (TRP) is an instrument gave to judge which programs are seen the
most. This gives us a record of the decision of the people and furthermore the prevalence of a
specific channel.

For count purpose, a gadget is connected to the TV set in a couple of thousand viewers'
houses for judging purpose. These numbers are dealt with as sample from the general TV
owners in various geographical and demographic sectors.

The gadget is called as People's Meter. It records the time and the program that a watcher
watches on a specific day. At that point, the normal is taken for a 30-day time span which
gives the viewership status for a specific channel.

Unit summary
In this unit you learned the whole process about Distribution of TV program. You will
understand the various transmission systems in our country. You can understand the process
of calculating TRP. You have a basic idea about traditional and modern method of
calculating TRP.

Assessment
1. Explain difference between Terrestrial TV and Digital satellite TV
2. How to connect your TV set with digital setup box?
3. In which format digital setup box encode signal receive from satellite?
4. Through which cable you will connect your TV with HD Digital setup box?
5. What is VOD? How it works?
6. What is the function of People‘s Meter?
7. What is TRP and how it has been calculated?

Resources
1. http://www.mediacollege.com
2. Video Production by Vasuki Belavadi (Oxford University Press)
3. Television Field Production And Reporting by Fred Shook (PEARSON Education)
4. www.wikipedia.org
5. www.documentxm.com

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